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Mace of the United States House of Representatives

October 23, 2023

The Mace of the United States House of Representatives,[1] also called the Mace of the Republic, is a ceremonial mace and one of the oldest symbols of the United States government. It symbolizes the governmental authority of the United States, and more specifically, the legislative authority of the House of Representatives.

The Mace of the US House of Representatives

History Edit

In one of its first resolutions, the U.S. House of Representatives of the 1st Federal Congress (April 14, 1789) established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms. The resolution stated "a proper symbol of office shall be provided for the Sergeant at Arms, of such form and device as the Speaker shall direct." The first Speaker of the House, Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania, approved the mace as the proper symbol of the Sergeant at Arms in carrying out the duties of this office.[2]

The current mace has been in use since December 1, 1842. It was created by New York silversmith William Adams, at a cost of $400 (equivalent to $11,000 in 2021[3]), to replace the first one that was destroyed when the Capitol Building was burned on August 24, 1814, during the War of 1812. A simple wooden mace was used in the interim.[4]

Description Edit

 
A man holding the mace, to show scale

The design of the mace is derived from an ancient battle weapon and the Roman fasces. The ceremonial mace is 46 inches (120 cm) high and consists of 13 ebony rods—representing the original 13 states of the Union—bound together by silver strands criss-crossed over the length of the pole. The rods are bound together by four crossing ribbons of silver, pinned together and held at the bottom and at the top by silver bands. The bands are decorated with floral borders and a repoussé design. The name “Wm. Adams/Manufacturer/New York/1841.” is engraved in the cartouche, located in the front center of the bottom band. This shaft is topped by a silver globe 4-1/2 inches in diameter and engraved with the seven continents, the names of the oceans, lines of longitude, and the major lines of latitude. The Western Hemisphere faces the front. The globe is encircled with a silver rim marked with the degrees of latitude, on which is perched an engraved solid silver eagle with a wingspan of 15 inches. The total weight of the mace is 10 pounds.[5]

 
Sitting above the ebony rods of the mace is a cast-silver globe, which holds an eagle with spread wings. The continents are etched into the globe, with North America facing front. The eagle, the national bird, is cast in solid silver.

Procedure Edit

For daily sessions of the House, the Sergeant at Arms carries the silver and ebony mace of the House in front of the Speaker, in procession to the rostrum. When the House is in session, the mace stands on a cylindrical pedestal of green marble to the Speaker's right. When the House is in committee, it is moved to a lowered position on a pedestal next to the Sergeant at Arms' desk, more or less out of sight.[6] Thus, members entering the chamber know immediately whether the House is in session or in committee.

Disciplinary usage Edit

In accordance with the House Rules, on the rare occasion that a member becomes unruly, the Sergeant at Arms, upon order of the Speaker, lifts the mace from its pedestal and presents it before the offenders, thereby restoring order.

There have been at least six instances where the Mace was used to quell disorder. The first known usage of the original mace occurred at the Congress Hall in Philadelphia on January 30, 1798, during a fight between Matthew Lyon of Vermont and Roger Griswold of Connecticut, after which Lyon faced an unsuccessful expulsion vote.[6]

The mace was used to restore order on the House floor on the evening of January 31, 1877, during a special session regarding the election in Florida. Tensions flared and Speaker Samuel Randall "was unable to stop the Members from running from desk to desk, while conducting loud conversations." The Sergeant at Arms presented the Mace, but to little effect. House rules state that Members should be arrested when ignoring the authority of the Mace, but in this case since there were so many members involved, the Speaker adjourned the session.[6]

In 1880, as the House met to discuss a funding bill as the Committee of the Whole, James B. Weaver of Iowa and William A.J. Sparks of Illinois became involved in a heated discussion, with members attempting to keep them apart. The Speaker ordered the Sergeant at Arms to walk about the floor of the House with the Mace, and order was restored. It was used twice in the 1890s in incidents involving Representative Charles L. Bartlett, a fiery Georgia Democrat who hurled a volume of laws at one colleague and brandished a knife at another.[7]

House records indicate that the mace was last used to restore order during World War I when Representative J. Thomas (Cotton Tom) Heflin of Alabama suggested that some of his colleagues had been unpatriotic in voting against a resolution to enter the war.[8]

A threat to present the mace was made on July 29, 1994, when Rep. Maxine Waters declined to stop speaking. The Speaker Pro Tempore, Rep. Carrie Meek, threatened "to present the mace". Waters left the floor shortly thereafter, and Meek said that she had been about to order the Sergeant at Arms to present it.[9][10]

Symbolic use Edit

 
The reverse of the 1989 U.S. Congress Bicentennial commemorative silver dollar features the mace.

The symbol of the Mace may be used by Speaker of the United States House of Representatives during press conferences and official communications.[citation needed] During the 2019 State of the Union Address, Nancy Pelosi wore a brooch styled after the Mace, presumably as a symbol of her authority as Speaker.[11] Speaker Pelosi wore the same brooch on December 18, 2019, for the session in which the House debated and approved two articles of impeachment of Donald Trump.[12][13] She also wore the brooch on February 4, 2020 during the 2020 State of the Union Address.[14] On January 15, 2021, Pelosi wore the brooch signalling to members of Congress that an investigation with likely disciplinary action lay ahead over the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol.[15] Pelosi wore the brooch on March 1, 2022 during President Biden's first State of the Union address. She also wore the brooch as she delivered remarks before the House chamber on November 17, 2022, announcing her decision to step down as leader of the House Democratic Caucus.[16]

Gallery Edit

 
Front view of the globe and eagle atop the Mace
 
Rear view of the globe and eagle atop the Mace
 
Base of the Mace, bearing the manufacturer's name and year of production

See also Edit

References Edit

  1. ^ "Mace of the U.S. House of Representatives | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives".
  2. ^ "A Proper Symbol of Office". history.house.gov. US House of Representatives, Office of the Historian. December 4, 2017. Retrieved November 20, 2018. In 1789, the House of Representatives passed a resolution that established the role of the Sergeant at Arms. The resolution stipulated that "a proper symbol of office shall be provided for the Sergeant at Arms, of such form and device as the Speaker shall direct." The first Speaker of the House, Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, chose a symbol with a long legislative tradition and an even longer tradition as an implement of war. In the Middle Ages, the mace was widely used in Europe as a weapon. However, by 1789, the mace was commonly used as a ceremonial symbol of legislative power. For example, maces were used in the Houses of Parliament of the United Kingdom and the general assembly in colonial Virginia.
  3. ^ Johnston, Louis; Williamson, Samuel H. (2023). "What Was the U.S. GDP Then?". MeasuringWorth. Retrieved January 1, 2023. United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series.
  4. ^ "Mace of the U.S. House of Representatives". history.house.gov. U.S. House of Representatives. Retrieved November 14, 2018.
  5. ^ Hunter, Marjorie (March 18, 1982). "THE HOUSE MACE SYMBOLIZES ORDER". The New York Times. Retrieved November 13, 2018. The present mace, in use since 1842, was made by William Adams of New York. It is 46 inches tall and consists of 13 thin ebony rods, representing the 13 original states, bound together by bands of silver and topped with a silver globe bearing an eagle. The mace was originally used as a war club, primarily in Europe as late as the 16th century. It also was used by medieval bishops, by consuls of the Roman Republic and by provincial magistrates; eventually, it became a symbol of authority in the British House of Commons and the House of Lords.
  6. ^ a b c "Historical Artifacts, Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives". Archived from the original on July 7, 2012. Retrieved February 6, 2019.
  7. ^ Onnen, Donald S. (November 29, 1940). The mace of the House of Representatives of the United States. College Park University of Maryland.
  8. ^ Hunter, Marjorie; Times, Special To the New York (March 18, 1982). "The House Mace Symbolizes Order". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 17, 2019.
  9. ^ "Congressional Record Volume 140, Number 102 (Friday, July 29, 1994)". Government Printing Office. July 29, 1994. Retrieved January 23, 2019.
  10. ^ Controversy on House floor - request to present mace. c-span.org. July 29, 1994. Retrieved November 21, 2018.
  11. ^ Erin Donnelly. "The story behind Nancy Pelosi's ultimate power accessory: the mace brooch". Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  12. ^ Michael D. Shear and Peter Baker (December 18, 2019). "Trump Impeachment Vote". The New York Times. Retrieved December 18, 2019.
  13. ^ Givhan, Robin (December 18, 2019). "Perspective - Nancy Pelosi's pin at the impeachment debate was a declaration: The republic will survive this". Washington Post. Retrieved December 19, 2019.
  14. ^ Nuyen, Suzanne (February 5, 2020). "Nancy Pelosi wore her Mace of the republic brooch to the State of the Union. Here's what it means". WFMY News 2. Retrieved February 5, 2020.
  15. ^ "Tearful Pelosi says Congress members may be prosecuted as she announces Capitol security review". The Independent. January 15, 2021. Retrieved January 15, 2021.
  16. ^ Walsh, Deirdre; Davis, Susan (November 17, 2022). "Speaker Pelosi says she will step down as party leader after two decades at the top". NPR. Retrieved November 17, 2022.

External links Edit

  •   Media related to Mace of the United States House of Representatives at Wikimedia Commons
  • Speaker's Mace via C-Span.org

October 23, 2023
mace, united, states, house, representatives, also, called, mace, republic, ceremonial, mace, oldest, symbols, united, states, government, symbolizes, governmental, authority, united, states, more, specifically, legislative, authority, house, representatives, . The Mace of the United States House of Representatives 1 also called the Mace of the Republic is a ceremonial mace and one of the oldest symbols of the United States government It symbolizes the governmental authority of the United States and more specifically the legislative authority of the House of Representatives The Mace of the US House of Representatives Contents 1 History 2 Description 3 Procedure 3 1 Disciplinary usage 4 Symbolic use 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditIn one of its first resolutions the U S House of Representatives of the 1st Federal Congress April 14 1789 established the Office of the Sergeant at Arms The resolution stated a proper symbol of office shall be provided for the Sergeant at Arms of such form and device as the Speaker shall direct The first Speaker of the House Frederick Muhlenberg of Pennsylvania approved the mace as the proper symbol of the Sergeant at Arms in carrying out the duties of this office 2 The current mace has been in use since December 1 1842 It was created by New York silversmith William Adams at a cost of 400 equivalent to 11 000 in 2021 3 to replace the first one that was destroyed when the Capitol Building was burned on August 24 1814 during the War of 1812 A simple wooden mace was used in the interim 4 Description Edit nbsp A man holding the mace to show scaleThe design of the mace is derived from an ancient battle weapon and the Roman fasces The ceremonial mace is 46 inches 120 cm high and consists of 13 ebony rods representing the original 13 states of the Union bound together by silver strands criss crossed over the length of the pole The rods are bound together by four crossing ribbons of silver pinned together and held at the bottom and at the top by silver bands The bands are decorated with floral borders and a repousse design The name Wm Adams Manufacturer New York 1841 is engraved in the cartouche located in the front center of the bottom band This shaft is topped by a silver globe 4 1 2 inches in diameter and engraved with the seven continents the names of the oceans lines of longitude and the major lines of latitude The Western Hemisphere faces the front The globe is encircled with a silver rim marked with the degrees of latitude on which is perched an engraved solid silver eagle with a wingspan of 15 inches The total weight of the mace is 10 pounds 5 nbsp Sitting above the ebony rods of the mace is a cast silver globe which holds an eagle with spread wings The continents are etched into the globe with North America facing front The eagle the national bird is cast in solid silver Procedure EditFor daily sessions of the House the Sergeant at Arms carries the silver and ebony mace of the House in front of the Speaker in procession to the rostrum When the House is in session the mace stands on a cylindrical pedestal of green marble to the Speaker s right When the House is in committee it is moved to a lowered position on a pedestal next to the Sergeant at Arms desk more or less out of sight 6 Thus members entering the chamber know immediately whether the House is in session or in committee Disciplinary usage Edit In accordance with the House Rules on the rare occasion that a member becomes unruly the Sergeant at Arms upon order of the Speaker lifts the mace from its pedestal and presents it before the offenders thereby restoring order There have been at least six instances where the Mace was used to quell disorder The first known usage of the original mace occurred at the Congress Hall in Philadelphia on January 30 1798 during a fight between Matthew Lyon of Vermont and Roger Griswold of Connecticut after which Lyon faced an unsuccessful expulsion vote 6 The mace was used to restore order on the House floor on the evening of January 31 1877 during a special session regarding the election in Florida Tensions flared and Speaker Samuel Randall was unable to stop the Members from running from desk to desk while conducting loud conversations The Sergeant at Arms presented the Mace but to little effect House rules state that Members should be arrested when ignoring the authority of the Mace but in this case since there were so many members involved the Speaker adjourned the session 6 In 1880 as the House met to discuss a funding bill as the Committee of the Whole James B Weaver of Iowa and William A J Sparks of Illinois became involved in a heated discussion with members attempting to keep them apart The Speaker ordered the Sergeant at Arms to walk about the floor of the House with the Mace and order was restored It was used twice in the 1890s in incidents involving Representative Charles L Bartlett a fiery Georgia Democrat who hurled a volume of laws at one colleague and brandished a knife at another 7 House records indicate that the mace was last used to restore order during World War I when Representative J Thomas Cotton Tom Heflin of Alabama suggested that some of his colleagues had been unpatriotic in voting against a resolution to enter the war 8 A threat to present the mace was made on July 29 1994 when Rep Maxine Waters declined to stop speaking The Speaker Pro Tempore Rep Carrie Meek threatened to present the mace Waters left the floor shortly thereafter and Meek said that she had been about to order the Sergeant at Arms to present it 9 10 Symbolic use Edit nbsp The reverse of the 1989 U S Congress Bicentennial commemorative silver dollar features the mace The symbol of the Mace may be used by Speaker of the United States House of Representatives during press conferences and official communications citation needed During the 2019 State of the Union Address Nancy Pelosi wore a brooch styled after the Mace presumably as a symbol of her authority as Speaker 11 Speaker Pelosi wore the same brooch on December 18 2019 for the session in which the House debated and approved two articles of impeachment of Donald Trump 12 13 She also wore the brooch on February 4 2020 during the 2020 State of the Union Address 14 On January 15 2021 Pelosi wore the brooch signalling to members of Congress that an investigation with likely disciplinary action lay ahead over the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol 15 Pelosi wore the brooch on March 1 2022 during President Biden s first State of the Union address She also wore the brooch as she delivered remarks before the House chamber on November 17 2022 announcing her decision to step down as leader of the House Democratic Caucus 16 Gallery Edit nbsp Front view of the globe and eagle atop the Mace nbsp Rear view of the globe and eagle atop the Mace nbsp Base of the Mace bearing the manufacturer s name and year of productionSee also EditCeremonial maces in the British Isles Mace of the Virginia House of Delegates Sergeant at Arms of the United States SenateReferences Edit Mace of the U S House of Representatives US House of Representatives History Art amp Archives A Proper Symbol of Office history house gov US House of Representatives Office of the Historian December 4 2017 Retrieved November 20 2018 In 1789 the House of Representatives passed a resolution that established the role of the Sergeant at Arms The resolution stipulated that a proper symbol of office shall be provided for the Sergeant at Arms of such form and device as the Speaker shall direct The first Speaker of the House Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg chose a symbol with a long legislative tradition and an even longer tradition as an implement of war In the Middle Ages the mace was widely used in Europe as a weapon However by 1789 the mace was commonly used as a ceremonial symbol of legislative power For example maces were used in the Houses of Parliament of the United Kingdom and the general assembly in colonial Virginia Johnston Louis Williamson Samuel H 2023 What Was the U S GDP Then MeasuringWorth Retrieved January 1 2023 United States Gross Domestic Product deflator figures follow the Measuring Worth series Mace of the U S House of Representatives history house gov U S House of Representatives Retrieved November 14 2018 Hunter Marjorie March 18 1982 THE HOUSE MACE SYMBOLIZES ORDER The New York Times Retrieved November 13 2018 The present mace in use since 1842 was made by William Adams of New York It is 46 inches tall and consists of 13 thin ebony rods representing the 13 original states bound together by bands of silver and topped with a silver globe bearing an eagle The mace was originally used as a war club primarily in Europe as late as the 16th century It also was used by medieval bishops by consuls of the Roman Republic and by provincial magistrates eventually it became a symbol of authority in the British House of Commons and the House of Lords a b c Historical Artifacts Office of the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives Archived from the original on July 7 2012 Retrieved February 6 2019 Onnen Donald S November 29 1940 The mace of the House of Representatives of the United States College Park University of Maryland Hunter Marjorie Times Special To the New York March 18 1982 The House Mace Symbolizes Order The New York Times ISSN 0362 4331 Retrieved February 17 2019 Congressional Record Volume 140 Number 102 Friday July 29 1994 Government Printing Office July 29 1994 Retrieved January 23 2019 Controversy on House floor request to present mace c span org July 29 1994 Retrieved November 21 2018 Erin Donnelly The story behind Nancy Pelosi s ultimate power accessory the mace brooch Retrieved October 7 2019 Michael D Shear and Peter Baker December 18 2019 Trump Impeachment Vote The New York Times Retrieved December 18 2019 Givhan Robin December 18 2019 Perspective Nancy Pelosi s pin at the impeachment debate was a declaration The republic will survive this Washington Post Retrieved December 19 2019 Nuyen Suzanne February 5 2020 Nancy Pelosi wore her Mace of the republic brooch to the State of the Union Here s what it means WFMY News 2 Retrieved February 5 2020 Tearful Pelosi says Congress members may be prosecuted as she announces Capitol security review The Independent January 15 2021 Retrieved January 15 2021 Walsh Deirdre Davis Susan November 17 2022 Speaker Pelosi says she will step down as party leader after two decades at the top NPR Retrieved November 17 2022 External links Edit nbsp Media related to Mace of the United States House of Representatives at Wikimedia Commons Speaker s Mace via C Span org Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Mace of the United States House of Representatives amp oldid 1163114668, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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