The MCS-48microcontroller series, Intel's first microcontroller, was originally released in 1976. Its first members were 8048, 8035 and 8748. The 8048[1] is probably the most prominent member of the family. Initially, this family was produced using NMOS (n-type metal–oxide–semiconductor) technology. In the early 1980s, it became available in CMOS technology. It was manufactured into the 1990s to support older designs that still used it.
Intel 8048 microcontrollerThe 8749 with UV EPROMAn Intel 8049 microcontroller, as used in a HP3478A multimeter. This chip was manufactured in the second week of 1984.Intel 8749 die
Note: All other programmer-visible registers and stack are allocated in RAM.
The MCS-48 series has a modified Harvard architecture, with internal or external program ROM and 64–256 bytes of internal (on-chip) RAM. The I/O is mapped into its own address space, separate from programs and data.
Though the MCS-48 series was eventually replaced by the very successful MCS-51 series, it remained quite popular even by the year 2000 due to its low cost, wide availability, memory-efficient one-byte instruction set, and mature development tools. Because of this, it is used in high-volume, cost-sensitive consumer electronics devices such as TV remotes, computer keyboards, and toys.
The 8049 has 2 KB of masked ROM (the 8748 and 8749 had EPROM) that can be replaced with a 4 KB external ROM, as well as 128 bytes of RAM and 27 I/O ports.[2] The microcontroller's oscillator block divides by three and then further divides the result into five machine states. With its 11 MHz maximum crystal, one gets 0.73 MIPS (of single-clock instructions). Some 70% of instructions are single byte/cycle ones, but 30% need two cycles and/or two bytes, so the raw performance would be closer to 0.5 MIPS.
Intel P8242 - keyboard controller with Phoenix firmware for AT-compatible computers
Universal Peripheral Interface
Device
Internal
Memory
Remarks
8041
1K × 8 ROM
64 × 8 RAM
Universal Peripheral Interface (UPI)
8041AH
1K × 8 ROM
128 × 8 RAM
UPI
8741A
1K × 8 EPROM
64 × 8 RAM
UPI, EPROM version of 8041
8741AH
1K × 8 OTP EPROM
128 × 8 RAM
UPI, OTP EPROM version of 8041AH
8042AH
2K × 8 ROM
256 × 8 RAM
UPI
8242
2K × 8 ROM
256 × 8 RAM
UPI, preprogrammed with keyboard controller firmware[3]
8742
2K × 8 EPROM
128 × 8 RAM
UPI, EPROM version
8742AH
2K × 8 OTP EPROM
256 × 8 RAM
UPI, OTP EPROM version of 8042AH
UsesEdit
The MCS-48 series was commonly used in computer and terminal keyboards, converting key presses into protocols that can be understood by digital circuits. This also allows the possibility of serial communication, reducing the amount of conductors needed in cables on external keyboards. Microprocessors had been used in keyboards since at least 1972, simplifying earlier discrete designs. The 8048 has been used in this application since its introduction in 1978.[citation needed]
The Tandy/Radio Shack TRS-80 Model II, released in 1979, used the 8021 in its keyboard.[4] The 8021 processor scans the key matrix, converts switch closures to an 8-bit code and then transmits that code serially to the keyboard interface on the main system. The 8021 will also accept commands to turn indicator LEDs on or off. The 8021 was also used in the keyboards for the TRS-80 Model 12, 12B, 16, 16B and the Tandy 6000/6000HD.[5]
The original IBM PC keyboard used an 8048 as its internal microcontroller.[6] The PC AT replaced the PC's Intel 8255 peripheral interface chip at I/O port addresses 0x60–63 with an 8042 accessible through port addresses 0x60 and 0x64.[7] As well as managing the keyboard interface, the 8042 controlled the A20 line gating function for the AT's Intel 80286 CPU and could be commanded by software to reset the 80286 (unlike the 80386 and later processors, the 80286 had no way of switching from protected mode back to real mode except by being reset). Later PC compatibles integrate the 8042's functions into their super I/O devices.
Philips Semiconductors (now NXP) owned a license to produce this series and developed their MAB8400-family based on this architecture. These were the first microcontrollers with an integrated I²C-interface and were used in the first Philips (Magnavox in the US) Compact Disc players (e.g. the CD-100).[11]
^Laws, David; Blume Jr., Henry; Ekiss, John; Feng, Yung; Kline, Barbara; Raphael, Howard; Stamm, David (2008-07-30). (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-12-27.
Microcontroller NEC 8741 (image of the Silicon-Chip)
August 24, 2023
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The MCS 48 microcontroller series Intel s first microcontroller was originally released in 1976 Its first members were 8048 8035 and 8748 The 8048 1 is probably the most prominent member of the family Initially this family was produced using NMOS n type metal oxide semiconductor technology In the early 1980s it became available in CMOS technology It was manufactured into the 1990s to support older designs that still used it Intel 8048 microcontrollerThe 8749 with UV EPROMAn Intel 8049 microcontroller as used in a HP3478A multimeter This chip was manufactured in the second week of 1984 Intel 8749 dieIntel 8048 registers 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 02 01 00 bit position Main registers A AccumulatorPC Program CounterProgram Status Word CY AC FO BS 1 StackNote All other programmer visible registers and stack are allocated in RAM The MCS 48 series has a modified Harvard architecture with internal or external program ROM and 64 256 bytes of internal on chip RAM The I O is mapped into its own address space separate from programs and data Though the MCS 48 series was eventually replaced by the very successful MCS 51 series it remained quite popular even by the year 2000 due to its low cost wide availability memory efficient one byte instruction set and mature development tools Because of this it is used in high volume cost sensitive consumer electronics devices such as TV remotes computer keyboards and toys Contents 1 Variants 2 Uses 3 Derived microcontrollers 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 External linksVariants EditThe 8049 has 2 KB of masked ROM the 8748 and 8749 had EPROM that can be replaced with a 4 KB external ROM as well as 128 bytes of RAM and 27 I O ports 2 The microcontroller s oscillator block divides by three and then further divides the result into five machine states With its 11 MHz maximum crystal one gets 0 73 MIPS of single clock instructions Some 70 of instructions are single byte cycle ones but 30 need two cycles and or two bytes so the raw performance would be closer to 0 5 MIPS Microcontroller citation needed Device Internal Memory Remarks8020 1K 8 ROM 64 8 RAM subset of 8048 20 pins only 13 I O lines8021 1K 8 ROM 64 8 RAM subset of 8048 28 pins 21 I O lines8022 2K 8 ROM 64 8 RAM subset of 8048 A D converter8035 none 64 8 RAM8038 none 64 8 RAM8039 none 128 8 RAM8040 none 256 8 RAM8048 1K 8 ROM 64 8 RAM 27 I O ports8049 2K 8 ROM 128 8 RAM 27 I O ports8050 4K x 8 ROM 256 8 RAM8648 1K 8 OTP EPROM 64 8 RAM Factory OTP EPROM8748 1K 8 EPROM 64 8 RAM 2 8 bit timers 27 I O ports8749 2K 8 EPROM 128 8 RAM 2 8 bit timers 27 I O ports87P50 ext ROM socket 256 8 RAM Has piggy back socket for 2758 2716 2732 EPROM Intel P8242 keyboard controller with Phoenix firmware for AT compatible computersUniversal Peripheral Interface Device Internal Memory Remarks8041 1K 8 ROM 64 8 RAM Universal Peripheral Interface UPI 8041AH 1K 8 ROM 128 8 RAM UPI8741A 1K 8 EPROM 64 8 RAM UPI EPROM version of 80418741AH 1K 8 OTP EPROM 128 8 RAM UPI OTP EPROM version of 8041AH8042AH 2K 8 ROM 256 8 RAM UPI8242 2K 8 ROM 256 8 RAM UPI preprogrammed with keyboard controller firmware 3 8742 2K 8 EPROM 128 8 RAM UPI EPROM version8742AH 2K 8 OTP EPROM 256 8 RAM UPI OTP EPROM version of 8042AHUses EditThe MCS 48 series was commonly used in computer and terminal keyboards converting key presses into protocols that can be understood by digital circuits This also allows the possibility of serial communication reducing the amount of conductors needed in cables on external keyboards Microprocessors had been used in keyboards since at least 1972 simplifying earlier discrete designs The 8048 has been used in this application since its introduction in 1978 citation needed The Tandy Radio Shack TRS 80 Model II released in 1979 used the 8021 in its keyboard 4 The 8021 processor scans the key matrix converts switch closures to an 8 bit code and then transmits that code serially to the keyboard interface on the main system The 8021 will also accept commands to turn indicator LEDs on or off The 8021 was also used in the keyboards for the TRS 80 Model 12 12B 16 16B and the Tandy 6000 6000HD 5 The original IBM PC keyboard used an 8048 as its internal microcontroller 6 The PC AT replaced the PC s Intel 8255 peripheral interface chip at I O port addresses 0x60 63 with an 8042 accessible through port addresses 0x60 and 0x64 7 As well as managing the keyboard interface the 8042 controlled the A20 line gating function for the AT s Intel 80286 CPU and could be commanded by software to reset the 80286 unlike the 80386 and later processors the 80286 had no way of switching from protected mode back to real mode except by being reset Later PC compatibles integrate the 8042 s functions into their super I O devices The 8048 was used in the Magnavox Odyssey video game console the Korg Trident series 8 and the Korg Poly 61 9 Roland Jupiter 4 and Roland ProMars 10 analog synthesizers The Sinclair QL used the closely related Intel 8049 to manage its keyboard joystick ports RS 232 inputs and audio The ROM less 8035 variant was used in Nintendo s arcade game Donkey Kong to generate the background music Derived microcontrollers EditPhilips Semiconductors now NXP owned a license to produce this series and developed their MAB8400 family based on this architecture These were the first microcontrollers with an integrated I C interface and were used in the first Philips Magnavox in the US Compact Disc players e g the CD 100 11 Intel MCS 48 second sources Kvazar Kiev KM1816VE48 Soviet Union Mitsubishi Electric M5M80C39P 6 National Semiconductor NS87PC48D NEC mPD8749HD Philips MAF 8049H Signetics SCN8048ASee also EditHSE 49 emulatorReferences Edit Laws David Blume Jr Henry Ekiss John Feng Yung Kline Barbara Raphael Howard Stamm David 2008 07 30 Oral History Panel on the Development and Promotion of the Intel 8048 Microcontroller PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2014 12 27 Intel Corporation 1978 UPI 41AH 42AH Universal Peripheral Interface 8 bit Slave Microcontroller PDF Intel November 1994 p 2 Retrieved 2022 07 19 TRS 80 Model II Technical Reference Manual Radio Shack p 135 Tandy 6000 6000HD Service Manual Tandy Radio Shack 1985 p 213 Section 4 Keyboard Technical Reference Personal Computer Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library Revised ed IBM April 1984 Section 1 System Board Technical Reference Personal Computer AT Personal Computer Hardware Reference Library IBM September 1985 Korg Trident Service Manual Korg p 4 Retrieved 10 February 2018 via Synthfool Korg Poly 61 Service Manual PDF Archived from the original PDF on 2010 06 02 Retrieved 2013 03 07 Gordon Reid November 2004 The History Of Roland Part 1 1930 1978 The History Of Roland Sound On Sound Magazine Retrieved 29 November 2010 Datasheet pdf Philips MAB8400 FamilyBibliography EditMCS 48MCS 48 Single Component Microcomputer Applications Seminar Notebook 1978 Intel Corporation MCS 48 Microcomputer User s Manual PDF Intel Corporation 1978 Lionel Smith Cecil Moore Serial I O and Math Utilities for the 8049 Microcomputer Application Note AP 49 January 1979 Intel Corporation A High Speed Emulator for Intel MCS 48 Microcomputers Application Note AP 55A August 1979 Intel Corporation Phil Dahm Stuart Rosenberg Intel MCS 48 and UPI 41A Microcontrollers Reliability Report RR 25 December 1979 Intel Corporation Microcontroller Handbook Intel 1984 Order number 210918 002 8 Bit Embedded Controllers Intel 1991 Order number 270645 003 UPI 41UPI 41A User s Manual Intel 1980 Order number 9800504 02 Rev B Microprocessor Peripherals UPI 41A 41AH 42 42AH User s Manual PDF Intel Corporation October 1993 231318 006 Johan Beaston Jim Kahn An 8741A 8041A Digital Cassette Controller Application Note AP 90 May 1980 Intel Corporation External links EditMCS 48 family architecture Coprolite 8048 Projects at the Wayback Machine archived 17 July 2014 Computer History Museum Intel 8048 Microcontroller Oral History Panel Microcontroller NEC 8741 image of the Silicon Chip 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