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Léonce Bénédite

January 14, 2023

Léonce Bénédite (14 January 1859 – 12 May 1925) was a French art historian and curator. He was a co-founder of the Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français (Society for French Orienalist Painters) and was instrumental in establishing Orientalist art as a legitimate genre.

Léonce Bénédite
Portrait of Léonce Bénédite by Amélie Beaury-Saurel, 1923
Born
Léonce Bénédite

(1859-01-14)14 January 1859
Nîmes, France
Died12 May 1925(1925-05-12) (aged 66)
Paris, France
NationalityFrench
EducationLaw, art history
Known forArt history, curator

He was the assistant curator at the Chateau de Versailles between 1882 and 1886; the assistant curator at the Chateau de Versailles between 1886; and from 1886 he was the first assistant director at Étienne Arago at the Musée du Luxembourg until 1892 when he became the Director. For Bénédite, writing was inseparable from his function as curator. He was a prolific writer, contributing to books, catalogs and art journals.

Bénédite was one of the executors of Auguste Rodin's will, with responsibility for managing Rodin's artistic heritage. He was a key figure in establishing the Rodin Museum at the Hôtel Biron in 1919 and became the Museum's first Curator.

Life and career

Bénédite was born in Nîmes, the son of Samuel Bénédite and Isabelle Lisbonne and brother of Georges Bénédite the egyptologist. Isabelle, widowed, married the distinguished curator at the Louvre, Georges Lafenestre. This connection provided Léonce with privileged access to practising contemporary artists. He trained in law and art history. Very early on, Bénédite became involved in the artistic world as a member of the Salon des Artistes Français from 1880 to 1881. In contact with artists, he developed a network of close relationships that he maintained throughout his life, particularly through his active involvement in various art societies such as the Society of French Orientalist Painters, the Society of French Engraving Painters, the Society of Lithographic Painters or the Society of Painters of Paris.[1]

Between 1882 and 1886, he was the assistant curator at the Chateau de Versailles.[2] In 1886, he became the first assistant director at Étienne Arago at the Musée du Luxembourg; an art museum primarily devoted to French painting. He was appointed Director in 1892 and set about defining a conservation policy that evolved little over time and which he outlined in the catalogs of the collection. In 1919, he became the first curator of the Musée Rodin.[3] He also managed art acquisitions for the French state for almost 30 years.[4]

 
Poster for the Fourth Exhibition of the Société des peintres-lithographes, curated by Léonce Bénédite at Durand-Ruel, Paris

Bénédite established his career at Luxembourg, where he developed a conservation policy, acquisitions policy and insisted on the exhibition of all artistic techniques. He rejected hierarchies between the art forms and refused to favour painting only. Thus, the acquisition policy focussed on the development of non-existent sections or works that predecessors have not managed to organize sustainably. He did neglected neither sculpture nor lithography nor print-making and encouraged the collection of art objects, including medals. He also encouraged museums to display one representative work of all major artists in an attempt to encourage younger painters.[5]

He founded the Société des Peintres Orientalistes Français in 1893 with Alphonse-Étienne Dinet.[6] This society was formed on the back of the success of Bénédite's exhibition, First Retrospective and Current Exhibition of French Orientalist Painters in 1892 and was largely responsible for giving Orientalist art recognition as a distinct art movement.[7] He became the Society's inaugural President and remained in that role until his death in 1925.

One of Bénédite's aims was to situate Orientalist art within French colonial history. To that end, he organised a number of exhibitions to display Orientalist art alongside traditional Islamic art. His writing also emphasised Orientalist art as a legitimate genre in its own right as well as its role in colonialism. Benjamin has argued that Bénédite was unusual in terms of combining art and history within a colonial frame of reference.[8] He also founded the Abd-el-Tif prize for bursaries at the Villa Abd-el-Tif together with the then French governor of Algeria.

For Bénédite, writing was inseparable from his function as curator. He was a prolific contributor to art publications, writing in introductions to exhibition catalogs, in magazines and journals as well as publishing works of circumstance during an exhibition or following an artist's death. His subject matter was as varied as his acquisitions; he published on Burne-Jones, Bonvin, Braquemond, Carrière, Courbet, Chassériau, Falguière, Fantin-Latour, Legros, Liebermann, Rodin and Whistler. He popularised analyses of nineteenth-century art in major syntheses supporting his studies on artist biographies. His works are notable in that they seek to analyse "the evolutions of artistic inspiration."[9]

Bénédite's zest for his curatorial duties along with his privileged contact with practising artists were determining factors for the sculptor, Auguste Rodin, who appointed him as an executor charged with the task of managing and administering Rodin's artistic heritage.[10]

Between 1916 and 1919, Bénédite became embroiled in controversy. In 1916, he was appointed conservator of the Hôtel Biron. He saw this appointment as an opportunity to implement his museographic ambitions and ordered the installation of works by the sculptor, Rodin, in an effort to combine both the Rodin Museum and the Museum of Contemporary Art on the hotel site. However, its legitimacy was challenged by Judith Cladel, Rodin's assistant and the curator's rival, who took advantage of a case on fake Rodin and used it to discredit Léonce Bénédite. The lawsuits surrounding this affair tarnished the reputation of the curator. Benedite, nevertheless, concentrated his interest on the requirements of this museum of a new type, founded at the initiative of an artist whose will he was obliged to respect. As had become his practice in Luxembourg, he reported on his work as a curator through the publication of a catalog in which he describes the museum's facilities, the Musée Rodin: Summary Catalog of Auguste Rodin's Works and Other Works of Art of the Rodin Donation on Display at Hotel Biron, (1919).[11]

Bénédite was the first art historian to explicitly acknowledge the similarities between Manet's Olympia and Titian's Venus of Urbino.[12]

Bénédite died in Paris in 1925, aged 69 years. His archives are maintained by the central library of the national museums of the Louvre in Paris.

Selected publications

 
Meissonier, Laurens by Léonce Bénédite

Books

  • Meissonier: biographie critique published by H. Laurens, Paris, 1910
  • La peinture au XIXième siècle: d'après les chefs-d'oeuvre des maitres et les meilleurs tableaux des principaux artistes, published by E. Flammarion, Paris, 1909
  • Gustave Courbet, published by J.B. Lippincott Co., London, 1913
  • Histoire des Beaux-Arts 1800-1900: peinture, sculpture, architecture, médaille et glyptique, gravure, art décoratif en France et à l’étranger, Ernest Flammarion, Paris, 1909
  • Albert Lebourg, Georges Petit, Paris, 1923
  • Rodin published by John Lane, London, 1926
  • Théodore Chassériau; sa vie et son oeuvre, published by Les Éditions Braun, Paris, 1931

Articles

  • "Michel-Barthélémy Ollivier," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1895, déc., pp 453–470.
  • "La Collection Caillebotte au musée du Luxembourg," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1897, mars, pp 249–258.
  • "Les Salons de 1898," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1898, mai, pp 353–365; juin, pp 441–462 ; juillet, pp 55–76 and août, pp 129–148.
  • "Théodore Chassériau et la Décoration de la Cour des Comptes," Art et Décoration, janvier-juin 1898, III, p. 22-25.
  • "Décoration de l’Hôtel de Ville," Art et Décoration, janvier-juin 1898, III, pp 54–60.
  • "Les Peintres orientalistes français," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1899, mars, pp 239–247.
  • "Deux idéalistes: Gustave Moreau et E. Burne-Jones," Revue de l’art ancien et moderne, 1899, V, pp 265–290, pp 357–378, 1899 and VI, pp 57–70.
  • "Jean-Charles Cazin," Revue de l’art ancien et moderne, 1901, X, pp 1–33 and pp 73–105.
  • "Félix Buhot," Revue de l’art ancien et moderne, 1902, XI, pp 1–15.
  • "Artistes contemporains: Alexandre Falguière," Revue de l’art ancien et moderne, 1902, XI, pp 65–87.
  • "Figures d’Extrême-Orient (Œuvres de M. Perret), Art et Décoration, janvier-juin 1902, XI, pp 69-74.
  • "John Lewis Brown," Revue de l’art ancien et moderne, 1903, XIII, pp 81–94.
  • "Les Peintres-lithographes," Revue de l’art ancien et moderne, 1903, XIV, pp 491–505.
  • "Art et Orient: L’œuvre d’Étienne Dinet," Art et Décoration, juillet-décembre 1903, XIV, pp 305–315.
  • "Charles Cottet," Art et Décoration, janvier-juin 1904, XV, pp 101–116.
  • "Au musée du Luxembourg: une exposition de quelques chefs-d’œuvre prêtés par des amateurs," Revue de l’art ancien et moderne, 1904, XV, pp 263–272.
  • "Artistes contemporains: Whistler," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1905, mai, pp 403–410 ; juin, pp 496–511 ; août, pp 142–158 and sept, pp 231–246.
  • "Théodore Rivière," Art et Décoration, juillet-décembre 1905, XVIII, pp 211–212.
  • "Artistes contemporains: J.-J. Henner," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1906, janvier, pp 39–48, novembre, pp 393–406 ; 1907, octobre, pp 315–332 et novembre, pp 408–423; 1908, janvier, pp 35–58, mars, pp 237–264 and août, pp 137–166.
  • "Lucien Simon," Art et Décoration, janvier-juin 1906, XIX, pp 24–37.
  • "Un portrait de Dalou et de sa famille, par Sir Lawrence Alma-Tadema (musée du Luxembourg)," Musées et monuments de France, 1907, n° 9, pp 129–131.
  • "Madame Marie Gautier," Art et Décoration, janvier-juin 1908, XXIII, pp 136–144.
  • "Un bâtisseur belge: Georges Hobé," Art et Décoration, janvier-juin 1908, XXIII, pp 89–98.
  • "Charles Meryon," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1910, février, pp 139–144.
  • "La Collection Chauchard au musée du Louvre. (Les peintres de l’École dite de 1830)," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1911, février, pp 89–112.
  • "L’École américaine au musée du Luxembourg," Revue de l’art ancien et moderne, 1914, XXXVI, pp 193–210.
  • "Harpignies: 1819-1916," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1917, avril-juin, pp 207–235.
  • "Auguste Rodin (1840-1917)," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1918, janvier-mars, pp 5–34.
  • "Une exposition d’Ingres," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1921, juin, pp 325–337.
  • "L’Exposition Baudry et Saint-Marceaux à l’École des Beaux-Arts," Gazette des Beaux-Arts, 1922, juin, pp 332–338.

See also

References

  1. ^ Arnoux, M., "BÉNÉDITE, Léonce," Institut National d'histoire d'arte, Online: https://www.inha.fr/fr/ressources/publications/publications-numeriques/dictionnaire-critique-des-historiens-de-l-art/benedite-leonce.html (translated from French)
  2. ^ Benjamin, R., Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa, 1880-1930, University of California Press, 2003, p.59
  3. ^ Nottingham French studies: Volumes 29-31 University of Nottingham - 1990 "When Leonce Bénédite was preparing the opening of the museum. Mauclair sent him a copy of his book: 'Je tiens beaucoup à ce que le plus de témoignages que possible de mon amitié combative pour Rodin "
  4. ^ Benjamin, R., Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa, 1880-1930, University of California Press, 2003, p.52
  5. ^ Arnoux, M., "BÉNÉDITE, Léonce," Institut National d'histoire d'arte, Online: https://www.inha.fr/fr/ressources/publications/publications-numeriques/dictionnaire-critique-des-historiens-de-l-art/benedite-leonce.html
  6. ^ Bloom, J.M. and Blair, S., The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 2, 2009, p. 50
  7. ^ Benjamin, R., Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa, 1880-1930, University of California Press, 2003, p.61, pp 52-78
  8. ^ Benjamin, R., Orientalist Aesthetics: Art, Colonialism, and French North Africa, 1880-1930, University of California Press, 2003, p.61
  9. ^ Arnoux, M., "BÉNÉDITE, Léonce," Institut National d'histoire d'arte, Online: https://www.inha.fr/fr/ressources/publications/publications-numeriques/dictionnaire-critique-des-historiens-de-l-art/benedite-leonce.html
  10. ^ Arnoux, M., "BÉNÉDITE, Léonce," Institut National d'histoire d'arte, Online: https://www.inha.fr/fr/ressources/publications/publications-numeriques/dictionnaire-critique-des-historiens-de-l-art/benedite-leonce.html
  11. ^ Arnoux, M., "BÉNÉDITE, Léonce," Institut National d'histoire d'arte, Online: https://www.inha.fr/fr/ressources/publications/publications-numeriques/dictionnaire-critique-des-historiens-de-l-art/benedite-leonce.html. It may be worth noting that Cladel published two biographies of Rodin; Auguste Rodin, l'homme et l'oeuvre, (1908) and Rodin, sa vie glorieuse, sa vie inconnue, (1936)
  12. ^ Reff, Theodore. (1976) Manet: Olympia. London: Allen Lane, p. 48. ISBN 0713908076

January 14, 2023
léonce, bénédite, january, 1859, 1925, french, historian, curator, founder, société, peintres, orientalistes, français, society, french, orienalist, painters, instrumental, establishing, orientalist, legitimate, genre, portrait, amélie, beaury, saurel, 1923bor. Leonce Benedite 14 January 1859 12 May 1925 was a French art historian and curator He was a co founder of the Societe des Peintres Orientalistes Francais Society for French Orienalist Painters and was instrumental in establishing Orientalist art as a legitimate genre Leonce BeneditePortrait of Leonce Benedite by Amelie Beaury Saurel 1923BornLeonce Benedite 1859 01 14 14 January 1859Nimes FranceDied12 May 1925 1925 05 12 aged 66 Paris FranceNationalityFrenchEducationLaw art historyKnown forArt history curatorHe was the assistant curator at the Chateau de Versailles between 1882 and 1886 the assistant curator at the Chateau de Versailles between 1886 and from 1886 he was the first assistant director at Etienne Arago at the Musee du Luxembourg until 1892 when he became the Director For Benedite writing was inseparable from his function as curator He was a prolific writer contributing to books catalogs and art journals Benedite was one of the executors of Auguste Rodin s will with responsibility for managing Rodin s artistic heritage He was a key figure in establishing the Rodin Museum at the Hotel Biron in 1919 and became the Museum s first Curator Contents 1 Life and career 2 Selected publications 3 See also 4 ReferencesLife and career EditBenedite was born in Nimes the son of Samuel Benedite and Isabelle Lisbonne and brother of Georges Benedite the egyptologist Isabelle widowed married the distinguished curator at the Louvre Georges Lafenestre This connection provided Leonce with privileged access to practising contemporary artists He trained in law and art history Very early on Benedite became involved in the artistic world as a member of the Salon des Artistes Francais from 1880 to 1881 In contact with artists he developed a network of close relationships that he maintained throughout his life particularly through his active involvement in various art societies such as the Society of French Orientalist Painters the Society of French Engraving Painters the Society of Lithographic Painters or the Society of Painters of Paris 1 Between 1882 and 1886 he was the assistant curator at the Chateau de Versailles 2 In 1886 he became the first assistant director at Etienne Arago at the Musee du Luxembourg an art museum primarily devoted to French painting He was appointed Director in 1892 and set about defining a conservation policy that evolved little over time and which he outlined in the catalogs of the collection In 1919 he became the first curator of the Musee Rodin 3 He also managed art acquisitions for the French state for almost 30 years 4 Poster for the Fourth Exhibition of the Societe des peintres lithographes curated by Leonce Benedite at Durand Ruel Paris Benedite established his career at Luxembourg where he developed a conservation policy acquisitions policy and insisted on the exhibition of all artistic techniques He rejected hierarchies between the art forms and refused to favour painting only Thus the acquisition policy focussed on the development of non existent sections or works that predecessors have not managed to organize sustainably He did neglected neither sculpture nor lithography nor print making and encouraged the collection of art objects including medals He also encouraged museums to display one representative work of all major artists in an attempt to encourage younger painters 5 He founded the Societe des Peintres Orientalistes Francais in 1893 with Alphonse Etienne Dinet 6 This society was formed on the back of the success of Benedite s exhibition First Retrospective and Current Exhibition of French Orientalist Painters in 1892 and was largely responsible for giving Orientalist art recognition as a distinct art movement 7 He became the Society s inaugural President and remained in that role until his death in 1925 One of Benedite s aims was to situate Orientalist art within French colonial history To that end he organised a number of exhibitions to display Orientalist art alongside traditional Islamic art His writing also emphasised Orientalist art as a legitimate genre in its own right as well as its role in colonialism Benjamin has argued that Benedite was unusual in terms of combining art and history within a colonial frame of reference 8 He also founded the Abd el Tif prize for bursaries at the Villa Abd el Tif together with the then French governor of Algeria For Benedite writing was inseparable from his function as curator He was a prolific contributor to art publications writing in introductions to exhibition catalogs in magazines and journals as well as publishing works of circumstance during an exhibition or following an artist s death His subject matter was as varied as his acquisitions he published on Burne Jones Bonvin Braquemond Carriere Courbet Chasseriau Falguiere Fantin Latour Legros Liebermann Rodin and Whistler He popularised analyses of nineteenth century art in major syntheses supporting his studies on artist biographies His works are notable in that they seek to analyse the evolutions of artistic inspiration 9 Benedite s zest for his curatorial duties along with his privileged contact with practising artists were determining factors for the sculptor Auguste Rodin who appointed him as an executor charged with the task of managing and administering Rodin s artistic heritage 10 Between 1916 and 1919 Benedite became embroiled in controversy In 1916 he was appointed conservator of the Hotel Biron He saw this appointment as an opportunity to implement his museographic ambitions and ordered the installation of works by the sculptor Rodin in an effort to combine both the Rodin Museum and the Museum of Contemporary Art on the hotel site However its legitimacy was challenged by Judith Cladel Rodin s assistant and the curator s rival who took advantage of a case on fake Rodin and used it to discredit Leonce Benedite The lawsuits surrounding this affair tarnished the reputation of the curator Benedite nevertheless concentrated his interest on the requirements of this museum of a new type founded at the initiative of an artist whose will he was obliged to respect As had become his practice in Luxembourg he reported on his work as a curator through the publication of a catalog in which he describes the museum s facilities the Musee Rodin Summary Catalog of Auguste Rodin s Works and Other Works of Art of the Rodin Donation on Display at Hotel Biron 1919 11 Benedite was the first art historian to explicitly acknowledge the similarities between Manet s Olympia and Titian s Venus of Urbino 12 Benedite died in Paris in 1925 aged 69 years His archives are maintained by the central library of the national museums of the Louvre in Paris Selected publications Edit Meissonier Laurens by Leonce Benedite Books Meissonier biographie critique published by H Laurens Paris 1910 La peinture au XIXieme siecle d apres les chefs d oeuvre des maitres et les meilleurs tableaux des principaux artistes published by E Flammarion Paris 1909 Gustave Courbet published by J B Lippincott Co London 1913 Histoire des Beaux Arts 1800 1900 peinture sculpture architecture medaille et glyptique gravure art decoratif en France et a l etranger Ernest Flammarion Paris 1909 Albert Lebourg Georges Petit Paris 1923 Rodin published by John Lane London 1926 Theodore Chasseriau sa vie et son oeuvre published by Les Editions Braun Paris 1931Articles Michel Barthelemy Ollivier Gazette des Beaux Arts 1895 dec pp 453 470 La Collection Caillebotte au musee du Luxembourg Gazette des Beaux Arts 1897 mars pp 249 258 Les Salons de 1898 Gazette des Beaux Arts 1898 mai pp 353 365 juin pp 441 462 juillet pp 55 76 and aout pp 129 148 Theodore Chasseriau et la Decoration de la Cour des Comptes Art et Decoration janvier juin 1898 III p 22 25 Decoration de l Hotel de Ville Art et Decoration janvier juin 1898 III pp 54 60 Les Peintres orientalistes francais Gazette des Beaux Arts 1899 mars pp 239 247 Deux idealistes Gustave Moreau et E Burne Jones Revue de l art ancien et moderne 1899 V pp 265 290 pp 357 378 1899 and VI pp 57 70 Jean Charles Cazin Revue de l art ancien et moderne 1901 X pp 1 33 and pp 73 105 Felix Buhot Revue de l art ancien et moderne 1902 XI pp 1 15 Artistes contemporains Alexandre Falguiere Revue de l art ancien et moderne 1902 XI pp 65 87 Figures d Extreme Orient Œuvres de M Perret Art et Decoration janvier juin 1902 XI pp 69 74 John Lewis Brown Revue de l art ancien et moderne 1903 XIII pp 81 94 Les Peintres lithographes Revue de l art ancien et moderne 1903 XIV pp 491 505 Art et Orient L œuvre d Etienne Dinet Art et Decoration juillet decembre 1903 XIV pp 305 315 Charles Cottet Art et Decoration janvier juin 1904 XV pp 101 116 Au musee du Luxembourg une exposition de quelques chefs d œuvre pretes par des amateurs Revue de l art ancien et moderne 1904 XV pp 263 272 Artistes contemporains Whistler Gazette des Beaux Arts 1905 mai pp 403 410 juin pp 496 511 aout pp 142 158 and sept pp 231 246 Theodore Riviere Art et Decoration juillet decembre 1905 XVIII pp 211 212 Artistes contemporains J J Henner Gazette des Beaux Arts 1906 janvier pp 39 48 novembre pp 393 406 1907 octobre pp 315 332 et novembre pp 408 423 1908 janvier pp 35 58 mars pp 237 264 and aout pp 137 166 Lucien Simon Art et Decoration janvier juin 1906 XIX pp 24 37 Un portrait de Dalou et de sa famille par Sir Lawrence Alma Tadema musee du Luxembourg Musees et monuments de France 1907 n 9 pp 129 131 Madame Marie Gautier Art et Decoration janvier juin 1908 XXIII pp 136 144 Un batisseur belge Georges Hobe Art et Decoration janvier juin 1908 XXIII pp 89 98 Charles Meryon Gazette des Beaux Arts 1910 fevrier pp 139 144 La Collection Chauchard au musee du Louvre Les peintres de l Ecole dite de 1830 Gazette des Beaux Arts 1911 fevrier pp 89 112 L Ecole americaine au musee du Luxembourg Revue de l art ancien et moderne 1914 XXXVI pp 193 210 Harpignies 1819 1916 Gazette des Beaux Arts 1917 avril juin pp 207 235 Auguste Rodin 1840 1917 Gazette des Beaux Arts 1918 janvier mars pp 5 34 Une exposition d Ingres Gazette des Beaux Arts 1921 juin pp 325 337 L Exposition Baudry et Saint Marceaux a l Ecole des Beaux Arts Gazette des Beaux Arts 1922 juin pp 332 338 See also EditSociete des Peintres Orientalistes Francais fr Georges Lafenestre References Edit Arnoux M BENEDITE Leonce Institut National d histoire d arte Online https www inha fr fr ressources publications publications numeriques dictionnaire critique des historiens de l art benedite leonce html translated from French Benjamin R Orientalist Aesthetics Art Colonialism and French North Africa 1880 1930 University of California Press 2003 p 59 Nottingham French studies Volumes 29 31 University of Nottingham 1990 When Leonce Benedite was preparing the opening of the museum Mauclair sent him a copy of his book Je tiens beaucoup a ce que le plus de temoignages que possible de mon amitie combative pour Rodin Benjamin R Orientalist Aesthetics Art Colonialism and French North Africa 1880 1930 University of California Press 2003 p 52 Arnoux M BENEDITE Leonce Institut National d histoire d arte Online https www inha fr fr ressources publications publications numeriques dictionnaire critique des historiens de l art benedite leonce html Bloom J M and Blair S The Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art and Architecture Volume 2 2009 p 50 Benjamin R Orientalist Aesthetics Art Colonialism and French North Africa 1880 1930 University of California Press 2003 p 61 pp 52 78 Benjamin R Orientalist Aesthetics Art Colonialism and French North Africa 1880 1930 University of California Press 2003 p 61 Arnoux M BENEDITE Leonce Institut National d histoire d arte Online https www inha fr fr ressources publications publications numeriques dictionnaire critique des historiens de l art benedite leonce html Arnoux M BENEDITE Leonce Institut National d histoire d arte Online https www inha fr fr ressources publications publications numeriques dictionnaire critique des historiens de l art benedite leonce html Arnoux M BENEDITE Leonce Institut National d histoire d arte Online https www inha fr fr ressources publications publications numeriques dictionnaire critique des historiens de l art benedite leonce html It may be worth noting that Cladel published two biographies of Rodin Auguste Rodin l homme et l oeuvre 1908 andRodin sa vie glorieuse sa vie inconnue 1936 Reff Theodore 1976 Manet Olympia London Allen Lane p 48 ISBN 0713908076 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Leonce Benedite amp oldid 1082928334, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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