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221st Mixed Brigade

January 01, 1970

For the World War II formation, see 221st Independent Infantry Brigade (Home). For the Spanish Republican formation, see 221st Mixed Brigade (Spain).

221st Mixed Brigade was a Scottish Home Service formation of the British Army that served under various titles throughout World War I.

221st Mixed Brigade
Active1914–1919
Country United Kingdom
Branch British Army
TypeInfantry Brigade
RoleHome Defence
Part ofScottish Coast Defences
Southern Army
Eastern Command

Origin edit

When the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force (TF) under the Haldane Reforms in 1908, the 1st and 2nd Lothian Volunteer Infantry Brigades (previously the Forth Brigade) became the Lothian Brigade (TF). It was not included in the Lowland Division with the rest of the TF units from Southern Scotland, but formed an independent brigade in Scottish Coastal Defences.[1][2]

Mobilisation edit

On the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914, the Lothian Brigade of the Territorial Force (TF) mobilised at Edinburgh under Brigadier-General H.F. Kays as part of Scottish Coastal Defences, with the following units under command:[3][4][5][6]

attached:

Almost immediately (31 August 1914), TF units were authorised to raise 2nd battalions formed from those men who had not volunteered for, or were not fit for, overseas service, together with new volunteers.[7] A 2nd Lothian Brigade was formed from these units, but the two brigades merged again as the 1st Line battalions progressively went overseas in late 1914 and early 1915 to reinforce Regular Army formations or join the 52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division (TF).[6][8][9]

Other units were also posted to the Lothian Brigade for short periods in early 1915, including Special Reserve (former Militia) battalions:[3]

locally raised 'Pals' Battalions':[3]

and others such as:[3]

(not including TF battalions of the Royal Scots that were administratively attached while temporarily stationed at Edinburgh).

Provisional Brigade edit

Early in 1915 the 2nd Line TF battalions were raised to full strength to form 2nd Line divisions such as the 65th (2nd Lowland) Division, and began to form Reserve (3rd Line) units.[7] Once again the remaining Home Service men were separated out in May 1915 to form Coast Defence Battalions (termed Provisional Battalions from June 1915).[12] The Special Reserve battalions of the Lothian Brigade were split off into a separate Special Reserve Brigade (6 June 1915) and the Lothian Brigade was first retitled Scottish Provisional Brigade (1 July 1915) and then 1st Provisional Brigade.[3]

The composition of 1st Provisional Brigade was then as follows:[3]

In April 1916, 1st Provisional Brigade moved by train from Edinburgh, first to the Bishops Stortford area, the on 25 April to the East Kent coast on 25 April. Brigadier-General A.G. Duff took over from Brig.-Gen. Kay, and the brigade came under the orders of 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division in Southern Army. The brigade was now billeted as follows:[3][16]

  • Brigade HQ – Sandwich
  • 1st Provisional Battery and Ammunition Column – Worth
  • 1st Provisional Field Company – Woodnesborough
  • 3rd (Scottish) Provisional Battalion – Sandwich Bay
  • 9th (Scottish) Provisional Battalion – Deal
  • 10th (Scottish) Provisional Battalion (formed from home service details of 5th, 6th and 7th Battalions, Cameronians (Scottish Rifles);[13] absorbed 12th Scottish Prov. Bn April 1916) – Deal
  • 11th (Scottish) Provisional Battalion – Walmer
  • 1st Provisional Field Brigade Train – Sandwich
  • 1st Provisional Field Ambulance – Sandwich

Home defence edit

The Military Service Act 1916 swept away the Home/Foreign service distinction, and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service, if medically fit. The Provisional Brigades thus became anomalous, and on 1 January 1917 the remaining battalions were formed into numbered battalions of their parent units in new Mixed Brigades and Home Service Divisions. Part of their role was physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas, alongside units of the Training Reserve. 1st Provisional Brigade became 221st Infantry Brigade, with its subunits redesignated as follows:[3][12]

The brigade remained guarding the Kent coast throughout 1917, occasionally enduring bombing attacks from German Zeppelins and aircraft. Brigadier-General J. Marriott took over command in May 1917. On 25 October 1917 the title of the formation was changed to 221st Mixed Brigade (reflecting its all-arms rather than purely infantry composition).[3]

On 26 November 1917, 1203rd (Lowland) Battery transferred to 12th Brigade, Royal Field Artillery, which was reforming in 67th (2nd Home Counties) Division.[28][29]

On 12 February 1918 the brigade was transferred from the command of 67th Division in Southern Army to the Cyclist Division under Eastern Command, with only minor changes in deployment.[3]

In May 1918 each of the Mixed Brigades was called upon to provide a battalion (redesignated a Garrison Guard battalion) to reconstitute the 59th (2nd North Midland) Division, which had been virtually destroyed during the German spring offensive. 221st Mixed Brigade supplied 11th Royal Scots Fusiliers (RSF) to 178th (2/1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire) Brigade and immediately raised a new 13th (Home Service) Battalion RSF to take over its coast defence duties.[3][12] [19][20][21][30]

With the war coming to an end, the brigade received orders for disbandment on 7 November 1918. The battalions dispersed in the following March and April (being formally disbanded in July) and Brigade HQ closed on 11 April 1919.[3]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Army List.
  2. ^
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l HQ 221 Mixed Brigade War Diary 4 August 1914 – 30 July 1919, The National Archives (TNA), Kew, file WO 95/5458.
  4. ^ a b c d James, p. 43.
  5. ^ a b c d Royal Scots at Long, Long Trail.
  6. ^ a b . www.warpath.orbat.com. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012.
  7. ^ a b Becke Pt 2b, pp. 6, 65.
  8. ^ Becke Pt 2a, pp. 109–115.
  9. ^ . Archived from the original on 8 January 2014. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  10. ^ a b c James, pp. 102–3.
  11. ^ a b c Frederick, p. 301.
  12. ^ a b c . Great War Forum. Archived from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 30 March 2013.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Army Council Instructions, January 1916, Appendix 18.
  14. ^ a b Frederick, pp. 257–8.
  15. ^ a b Frederick, p. 63.
  16. ^ Distribution of Northern and Southern Armies (Home Defence), The National Archives file WO 33/765.
  17. ^ Farndale, Annex 7.
  18. ^ a b c d Frederick, p. 184.
  19. ^ a b Frederick, p. 255.
  20. ^ a b James, p. 65.
  21. ^ a b Royal Scots Fusiliers at Long, Long Trail.
  22. ^ Frederick, p. 74.
  23. ^ James, p. 71.
  24. ^ Cameronians (Scottish Rifles) at Long, Long Trail.
  25. ^ HLI at Long, Long Trail.
  26. ^ James, p. 109.
  27. ^ Argyll & Sutherland Highlanders at Long, Long Trail.
  28. ^ Becke, Pt 2b, pp. 79–80.
  29. ^ Frederick, p. 501.
  30. ^ Becke Pt 2b, pp. 17–23.

References edit

  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2a: the Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st-Line Territorial Force Divisions (42–56), London: HM Stationery Office, 1935/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-84734-739-8.
  • Maj A.F. Becke,History of the Great War: Order of Battle of Divisions, Part 2b: The 2nd-Line Territorial Force Divisions (57th–69th), with the Home-Service Divisions (71st–73rd) and 74th and 75th Divisions, London: HM Stationery Office, 1937/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2007, ISBN 1-84734-739-8.
  • Gen Sir Martin Farndale, History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery: The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914–18, Woolwich: Royal Artillery Institution, 1988, ISBN 1-870114-05-1.
  • J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol I, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-007-3.
  • J.B.M. Frederick, Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660–1978, Vol II, Wakefield: Microform Academic, 1984, ISBN 1-85117-009-X.
  • Brig E.A. James, British Regiments 1914–18, London: Samson Books, 1978, ISBN 0-906304-03-2/Uckfield: Naval & Military Press, 2001, ISBN 978-1-84342-197-9.
  • War Office, Army Council Instructions Issued During January 1916, London: HM Stationery Office, 1916.

External sources edit

  • Chris Baker, The Long, Long Trail

January 01, 1970
221st, mixed, brigade, world, formation, 221st, independent, infantry, brigade, home, spanish, republican, formation, spain, scottish, home, service, formation, british, army, that, served, under, various, titles, throughout, world, active1914, 1919country, un. For the World War II formation see 221st Independent Infantry Brigade Home For the Spanish Republican formation see 221st Mixed Brigade Spain 221st Mixed Brigade was a Scottish Home Service formation of the British Army that served under various titles throughout World War I 221st Mixed BrigadeActive1914 1919Country United KingdomBranchBritish ArmyTypeInfantry BrigadeRoleHome DefencePart ofScottish Coast DefencesSouthern ArmyEastern Command Contents 1 Origin 2 Mobilisation 3 Provisional Brigade 4 Home defence 5 Notes 6 References 7 External sourcesOrigin editWhen the Volunteer Force was subsumed into the new Territorial Force TF under the Haldane Reforms in 1908 the 1st and 2nd Lothian Volunteer Infantry Brigades previously the Forth Brigade became the Lothian Brigade TF It was not included in the Lowland Division with the rest of the TF units from Southern Scotland but formed an independent brigade in Scottish Coastal Defences 1 2 Mobilisation editOn the outbreak of war on 4 August 1914 the Lothian Brigade of the Territorial Force TF mobilised at Edinburgh under Brigadier General H F Kays as part of Scottish Coastal Defences with the following units under command 3 4 5 6 4th Queen s Edinburgh Rifles Battalion Royal Scots Lothian Regiment 5th Queen s Edinburgh Rifles Battalion Royal Scots Lothian Regiment 8th Battalion Royal Scots Lothian Regiment 9th Highlanders Battalion Royal Scots Lothian Regiment attached 6th Battalion Royal Scots Lothian Regiment 7th Battalion Royal Scots Lothian Regiment 8th Lanark Battalion Highland Light Infantry Almost immediately 31 August 1914 TF units were authorised to raise 2nd battalions formed from those men who had not volunteered for or were not fit for overseas service together with new volunteers 7 A 2nd Lothian Brigade was formed from these units but the two brigades merged again as the 1st Line battalions progressively went overseas in late 1914 and early 1915 to reinforce Regular Army formations or join the 52nd Lowland Infantry Division TF 6 8 9 Other units were also posted to the Lothian Brigade for short periods in early 1915 including Special Reserve former Militia battalions 3 3rd Reserve Battalion Royal Scots Lothian Regiment 3rd Reserve Battalion King s Own Scottish Borderers 3rd Reserve Battalion Princess Louise s Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 4th Extra Reserve Battalion Princess Louise s Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders 4th Extra Reserve Battalion Highland Light Infantry 10 locally raised Pals Battalions 3 16th Service Battalion 2nd Edinburgh Royal Scots Lothian Regiment largely from Heart of Midlothian Football Club players and supporters 11 4 5 left 18 June 1915 17th Service Battalion Rosebery Royal Scots Lothian Regiment Bantam battalion raised by Lord Rosebery 11 4 5 left 4 June 1915 and others such as 3 1st Battalion Royal Newfoundland Regiment left 11 May 1915 Hampshire Provisional Battalion left 20 May 1915 not including TF battalions of the Royal Scots that were administratively attached while temporarily stationed at Edinburgh Provisional Brigade editEarly in 1915 the 2nd Line TF battalions were raised to full strength to form 2nd Line divisions such as the 65th 2nd Lowland Division and began to form Reserve 3rd Line units 7 Once again the remaining Home Service men were separated out in May 1915 to form Coast Defence Battalions termed Provisional Battalions from June 1915 12 The Special Reserve battalions of the Lothian Brigade were split off into a separate Special Reserve Brigade 6 June 1915 and the Lothian Brigade was first retitled Scottish Provisional Brigade 1 July 1915 and then 1st Provisional Brigade 3 The composition of 1st Provisional Brigade was then as follows 3 1 8th Battalion Highland Light Infantry insufficient numbers had volunteered for overseas service became 8th Scottish Provisional Battalion left 23 June 1915 10 13 14 3rd Scottish Provisional Battalion formed April 1915 from home service details of 3rd Highland Brigade 6th 7th 8th and 9th Battalions Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders joined 22 May 1915 13 15 9th Scottish Provisional Battalion formed from home service details of Highland Light Infantry Brigade 5th 6th 7th and 9th Battalions Highland Light Infantry joined 22 May 1915 13 11th Scottish Provisional Battalion formed from home service details of 4th and 5th Battalions Royal Scots Fusiliers and 8th Battalion Cameronians Scottish Rifles joined 23 May 1915 13 12th Scottish Provisional Battalion formed from home service details of 4th and 5th Battalions King s Own Scottish Borderers joined 22 May left 10 June 1915 13 18th Reserve Battalion Royal Scots Lothian Regiment formed June 1915 at Edinburgh from Depot companies of 15th 16th and 17th Battalions left 25 October 1915 4 5 11 3 1st Lothians and Border Horse joined 23 August left 31 December 1915 3 1st Lowland Feld Battery Royal Field Artillery left 31 December 1915 1st Provisional Field Ambulance Royal Army Medical Corps joined 3 September 1915 1st Provisional Field Company Royal Engineers joined 6 September 1915 1st Provisional Battery and Ammunition Column Royal Field Artillery joined 25 October 1915 1st Provisional Brigade Train Army Service Corps In April 1916 1st Provisional Brigade moved by train from Edinburgh first to the Bishops Stortford area the on 25 April to the East Kent coast on 25 April Brigadier General A G Duff took over from Brig Gen Kay and the brigade came under the orders of 67th 2nd Home Counties Division in Southern Army The brigade was now billeted as follows 3 16 Brigade HQ Sandwich 1st Provisional Battery and Ammunition Column Worth 1st Provisional Field Company Woodnesborough 3rd Scottish Provisional Battalion Sandwich Bay 9th Scottish Provisional Battalion Deal 10th Scottish Provisional Battalion formed from home service details of 5th 6th and 7th Battalions Cameronians Scottish Rifles 13 absorbed 12th Scottish Prov Bn April 1916 Deal 11th Scottish Provisional Battalion Walmer 1st Provisional Field Brigade Train Sandwich 1st Provisional Field Ambulance SandwichHome defence editThe Military Service Act 1916 swept away the Home Foreign service distinction and all TF soldiers became liable for overseas service if medically fit The Provisional Brigades thus became anomalous and on 1 January 1917 the remaining battalions were formed into numbered battalions of their parent units in new Mixed Brigades and Home Service Divisions Part of their role was physical conditioning to render men fit for drafting overseas alongside units of the Training Reserve 1st Provisional Brigade became 221st Infantry Brigade with its subunits redesignated as follows 3 12 1203rd Lowland Battery and Ammunition Column RFA later 414th Battery and 414th Ammunition Column RFA at Sandwich 17 640th Lowland Field Company RE 11th Battalion Royal Scots Fusiliers from 11th Prov Bn 18 19 20 21 15th Battalion Cameronians Scottish Rifles from 10th Prov Bn 18 22 23 24 21st Battalion Highland Light Infantry from 9th Prov Bn 18 14 10 25 16th Battalion Princess Louise s Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders from 3rd Prov Bn 18 15 26 27 221st Brigade Train ASC later 833rd Horse Transport Company ASC 329th Lowland Field Ambulance RAMC The brigade remained guarding the Kent coast throughout 1917 occasionally enduring bombing attacks from German Zeppelins and aircraft Brigadier General J Marriott took over command in May 1917 On 25 October 1917 the title of the formation was changed to 221st Mixed Brigade reflecting its all arms rather than purely infantry composition 3 On 26 November 1917 1203rd Lowland Battery transferred to 12th Brigade Royal Field Artillery which was reforming in 67th 2nd Home Counties Division 28 29 On 12 February 1918 the brigade was transferred from the command of 67th Division in Southern Army to the Cyclist Division under Eastern Command with only minor changes in deployment 3 In May 1918 each of the Mixed Brigades was called upon to provide a battalion redesignated a Garrison Guard battalion to reconstitute the 59th 2nd North Midland Division which had been virtually destroyed during the German spring offensive 221st Mixed Brigade supplied 11th Royal Scots Fusiliers RSF to 178th 2 1st Nottinghamshire and Derbyshire Brigade and immediately raised a new 13th Home Service Battalion RSF to take over its coast defence duties 3 12 19 20 21 30 With the war coming to an end the brigade received orders for disbandment on 7 November 1918 The battalions dispersed in the following March and April being formally disbanded in July and Brigade HQ closed on 11 April 1919 3 Notes edit Army List Conrad British Army 1914 a b c d e f g h i j k l HQ 221 Mixed Brigade War Diary 4 August 1914 30 July 1919 The National Archives TNA Kew file WO 95 5458 a b c d James p 43 a b c d Royal Scots at Long Long Trail a b Coast Defence Units at Warpath www warpath orbat com Archived from the original on 4 February 2012 a b Becke Pt 2b pp 6 65 Becke Pt 2a pp 109 115 52nd Lowland Division at Warpath Archived from the original on 8 January 2014 Retrieved 30 March 2013 a b c James pp 102 3 a b c Frederick p 301 a b c The 10 Provisional Brigades Great War Forum Archived from the original on 16 February 2016 Retrieved 30 March 2013 a b c d e f Army Council Instructions January 1916 Appendix 18 a b Frederick pp 257 8 a b Frederick p 63 Distribution of Northern and Southern Armies Home Defence The National Archives file WO 33 765 Farndale Annex 7 a b c d Frederick p 184 a b Frederick p 255 a b James p 65 a b Royal Scots Fusiliers at Long Long Trail Frederick p 74 James p 71 Cameronians Scottish Rifles at Long Long Trail HLI at Long Long Trail James p 109 Argyll amp Sutherland Highlanders at Long Long Trail Becke Pt 2b pp 79 80 Frederick p 501 Becke Pt 2b pp 17 23 References editMaj A F Becke History of the Great War Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2a the Territorial Force Mounted Divisions and the 1st Line Territorial Force Divisions 42 56 London HM Stationery Office 1935 Uckfield Naval amp Military Press 2007 ISBN 1 84734 739 8 Maj A F Becke History of the Great War Order of Battle of Divisions Part 2b The 2nd Line Territorial Force Divisions 57th 69th with the Home Service Divisions 71st 73rd and 74th and 75th Divisions London HM Stationery Office 1937 Uckfield Naval amp Military Press 2007 ISBN 1 84734 739 8 Gen Sir Martin Farndale History of the Royal Regiment of Artillery The Forgotten Fronts and the Home Base 1914 18 Woolwich Royal Artillery Institution 1988 ISBN 1 870114 05 1 J B M Frederick Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660 1978 Vol I Wakefield Microform Academic 1984 ISBN 1 85117 007 3 J B M Frederick Lineage Book of British Land Forces 1660 1978 Vol II Wakefield Microform Academic 1984 ISBN 1 85117 009 X Brig E A James British Regiments 1914 18 London Samson Books 1978 ISBN 0 906304 03 2 Uckfield Naval amp Military Press 2001 ISBN 978 1 84342 197 9 War Office Army Council Instructions Issued During January 1916 London HM Stationery Office 1916 External sources editChris Baker The Long Long Trail Mark Conrad The British Army 1914 archive site The Regimental Warpath 1914 1918 David Porter s work on Provisional Brigades at Great War Forum Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title 221st Mixed Brigade amp oldid 1182774662, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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