Ludovico Ariosto
Ludovico Ariosto (Italian: [ludoˈviːko aˈrjɔsto, - ariˈɔsto]; 8 September 1474 – 6 July 1533) was an Italian poet. He is best known as the author of the romance epic Orlando Furioso (1516). The poem, a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo's Orlando Innamorato, describes the adventures of Charlemagne, Orlando, and the Franks as they battle against the Saracens with diversions into many sideplots. The poem is transformed into a satire of the chivalric tradition.[1] Ariosto composed the poem in the ottava rima rhyme scheme and introduced narrative commentary throughout the work.
Ludovico Ariosto | |
|---|---|
Ariosto, detail of votive painting Madonna with Saints Joseph, John, Catherine, Louis of Toulouse and Lodovico Ariosto by Vincenzo Catena, 1512 | |
| Born | 8 September 1474 Reggio Emilia, Duchy of Modena and Reggio |
| Died | 6 July 1533 (aged 58) Ferrara, Duchy of Ferrara |
| Occupation | Poet |
| Language | Italian |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Period | Renaissance |
| Genre | Epic poetry |
| Subject | Chivalry |
| Literary movement | Renaissance literature |
| Notable works | Satire, Commedie Orlando Furioso |
| Signature | |
Ariosto also coined the term "humanism" (in Italian, umanesimo)[2] for choosing to focus upon the strengths and potential of humanity, rather than only upon its role as subordinate to God. This led to Renaissance humanism.
Birth and early life edit
Ariosto was born in Reggio nell'Emilia, where his father Niccolò Ariosto was commander of the citadel. He was the oldest of 10 children and was seen as the successor to the patriarchal position of his family. From his earliest years, Ludovico was very interested in poetry, but he was obliged by his father to study law.
After five years of law, Ariosto was allowed to read classics under Gregorio da Spoleto. Ariosto's studies of Greek and Latin literature were cut short by Spoleto's move to France to tutor Francesco Sforza. Shortly after this, Ariosto's father died.
Education and patronage edit
After the death of his father, Ludovico Ariosto was compelled to forgo his literary occupations and take care of his family, whose affairs were in disarray. Despite his family obligations, Ariosto managed to write some comedies in prose as well as lyrical pieces. Some of these attracted the notice of Cardinal Ippolito d'Este, who took the young poet under his patronage and appointed him one of the gentlemen of his household. Este compensated Ariosto poorly for his efforts; the only reward he gave the poet for Orlando Furioso, dedicated to him, was the question, "Where did you find so many stories, Master Ludovico?" Ariosto later said that the cardinal was ungrateful, that he deplored the time which he spent under his yoke, and that if he received some small pension, it was not to reward him for his poetry – which the prelate despised – but for acting as a messenger.[3]
Ludovico Ariosto and Leonardo da Vinci shared a patron in Cardinal Ippolito d'Este's older sister the Marchioness Isabella d'Este, the "First Lady of the Renaissance." Isabella d'Este appears in Ludovico's masterpiece, Orlando Furioso. She also appears in Leonardo's Sketch for a Portrait of Isabella d'Este at the Louvre.
A statue no less jocund, no less bright,
Succeeds, and on the writing is impressed;
Lo! Hercules' daughter, Isabella hight,
In whom Ferrara deems city blest,
Much more because she first shall see the light
Within its circuit, than for all the rest
Which kind and favouring Fortune in the flow
Of rolling years, shall on that town bestow.— Orlando Furioso, Canto XLII.
The cardinal went to Hungary in 1518, and wished Ariosto to accompany him. The poet excused himself, pleading ill health, his love of study, and the need to care for his elderly mother. His excuses were not well-received, and he was denied even an interview. Ariosto and d'Este got into a heated argument, and Ariosto was promptly dismissed from service.[4][5]
New patronage and diplomatic career edit
The cardinal's brother, Alfonso, duke of Ferrara, now took Ariosto under his patronage. By then, Ariosto had already distinguished himself as a diplomat, chiefly on the occasion of two visits to Rome as ambassador to Pope Julius II. The fatigue of one of these journeys brought on an illness from which he never recovered, and on his second mission he was nearly killed by order of the Pope, who happened at the time to be in conflict with Alfonso.[3]
On account of the war, his salary of 84 crowns a year was suspended, and it was withdrawn altogether after the peace. Because of this, Ariosto asked the duke either to provide for him, or to allow him to seek employment elsewhere. He was appointed to the province of Garfagnana, then without a governor, situated on the Apennines, an appointment he held for three years. The province was distracted by factions and bandits, the governor lacked the requisite means to enforce his authority and the duke did little to support his minister. Ariosto's government satisfied both the sovereign and the people given over to his care, however; indeed, there is a story about a time when he was walking alone and fell into the company of a group of bandits, the chief of which, on discovering that his captive was the author of Orlando Furioso, apologized for not having immediately shown him the respect due his rank.
In 1508 Ariosto's play Cassaria appeared, and the next year I suppositi was first acted in Ferrara and ten years later in the Vatican. A prose edition was published in Rome in 1524, and the first verse edition was published at Venice in 1551. The play, which was translated by George Gascoigne and acted at Gray's Inn in London in 1566 and published in 1573, was later used by Shakespeare as a source for The Taming of the Shrew.
In 1516 the first version of the Orlando Furioso in 40 cantos, was published at Ferrara. The third and final version of the Orlando Furioso, in 46 cantos, appeared on 8 September 1532.
Poetic style edit
Throughout Ariosto's writing are narratorial comments dubbed by Daniel Javitch as "Cantus Interruptus". Javitch's term refers to Ariosto's narrative technique to break off one plot line in the middle of a canto, only to pick it up again in another, often much later, canto. Javitch argues that while many critics have assumed Ariosto does this so as to build narrative tension and keep the reader turning pages, the poet in reality defuses narrative tension because so much time separates the interruption and the resumption. By the time the reader gets to the continuation of the story, he or she has often forgotten or ceased to care about the plot and is usually wrapped up in another plot. Ariosto does this, Javitch argues, to undermine "man's foolish but persistent desire for continuity and completion". Ariosto uses it throughout his works.[6]
For example, in Canto II, stanza 30, of Orlando Furioso, the narrator says:
But I, who still pursue a varying tale,
Must leave awhile the Paladin, who wages
A weary warfare with the wind and flood;
To follow a fair virgin of his blood.
Some have attributed this piece of metafiction as one component of the "Sorriso ariostesco" or Ariosto's smile, the wry sense of humor that Ariosto adds to the text.
In explaining this humor, Thomas Greene, in Descent from Heaven, says:
The two persistent qualities of Ariosto's language are first, serenity – the evenness and self-contented assurance with which it urbanely flows, and second, brilliance – the Mediterranean glitter and sheen which neither dazzle nor obscure but confer on every object its precise outline and glinting surface. Only occasionally can Ariosto's language truly be said to be witty, but its lightness and agility create a surface which conveys a witty effect. Too much wit could destroy even the finest poem, but Ariosto's graceful brio is at least as difficult and for narrative purposes more satisfying.
— Thomas Greene, The Descent from Heaven, a Study in Epic Continuity
In literature and popular culture edit
Letitia Elizabeth Landon's poem Ariosto to his Mistress. (1836) is supposed to be his address to some unknown beauty on presenting her with his completed Orlando Furioso.[7]
In his poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Canto the Fourth (1818), Lord Byron described poet and novelist Walter Scott as "The Ariosto of the North", and Ariosto as "The southern Scott". In doing so, Byron connected Ariosto and the Italian Renaissance with early-nineteenth century Scottish and British Romantic writing, emphasising an enduring European literary tradition. Scott, in turn, was influenced by Ariosto and expressed his admiration for the Orlando Furioso.[8][9]
The paperback edition of Orlando Furioso can be briefly glimpsed on table in the dinner scene of the episode "A Ghost" in Jim Jarmusch's film Mystery Train (1989).
Lodovico Ariosto is mentioned in the novelization of the video game Assassin's Creed: Revelations (2011) as a member of the fictional Italian Brotherhood of Assassins. When the protagonist Ezio Auditore retires from the Brotherhood following the events of the game in 1512, he appoints Lodovico to succeed him as Mentor.
References edit
- ^ Oxford illustrated encyclopedia. Judge, Harry George., Toyne, Anthony. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. 1985–1993. p. 21. ISBN 0-19-869129-7. OCLC 11814265.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link) - ^ "Humanist". Etymology Online.
1580s, 'student of the classical humanities', from Middle French humaniste (16c.), formed on model of Italian umanista 'student of human affairs or human nature', coined by Italian poet Lodovicio Ariosto (1474–1533), from Latin humanus 'human' (see human; also see humanism). Philosophical sense is from 1903.
- ^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Ariosto, Lodovico". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2. (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 492-493.
- ^ Bondanella, Peter; et al. (2001). Cassell Dictionary Italian Literature. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 0304704644.
- ^ Peter Bondanella; Julia Conway Bondanella (18 March 1999). Cassell Dictionary Italian Literature. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 20–. ISBN 978-1-4411-5075-2.
- ^ Daniel Javitch, "Cantus interruptus in the Orlando Furioso", Modern Language Notes, 95 (1980)
- ^ Landon, Letitia Elizabeth (5 January 2024). "poem". The New Monthly Magazine, 1836, Volume 46. Henry Colburn. p. 441.
- ^ Lord Byron, Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, Canto the Fourth, stanza 40, lines 354-60. See Lord Byron: The Complete Poetical Works, ed. Jerome J. McGann, 7 vols (Oxford: Oxford Clarendon Press, 1980-93, 1980), vol. II, p. 137.
- ^ Susan Oliver, ″Walter Scott and Ariosto's Orlando Furioso″, in Ariosto, the Orlando Furioso and English Culture, ed. Jane Everson, Andrew Hiscock and Stefano Jossa (Oxford: Oxford University Press, Proceedings of the British Academy, 2019), pp. 186-209.
Further reading edit
- Albert R. Ascoli, Ariosto's bitter harmony : crisis and evasion in the Italian renaissance, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987.
- Charles P. Brand, Ludovico Ariosto : a preface to the 'Orlando furioso', Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1974.
- Giulio Ferroni, Ludovico Ariosto, Roma: Salerno Editrice, 2008.
- Robert Durling, The figure of the poet in Renaissance epic, Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1965.
- Jane E. Everson, Andrew Hiscock, and Stefano Jossa (eds), Ariosto, the Orlando Furioso and English Culture. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2019).ISBN 9780197266502
- Greene, Thomas. The Descent from Heaven, a Study in Epic Continuity. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1963.
- Javitch, Daniel (1 March 2005). "The Poetics of Variatio in Orlando Furioso". Modern Language Quarterly. 66 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1215/00267929-66-1-1.
- Stefano Jossa, Ariosto, Bologna: il Mulino, 2009.
- Giuseppe Sangirardi, Ludovico Ariosto, Firenze: Le Monnier, 2006.
External links edit
- Ludovico Ariosto's works, translations and chronology
- Works by Ludovico Ariosto in eBook form at Standard Ebooks
- Works by Lodovico Ariosto at Project Gutenberg
- Works by or about Ludovico Ariosto at Internet Archive
- Works by Ludovico Ariosto at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
- Ludovico Ariosto's works: text, concordances and frequency lists
- The Medieval & Classical Literature Library: Orlando Furioso: Canto 1 & Canto 2