Müller glia, or Müller cells, are a type of retinal glial cells, first recognized and described by Heinrich Müller.[1] They are found in the vertebrateretina, where they serve as support cells for the neurons, as all glial cells do. They are the most common type of glial cell found in the retina. While their cell bodies are located in the inner nuclear layer of the retina, they span across the entire retina.[2]
3D animation of Müller cell processes (red) interconnected with a retinal microglia cell (green).
The major role of the Müller cells is to maintain the structural and functional stability of retinal cells. This includes regulation of the extracellular environment via uptake of neurotransmitters, removal of debris, regulation of K+ levels, storage of glycogen, electrical insulation of receptors and other neurons, and mechanical support of the neural retina.
Müller glia are derived developmentally from two distinct populations of cells. The Müller glia cell is the only retinal glial cell that shares a common cell lineage with retinal neurons. A subset of Müller glia has been shown to originate from neural crest cells.[3] They are shown to be critical to the development of the retina in mice, serving as promoters of retinal growth and histogenesis, via a nonspecific esterase-mediated mechanism.[4] Müller glia have also been implicated as guidepost cells for the developing axons of neurons in the chick retina.[5] Studies using a zebrafish model of Usher syndrome have implicated a role for Müller glia in synaptogenesis, the formation of synapses.[6]
Neuronal supportedit
Spatial relationship between Müller cells and microglia
As glial cells, Müller glia serve a secondary but important role to neurons. As such, they have been shown to serve as important mediators of neurotransmitter (acetylcholine and GABA specifically) degradation and maintenance of a favorable retinal microenvironment in turtles.[7] Müller glia have also been shown to be important in the induction of the enzyme glutamine synthetase in chicken embryos,[8] which is an important actor in the regulation of glutamine and ammonia concentrations in the central nervous system. Müller glia have been further identified as fundamental to the transmission of light through the vertebrate retina due to their unique funnel shape, orientation within the retina and more favorable physical properties.[9]
Role in retinal regenerationedit
Müller glia are currently being studied for their role in neural regeneration, a phenomenon which is not known to occur in humans.[10] Studies of the regenerative properties of Müller glia in both the zebrafish[11][12] and the chicken[13] retina have been performed, with the exact molecular mechanism of regeneration remaining unclear. Further studies performed in mice have shown that overexpression of Ascl1 in Müller glia in conjunction with administration of a histone deacetylase inhibitor allowed for regeneration of retinal neurons from Müller glia.[14] Studies in human models have demonstrated that Müller glia has the potential to serve as stem cells in the adult retina[15] and are efficient rod photoreceptor progenitors.[16]
^Müller, Heinrich (1851). (PDF). Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie. 3: 234–237. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-12-29. Retrieved 2017-12-07.
^Hamon, Annaïg; et al. (October 2015). "Müller Glial Cell-Dependent Regeneration of the Neural Retina: An Overview Across Vertebrate Model Systems". Developmental Dynamics. 245 (7): 727–738. doi:10.1002/DVDY.24375. PMC4900950. PMID 26661417.
^Bhattacharjee, J; Sanyal, S (1975). "Developmental origin and early differentiation of retinal Müller cells in mice". Journal of Anatomy. 120 (Pt 2): 367–72. PMC1231976. PMID 1201967.
^Meller, K.; Tetzlaff, W. (1976). "Scanning electron microscopic studies on the development of the chick retina". Cell and Tissue Research. 170 (2): 145–159. doi:10.1007/bf00224296. PMID 954051. S2CID 24845744.
^Phillips, J. B.; Blanco-Sanchez, B.; Lentz, J. J.; Tallafuss, A.; Khanobdee, K.; Sampath, S.; Jacobs, Z. G.; Han, P. F.; Mishra, M.; Titus, T. A.; Williams, D. S.; Keats, B. J.; Washbourne, P.; Westerfield, M. (2011). "Harmonin (Ush1c) is required in zebrafish Muller glial cells for photoreceptor synaptic development and function". Disease Models & Mechanisms. 4 (6): 786–800. doi:10.1242/dmm.006429. PMC3209648. PMID 21757509.
^Sarthy, P.; Lam, D. M. (1978). "Biochemical studies of isolated glial (muller) cells from the turtle retina". The Journal of Cell Biology. 78 (3): 675–84. doi:10.1083/jcb.78.3.675. PMC2110200. PMID 29902.
^Linser, P.; Moscona, A. A. (1979). "Induction of glutamine synthetase in embryonic neural retina: Localization in Muller fibers and dependence on cell interactions". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 76 (12): 6476–80. Bibcode:1979PNAS...76.6476L. doi:10.1073/pnas.76.12.6476. PMC411888. PMID 42916.
^ abFranze, K.; Grosche, J.; Skatchkov, S. N.; Schinkinger, S.; Foja, C.; Schild, D.; Uckermann, O.; Travis, K.; Reichenbach, A.; Guck, J. (2007). "Muller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 104 (20): 8287–92. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104.8287F. doi:10.1073/pnas.0611180104. PMC1895942. PMID 17485670.
Lucy Sherriff (1 May 2007). "Living optical fibres found in the eye". The Register.
^WebVision: Regeneration in the Visual System of Adult Mammals
^Fausett, B. V.; Goldman, D. (2006). "A Role for α1 Tubulin-Expressing Müller Glia in Regeneration of the Injured Zebrafish Retina". Journal of Neuroscience. 26 (23): 6303–13. doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0332-06.2006. PMC6675181. PMID 16763038.
^Raymond, Pamela A; Barthel, Linda K; Bernardos, Rebecca L; Perkowski, John J (2006). "Molecular characterization of retinal stem cells and their niches in adult zebrafish". BMC Developmental Biology. 6: 36. doi:10.1186/1471-213X-6-36. PMC1564002. PMID 16872490.
^Fischer, Andy J.; Reh, Thomas A. (2001). "Müller glia are a potential source of neural regeneration in the postnatal chicken retina". Nature Neuroscience. 4 (3): 247–52. doi:10.1038/85090. PMID 11224540. S2CID 8732324.
^Jorstad, Nikolas L.; Wilken, Matthew S.; Grimes, William N.; Wohl, Stefanie G.; VandenBosch, Leah S.; Yoshimatsu, Takeshi; Wong, Rachel O.; Rieke, Fred; Reh, Thomas A. (August 2017). "Stimulation of functional neuronal regeneration from Müller glia in adult mice". Nature. 548 (7665): 103–107. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..103J. doi:10.1038/nature23283. PMC5991837. PMID 28746305.
^Bhatia, Bhairavi; Jayaram, Hari; Singhal, Shweta; Jones, Megan F.; Limb, G. Astrid (2011). "Differences between the neurogenic and proliferative abilities of Müller glia with stem cell characteristics and the ciliary epithelium from the adult human eye". Experimental Eye Research. 93 (6): 852–61. doi:10.1016/j.exer.2011.09.015. PMC3268355. PMID 21989110.
^Giannelli, Serena G.; Demontis, Gian Carlo; Pertile, Grazia; Rama, Paolo; Broccoli, Vania (2011). "Adult Human Müller Glia Cells Are a Highly Efficient Source of Rod Photoreceptors". Stem Cells. 29 (2): 344–56. doi:10.1002/stem.579. PMID 21732491.
^Bringmann, Andreas; Iandiev, Ianors; Pannicke, Thomas; Wurm, Antje; Hollborn, Margrit; Wiedemann, Peter; Osborne, Neville N.; Reichenbach, Andreas (November 2009). "Cellular signaling and factors involved in Müller cell gliosis: Neuroprotective and detrimental effects". Progress in Retinal and Eye Research. 28 (6): 423–451. doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2009.07.001. PMID 19660572. S2CID 45740383.
^Bernardos, R. L.; Barthel, L. K.; Meyers, J. R.; Raymond, P. A. (2007). "Late-Stage Neuronal Progenitors in the Retina Are Radial Muller Glia That Function as Retinal Stem Cells". Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (26): 7028–40. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1624-07.2007. PMC6672216. PMID 17596452.
müller, glia, müller, cells, type, retinal, glial, cells, first, recognized, described, heinrich, müller, they, found, vertebrate, retina, where, they, serve, support, cells, neurons, glial, cells, they, most, common, type, glial, cell, found, retina, while, t. Muller glia or Muller cells are a type of retinal glial cells first recognized and described by Heinrich Muller 1 They are found in the vertebrate retina where they serve as support cells for the neurons as all glial cells do They are the most common type of glial cell found in the retina While their cell bodies are located in the inner nuclear layer of the retina they span across the entire retina 2 source source source source source source source source 3D animation of Muller cell processes red interconnected with a retinal microglia cell green The major role of the Muller cells is to maintain the structural and functional stability of retinal cells This includes regulation of the extracellular environment via uptake of neurotransmitters removal of debris regulation of K levels storage of glycogen electrical insulation of receptors and other neurons and mechanical support of the neural retina Contents 1 Development 2 Neuronal support 3 Role in retinal regeneration 4 See also 5 References 6 External linksDevelopment editMuller glia are derived developmentally from two distinct populations of cells The Muller glia cell is the only retinal glial cell that shares a common cell lineage with retinal neurons A subset of Muller glia has been shown to originate from neural crest cells 3 They are shown to be critical to the development of the retina in mice serving as promoters of retinal growth and histogenesis via a nonspecific esterase mediated mechanism 4 Muller glia have also been implicated as guidepost cells for the developing axons of neurons in the chick retina 5 Studies using a zebrafish model of Usher syndrome have implicated a role for Muller glia in synaptogenesis the formation of synapses 6 Neuronal support edit source source source source source source source Spatial relationship between Muller cells and microglia As glial cells Muller glia serve a secondary but important role to neurons As such they have been shown to serve as important mediators of neurotransmitter acetylcholine and GABA specifically degradation and maintenance of a favorable retinal microenvironment in turtles 7 Muller glia have also been shown to be important in the induction of the enzyme glutamine synthetase in chicken embryos 8 which is an important actor in the regulation of glutamine and ammonia concentrations in the central nervous system Muller glia have been further identified as fundamental to the transmission of light through the vertebrate retina due to their unique funnel shape orientation within the retina and more favorable physical properties 9 Role in retinal regeneration editMuller glia are currently being studied for their role in neural regeneration a phenomenon which is not known to occur in humans 10 Studies of the regenerative properties of Muller glia in both the zebrafish 11 12 and the chicken 13 retina have been performed with the exact molecular mechanism of regeneration remaining unclear Further studies performed in mice have shown that overexpression of Ascl1 in Muller glia in conjunction with administration of a histone deacetylase inhibitor allowed for regeneration of retinal neurons from Muller glia 14 Studies in human models have demonstrated that Muller glia has the potential to serve as stem cells in the adult retina 15 and are efficient rod photoreceptor progenitors 16 Damage to retinal cells induces Muller cells to produce gliosis The result of the response varies depending on the damage and the organism in which this damage occurs 2 17 It has been shown in zebrafish and mice that Muller glia undergo dedifferentiation into multipotent progenitor cells The progenitor cell can then divide and differentiate into a number of retinal cell types including photoreceptor cells that may have been damaged during injury 18 19 Further research has shown that Muller glia can act as light collectors in the mammalian eye analogous to the fiber optic plate clarification needed funneling light to the rod and cone photoreceptors 9 See also editRadial gliaReferences edit Muller Heinrich 1851 Zur Histologie der Netzhaut PDF Zeitschrift fur Wissenschaftliche Zoologie 3 234 237 Archived from the original PDF on 2020 12 29 Retrieved 2017 12 07 a b Goldman Daniel July 2014 Muller glia cell reprogramming and retina regeneration Nature Reviews Neuroscience 15 7 431 442 doi 10 1038 nrn3723 PMC 4249724 PMID 24894585 Hamon Annaig et al October 2015 Muller Glial Cell Dependent Regeneration of the Neural Retina An Overview Across Vertebrate Model Systems Developmental Dynamics 245 7 727 738 doi 10 1002 DVDY 24375 PMC 4900950 PMID 26661417 Bhattacharjee J Sanyal S 1975 Developmental origin and early differentiation of retinal Muller cells in mice Journal of Anatomy 120 Pt 2 367 72 PMC 1231976 PMID 1201967 Meller K Tetzlaff W 1976 Scanning electron microscopic studies on the development of the chick retina Cell and Tissue Research 170 2 145 159 doi 10 1007 bf00224296 PMID 954051 S2CID 24845744 Phillips J B Blanco Sanchez B Lentz J J Tallafuss A Khanobdee K Sampath S Jacobs Z G Han P F Mishra M Titus T A Williams D S Keats B J Washbourne P Westerfield M 2011 Harmonin Ush1c is required in zebrafish Muller glial cells for photoreceptor synaptic development and function Disease Models amp Mechanisms 4 6 786 800 doi 10 1242 dmm 006429 PMC 3209648 PMID 21757509 Sarthy P Lam D M 1978 Biochemical studies of isolated glial muller cells from the turtle retina The Journal of Cell Biology 78 3 675 84 doi 10 1083 jcb 78 3 675 PMC 2110200 PMID 29902 Linser P Moscona A A 1979 Induction of glutamine synthetase in embryonic neural retina Localization in Muller fibers and dependence on cell interactions Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 76 12 6476 80 Bibcode 1979PNAS 76 6476L doi 10 1073 pnas 76 12 6476 PMC 411888 PMID 42916 a b Franze K Grosche J Skatchkov S N Schinkinger S Foja C Schild D Uckermann O Travis K Reichenbach A Guck J 2007 Muller cells are living optical fibers in the vertebrate retina Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 20 8287 92 Bibcode 2007PNAS 104 8287F doi 10 1073 pnas 0611180104 PMC 1895942 PMID 17485670 Lucy Sherriff 1 May 2007 Living optical fibres found in the eye The Register WebVision Regeneration in the Visual System of Adult Mammals Fausett B V Goldman D 2006 A Role for a1 Tubulin Expressing Muller Glia in Regeneration of the Injured Zebrafish Retina Journal of Neuroscience 26 23 6303 13 doi 10 1523 jneurosci 0332 06 2006 PMC 6675181 PMID 16763038 Raymond Pamela A Barthel Linda K Bernardos Rebecca L Perkowski John J 2006 Molecular characterization of retinal stem cells and their niches in adult zebrafish BMC Developmental Biology 6 36 doi 10 1186 1471 213X 6 36 PMC 1564002 PMID 16872490 Fischer Andy J Reh Thomas A 2001 Muller glia are a potential source of neural regeneration in the postnatal chicken retina Nature Neuroscience 4 3 247 52 doi 10 1038 85090 PMID 11224540 S2CID 8732324 Jorstad Nikolas L Wilken Matthew S Grimes William N Wohl Stefanie G VandenBosch Leah S Yoshimatsu Takeshi Wong Rachel O Rieke Fred Reh Thomas A August 2017 Stimulation of functional neuronal regeneration from Muller glia in adult mice Nature 548 7665 103 107 Bibcode 2017Natur 548 103J doi 10 1038 nature23283 PMC 5991837 PMID 28746305 Bhatia Bhairavi Jayaram Hari Singhal Shweta Jones Megan F Limb G Astrid 2011 Differences between the neurogenic and proliferative abilities of Muller glia with stem cell characteristics and the ciliary epithelium from the adult human eye Experimental Eye Research 93 6 852 61 doi 10 1016 j exer 2011 09 015 PMC 3268355 PMID 21989110 Giannelli Serena G Demontis Gian Carlo Pertile Grazia Rama Paolo Broccoli Vania 2011 Adult Human Muller Glia Cells Are a Highly Efficient Source of Rod Photoreceptors Stem Cells 29 2 344 56 doi 10 1002 stem 579 PMID 21732491 Bringmann Andreas Iandiev Ianors Pannicke Thomas Wurm Antje Hollborn Margrit Wiedemann Peter Osborne Neville N Reichenbach Andreas November 2009 Cellular signaling and factors involved in Muller cell gliosis Neuroprotective and detrimental effects Progress in Retinal and Eye Research 28 6 423 451 doi 10 1016 j preteyeres 2009 07 001 PMID 19660572 S2CID 45740383 Bernardos R L Barthel L K Meyers J R Raymond P A 2007 Late Stage Neuronal Progenitors in the Retina Are Radial Muller Glia That Function as Retinal Stem Cells Journal of Neuroscience 27 26 7028 40 doi 10 1523 JNEUROSCI 1624 07 2007 PMC 6672216 PMID 17596452 Takeda Masumi Takamiya Akira Jiao Jian wei Cho Kin Sang Trevino Simon G Matsuda Takahiko Chen Dong F 2008 03 01 a Aminoadipate Induces Progenitor Cell Properties of Muller Glia in Adult Mice Investigative Ophthalmology amp Visual Science 49 3 1142 1150 doi 10 1167 iovs 07 0434 ISSN 1552 5783 PMC 2638994 PMID 18326742 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Muller cells New Hope For Regenerating Damaged Human Retina Sleeping Stem Cells Successfully Awakened Muller cells at Virginia Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine Reichenbach Andreas Faude Frank Enzmann Volker Bringmann Andreas Pannicke Thomas Francke Mike Biedermann Bernd Kuhrt Heidemarie Stolzenburg Jens Uwe Skatchkov Serguei N Heinemann Uwe Wiedemann Peter Reichelt Winfried 1997 The Muller Glial Cell in Normal and Diseased Retina A Case for Single Cell Electrophysiology Ophthalmic Research 29 5 326 40 doi 10 1159 000268031 PMID 9323724 NIF Search Muller Cell Archived 2016 03 03 at the Wayback Machine via the Neuroscience Information Framework Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Muller glia amp oldid 1216652165, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
