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Magellanic moorland

October 18, 2023

The Magellanic moorland or Magellanic tundra (Spanish: Tundra magallánica) is an ecoregion on the Patagonian archipelagos south of latitude 48° S. It is characterized by high rainfall with a vegetation of scrubs, bogs and patches of forest in more protected areas. Cushion plants, grass-like plants and bryophytes are common.[1]

Magellanic moorland at Herschel Island, Cabo de Hornos National Park.

At present there are outliers of Magellanic moorland as far north as in the highlands of Cordillera del Piuchén (latitude 42° 22' S) in Chiloé Island.[2][3] During the Llanquihue glaciation Magellanic moorland extended to the non-glaciated lowlands of Chiloé Island[2] and further north to the lowlands of Chilean lake district (latitude 41° S).[4]

The classification of Magellanic moorland has proven problematic as substrate, low temperatures and exposure to the ocean influences the development of the Magallanic moorland. It thus may qualify either as polar tundra or heathland.[5]

Flora and plant communities Edit

Edmundo Pisano identifies the following plant communities for the Magellanic moorland:

  1. Bogs[6]
    1. Sphagnum bogs[6]
      1. Magellanic sphagnum tundra[6]
      2. Juncus bogs[7]
    2. Non-sphagniferous bryophytic tundra[8]
      1. Non-sphagnum moss bog[9]
      2. Hepatica bogs[9]
  2. Pluvinar mires[10]
    1. Hygrophytic mire tundra[10]
    2. Montane pulvinar tundra[11]
    3. Bryophyte and dwarf shrub tundra[12]
  3. Gramineous mires[13]
    1. Tufty sedge tundra[14]
    2. Subantarctic gramineous mire[14]
  4. Woody synusia tundras[15]
    1. Tundras with Pilgerodendron uvifera[16]
      1. Association Pilgerodendretum uviferae[16]
        1. Sub-association Pilgerodendro-Nothofagetum betuloidis[17]
        2. Sub-association Nano-Pilgerodendretum uviferae[18]
    2. Interior nanophanerophytic tundras[19]
      1. Interior heath of low to medium elevation[19]
      2. Montane nanophaneritic tundra[20]

Where forests occur they are made up of the following trees Nothofagus betuloides (coigüe de Magallanes), Drimys winteri (canelo), Pseudopanax laetevirens (sauco del diablo), Embothrium coccineum (notro), Maytenus magellanica (maitén), Pilgerodendron uviferum (ciprés de las Guaitecas) and Tepualia stipularis (tepú).[21]

Soils and climate Edit

Soils are usually rich in turf and organic matter and poor in bases. Often they are also water-saturated.[22] Granitoids, schists and ancient volcanic rocks make up the basement on which soils develop.[23] Any previously existing regolith has been eroded by the Quaternary glaciations.[23] It is not rare for bare rock surfaces to be exposed in the interior of islands.[24]

The climate where Magellanic moorland grows can be defined as oceanic, snowy and isothermal[24][25] with cool and windy summers.[26] In the Köppen climate classification it has a tundra climate ET.[24][25]

References Edit

  1. ^ "Magellanic subpolar forests". Terrestrial Ecoregions. World Wildlife Fund.
  2. ^ a b Villagrán, Carolina (1988). "Expansion of Magellanic Moorland during the Late Pleistocene: Palynological Evidence from Northern isla de Chiloé, Chile". Quaternary Research. 30 (3): 304–314. Bibcode:1988QuRes..30..304V. doi:10.1016/0033-5894(88)90006-3. S2CID 129510564.
  3. ^ Ramírez, Carlos; San Martin, Cristina; Vidal, Osvaldo; Pérez, Yéssica; Valenzuela, Jorge; Solís, José-Luís; Toledo, Gisela (2014). "Tundra Subantártica en la Isla Grande de Chiloé, Chile: Flora y vegetación turbosa de campañas" [Subantarctic Tundra in Chiloé Island, Chile: Flora and vegetation of "Campañas" peat bogs]. Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia (in Spanish). 42 (2): 17–37. doi:10.4067/S0718-686X2014000200002.
  4. ^ Moreno, Patricio I.; Denton, Geoge H.; Moreno, Hugo; Lowell, Thomas V.; Putnam, Aaron E.; Kaplan, Michael R. (2015). "Radiocarbon chronology of the last glacial maximum and its termination in northwestern Patagonia". Quaternary Science Reviews. 122: 233–249. Bibcode:2015QSRv..122..233M. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.05.027. hdl:10533/148448.
  5. ^ Longton, R.E. (1988). Biology of Polar Bryophytes and Lichen. Studies in Polar Research. Cambridge University Press. p. 20. ISBN 0-521-25015-3.
  6. ^ a b c Pisano (1977), p. 219
  7. ^ Pisano (1977), p. 223
  8. ^ Pisano (1977), p. 225
  9. ^ a b Pisano (1977), p. 226
  10. ^ a b Pisano (1977), p. 229
  11. ^ Pisano (1977), p. 230
  12. ^ Pisano (1977), p. 231
  13. ^ Pisano (1977), p. 232
  14. ^ a b Pisano (1977), p. 233
  15. ^ Pisano (1977), p. 236
  16. ^ a b Pisano (1977), p. 237
  17. ^ Pisano (1977), p. 239
  18. ^ Pisano (1977), p. 240
  19. ^ a b Pisano (1977), p. 242
  20. ^ Pisano (1977), p. 244
  21. ^ Heusser, C.J. (2004). Ice Age Southern Andes. Developments in Quaternary Science. Elsevier. pp. 56–59.
  22. ^ Pisano (1977), p. 128
  23. ^ a b Pisano (1977), p. 129
  24. ^ a b c Pisano (1977), p. 145
  25. ^ a b Pisano (1977), p. 144
  26. ^ Arroyo, M.T.K.; Pliscoff, P.; Mihoc, R.; Arroyo-Kalin, M. (2005). "The Magellanic moorland". In Fraser, Lauchlan H.; Keddy, Paul A. (eds.). The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge University Press. pp. 424–445. ISBN 978-0-52183404-9.
Bibliography
  • Pisano Valdés, E. (1977). "Fitogeografía de Fuego-Patagonia chilena. I.-Comunidades vegetales entre las latitudes 52 y 56º S". Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia (in Spanish). Vol. VIII. Punta Arenas.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

October 18, 2023
magellanic, moorland, magellanic, tundra, spanish, tundra, magallánica, ecoregion, patagonian, archipelagos, south, latitude, characterized, high, rainfall, with, vegetation, scrubs, bogs, patches, forest, more, protected, areas, cushion, plants, grass, like, . The Magellanic moorland or Magellanic tundra Spanish Tundra magallanica is an ecoregion on the Patagonian archipelagos south of latitude 48 S It is characterized by high rainfall with a vegetation of scrubs bogs and patches of forest in more protected areas Cushion plants grass like plants and bryophytes are common 1 Magellanic moorland at Herschel Island Cabo de Hornos National Park At present there are outliers of Magellanic moorland as far north as in the highlands of Cordillera del Piuchen latitude 42 22 S in Chiloe Island 2 3 During the Llanquihue glaciation Magellanic moorland extended to the non glaciated lowlands of Chiloe Island 2 and further north to the lowlands of Chilean lake district latitude 41 S 4 The classification of Magellanic moorland has proven problematic as substrate low temperatures and exposure to the ocean influences the development of the Magallanic moorland It thus may qualify either as polar tundra or heathland 5 Flora and plant communities EditThis article is in list format but may read better as prose You can help by converting this article if appropriate Editing help is available November 2019 Edmundo Pisano identifies the following plant communities for the Magellanic moorland Bogs 6 Sphagnum bogs 6 Magellanic sphagnum tundra 6 Juncus bogs 7 Non sphagniferous bryophytic tundra 8 Non sphagnum moss bog 9 Hepatica bogs 9 Pluvinar mires 10 Hygrophytic mire tundra 10 Montane pulvinar tundra 11 Bryophyte and dwarf shrub tundra 12 Gramineous mires 13 Tufty sedge tundra 14 Subantarctic gramineous mire 14 Woody synusia tundras 15 Tundras with Pilgerodendron uvifera 16 Association Pilgerodendretum uviferae 16 Sub association Pilgerodendro Nothofagetum betuloidis 17 Sub association Nano Pilgerodendretum uviferae 18 Interior nanophanerophytic tundras 19 Interior heath of low to medium elevation 19 Montane nanophaneritic tundra 20 Where forests occur they are made up of the following trees Nothofagus betuloides coigue de Magallanes Drimys winteri canelo Pseudopanax laetevirens sauco del diablo Embothrium coccineum notro Maytenus magellanica maiten Pilgerodendron uviferum cipres de las Guaitecas and Tepualia stipularis tepu 21 Soils and climate EditSoils are usually rich in turf and organic matter and poor in bases Often they are also water saturated 22 Granitoids schists and ancient volcanic rocks make up the basement on which soils develop 23 Any previously existing regolith has been eroded by the Quaternary glaciations 23 It is not rare for bare rock surfaces to be exposed in the interior of islands 24 The climate where Magellanic moorland grows can be defined as oceanic snowy and isothermal 24 25 with cool and windy summers 26 In the Koppen climate classification it has a tundra climate ET 24 25 References Edit Magellanic subpolar forests Terrestrial Ecoregions World Wildlife Fund a b Villagran Carolina 1988 Expansion of Magellanic Moorland during the Late Pleistocene Palynological Evidence from Northern isla de Chiloe Chile Quaternary Research 30 3 304 314 Bibcode 1988QuRes 30 304V doi 10 1016 0033 5894 88 90006 3 S2CID 129510564 Ramirez Carlos San Martin Cristina Vidal Osvaldo Perez Yessica Valenzuela Jorge Solis Jose Luis Toledo Gisela 2014 Tundra Subantartica en la Isla Grande de Chiloe Chile Flora y vegetacion turbosa de campanas Subantarctic Tundra in Chiloe Island Chile Flora and vegetation of Campanas peat bogs Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia in Spanish 42 2 17 37 doi 10 4067 S0718 686X2014000200002 Moreno Patricio I Denton Geoge H Moreno Hugo Lowell Thomas V Putnam Aaron E Kaplan Michael R 2015 Radiocarbon chronology of the last glacial maximum and its termination in northwestern Patagonia Quaternary Science Reviews 122 233 249 Bibcode 2015QSRv 122 233M doi 10 1016 j quascirev 2015 05 027 hdl 10533 148448 Longton R E 1988 Biology of Polar Bryophytes and Lichen Studies in Polar Research Cambridge University Press p 20 ISBN 0 521 25015 3 a b c Pisano 1977 p 219 Pisano 1977 p 223 Pisano 1977 p 225 a b Pisano 1977 p 226 a b Pisano 1977 p 229 Pisano 1977 p 230 Pisano 1977 p 231 Pisano 1977 p 232 a b Pisano 1977 p 233 Pisano 1977 p 236 a b Pisano 1977 p 237 Pisano 1977 p 239 Pisano 1977 p 240 a b Pisano 1977 p 242 Pisano 1977 p 244 Heusser C J 2004 Ice Age Southern Andes Developments in Quaternary Science Elsevier pp 56 59 Pisano 1977 p 128 a b Pisano 1977 p 129 a b c Pisano 1977 p 145 a b Pisano 1977 p 144 Arroyo M T K Pliscoff P Mihoc R Arroyo Kalin M 2005 The Magellanic moorland In Fraser Lauchlan H Keddy Paul A eds The World s Largest Wetlands Ecology and Conservation Cambridge University Press pp 424 445 ISBN 978 0 52183404 9 BibliographyPisano Valdes E 1977 Fitogeografia de Fuego Patagonia chilena I Comunidades vegetales entre las latitudes 52 y 56º S Anales del Instituto de la Patagonia in Spanish Vol VIII Punta Arenas a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Magellanic moorland amp oldid 1180208584, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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