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Longines

January 01, 1970

Compagnie des Montres Longines, Francillon S.A., or simply Longines (French pronunciation: [lɔ̃ʒin]), is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in Saint-Imier, Switzerland.[1][2] Founded by Auguste Agassiz in 1832, the company has been a subsidiary of the Swiss Swatch Group and its predecessors since 1983.[3][4] Its winged hourglass logo, registered in 1889, is the oldest unchanged active trademark registered with WIPO.[5][6]

Compagnie des Montres Longines, Francillon S.A.
Factory in Saint-Imier
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryWatchmaking
Founded1832; 192 years ago (1832)
FounderAuguste Agassiz
Headquarters
Saint-Imier (canton of Bern)
,
Switzerland
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products
RevenueCHF 1.47 billion (2017)
Number of employees
340 (2009)
ParentThe Swatch Group
Websitelongines.com

History edit

1832–1867 edit

Longines was founded in Saint-Imier in 1832 by Auguste Agassiz, a Swiss watchmaker and brother of biologist Louis Agassiz.[3][7] Auguste had two partners, lawyers Henri Raiguel and Florian Morel; the company's original name was Raiguel Jeune & Cie.[8][9] By 1846, Raigeul and Morel had retired from the watch industry, leaving Agassiz as sole company head.[3]

Several years later, Agassiz brought in his bright, enterprising nephew, trained economist Ernest Francillon, into the business.[3] Francillon was the mastermind behind several impressive innovations that would distinguish the company from its competitors. One early stroke of genius from Francillon was to solely produce crown-wound pocket watches rather than the prevalent key-wound alternative. Later, when Agassiz started suffering from ill health, he passed leadership to Francillon.

1867–1878 edit

Under Francillon, the company began segueing out of the établissage system and moved towards more modern production methods. Francillon solidified his firm's progression to mass production in 1867 by establishing his first factory.[3][9] Its location, an area in southern St. Imier known locally as Les Longines ("long meadows"), gave rise to the Longines name. To help further his efforts to improve the production at Longines, Francillon brought on Jacques David, a talented engineer. In addition, Francillon appointed David as Technical Director and put him in charge of the new factory. By 1867, it was also marked the year the Longines factory produced its first in-house watch movement, the 20A. The 20A, built with an anchor escapement (usually employed in pendulum clocks), was wound and set via a pendent crown. The innovative movement won an award at the 1867 Universal Exhibition in Paris.

Several years later, the U.S. watchmaking industry was making strides in industrialized watch manufacturing. Francillon sent Jacques David to the 1876 World's Fair in Philadelphia to gather new ideas and strategies from American watchmakers. Upon returning, David wrote a 108-page report detailing what he learned during his trip; the report is considered one of the most significant documents in watchmaking history, detailing the inner workings of American watch factories, including the entire production process, from raw materials to finished watches, and the highly-effective internal structure and quality control measures implemented in American factories. In his analysis, David concluded the Swiss watchmaking industry needed to change significantly to keep pace with its American competitors.

 
Longines Serial Number 183 "Attesa" date 1867. On 6 November 2018, Longines announced discovery of serial number 183, dated 23 October 1867, currently the Oldest Longines watch known. Its caliber is an August Agassiz 4 (AA4).

Longines was the world's first watch trademark and the first Swiss company to assemble watches under one roof.[10]

1878–1927 edit

In 1878, Longines developed its first chronograph movement, the 20H,[3] a "mono-pusher" chronograph, in which all 3 chronograph functions (start, stop, and reset) were controlled via the crown. With the 20H, Longines could produce stopwatches suitable for precise timing in professional events. This was when Longines began building its reputation in equestrian sports, such as horse racing and jumping.

By 1880, Longines was known for the quality and precision of its timepieces.[9] To Francillon's dismay, the brand became a target for counterfeiters. Longines counterfeits were not only directly stealing business and revenue from Francillon, but also potentially damaging his company's reputation. Francillon trademarked the Longines name in 1880 and its winged hourglass logo in 1889.[3] By 1886, Longines had established itself as a primary supplier of timing equipment for most New York sporting officials.

Notable Longines calibers:

  • Longines 20H pocket chronograph
  • Longines 18.72 pocket chronograph
  • Longines 19.73 pocket chronograph

1927–1971 edit

In 1927, P.V.H. Weems collaborated with Longines to produce the first wrist watch, the Weems Avigation watch. The watch was 48 mm in diameter.[11]

In 1931, Longines collaborated with Charles Lindbergh to introduce the Hour Angle aviation watch.[11]

 
Longines Weems ref 3931 c.1937 US Naval Academy Annapolis Dial

In 1937, P.V.H. Weems again collaborated with Longines to produce a second, smaller (33mm) Weems avigation watch (reference 3930, 3931, and 4036).

In 1953, Longines developed its first quartz movement.[12]

In 1954, Longines introduced a timekeeping instrument called Longines Chronocinegines.[13]

Notable Longines calibers:

  • Longines 12.68z time only or wrist watch chronograph
  • Longines 13.33z wrist watch chronograph
  • Longines 13ZN wrist watch chronograph
  • Longines 30CH wrist watch chronograph
  • Longines 37.9 time only
     
    Longines Seconds Setting Watch. Sidereal Time ref 4356

1971–present edit

In 1983, Longines' owner ASUAG merged with SSIH (which owned Omega SA) to form the Société Suisse de Microélectronique et d'Horlogerie (SMH).[14] SMH became The Swatch Group in 1988, and Longines continued without R&D and production activities of its own.[15] In the 1990's, Swatch differentiated and repositioned its various brands in order to better compete in all market segments, with Omega becoming the high-end brand intended to compete with Rolex and Cartier, while Longines was positioned in a less-expensive segment, its watches redesigned as objects of elegance and classicism, emphasizing the historical tradition of manufacture, as opposed to the craft of watchmaking.[16] In 2019, Longines licensed its name and branding to Marcolin for a collection of men's and women's optical frames and sunglasses.[17]

 
Longines Master Retrograde Small Seconds

Intellectual property and marketing edit

Longines began using the slogan "Elegance is an Attitude" in 1999. Their previous slogan, "The World's Most Honoured Watch" was used for most of the 20th century.[18][19]

The Longines Logo is the oldest registered trade mark still in use in its original form registered with the World Intellectual Property Organization.[20]

Sponsorships edit

Since Longines developed its first chronograph movement in 1878, the brand has steadily built strong relationships with various sporting organizations, events and teams worldwide. First came horse racing, then additional equestrian sports such as show jumping, endurance riding and eventing (a "triathlon" of dressage, cross-country, jumping).

Today, Longines is designated as official timekeeper, partner, and watch for competitions worldwide including:[21]

Notable patrons and owners edit

 
A Founding Member of State of Israel, Nahum Sokolow
 
Vice-Admiral Sir James Andrew Gardiner Troup RN British Admiralty Director Naval Intelligence. Supported development of Bletchley Park where Alan Turing broke the Enigma Code.

Notable Longines brand ambassadors and timepieces owners include Humphrey Bogart, Harry Connick Jr., Audrey Hepburn, Dr Nahum Sokolow, Aaron Kwok, Lin Chi-ling, Eddie Peng, Steffi Graf, Andre Agassi, Aishwarya Rai, Kate Winslet, Mikaela Shiffrin, Simon Baker, Jung Woo-sung, Bae Suzy and Jennifer Lawrence.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]

Notable Longines historical figures include

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ In addition to the two timepieces from Longines, Albert Einstein also had a Patek Philippe pocket watch, which he ordered in 1915 (the year he completed his theory of General Relativity) and is now kept in the Patek Philippe Museum in Geneva, and a possibly German-made, unknown-brand pocket watch (circa 1900), which was auctioned by Christie's for GBP 266,500 in London on 13 July 2016.

References edit

  1. ^ "Longines - Swatch Group". www.swatchgroup.com. from the original on 2021-11-02. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
  2. ^ "Company Overview of Compagnie des Montres Longines Francillon S.A." www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g "History of Longines in 1832 - 1832". www.longines.com. from the original on 2021-02-04. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
  4. ^ "History of Longines in 1983 - 1983". www.longines.com. from the original on 2019-02-07. Retrieved 2019-02-04.
  5. ^ "Longines Watch Company: Madrid's Oldest Mark". from the original on 2022-07-01. Retrieved 2022-07-01.
  6. ^ "Longines - A Timeless Logo". fhs.swiss. Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry. October 12, 2009. from the original on 2018-01-23. Retrieved 2018-01-22.
  7. ^ Francillon, André (2005). History of Longines. p. 75. from the original on 2020-03-09. Retrieved 2020-06-04.
  8. ^ "The history of Longines® in 1832". www.longines.com. from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
  9. ^ a b c "A History of Longines | Xupes". www.xupes.com. from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
  10. ^ Judy, Dean (2002). 100 Years of Vintage Watches: A Collector's Identification and Price Guide. Iola, WI: Krause. p. 170. ISBN 9780873494533.
  11. ^ a b Reddick, Max E. (2013-01-04). "The History of the Pilot Watch Part Four: Longines and Lindbergh". Monochrome Watches. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  12. ^ Judy, Dean (2008). Watches: Warman's Companion. Iola, WI: F+W Media. ISBN 9781440219085. Retrieved 19 October 2023.
  13. ^ Knowles, Arthur; Beech, Graham (2001). The Bluebird Years: Donald Campbell and the Pursuit of Speed. Sigma Leisure. ISBN 9781850587668.
  14. ^ "Major Swiss watch companies plan merger - UPI Archives". UPI. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  15. ^ "The History of Quartz Weekend: Part 2 - Longines, the Swiss Enter the Fold". Watchonista. 2018-06-09. from the original on 2020-08-21. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  16. ^ Donzé, Pierre-Yves (2014). A Business History of the Swatch Group The Rebirth of Swiss Watchmaking and the Globalization of the Luxury Industry. NY: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 69. ISBN 9781137389084. Retrieved 25 September 2023.
  17. ^ Turra, Alessandra (2019-10-08). "Marcolin to Develop Omega and Longines Eyewear Collections". Women's Wear Daily. from the original on 2022-09-03. Retrieved 2022-09-03.
  18. ^ "Longines Ambassadors of Elegance". www.longines.com. from the original on 2018-12-07. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
  19. ^ "Aishwarya Rai Bachchan : Longines Ambassador of Elegance Since 1999 | Longines®". www.longines.co.uk. from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
  20. ^ "Longines celebrates 120 years of protection for a logo that is still used today". www.europastar.com. Retrieved 2024-01-22.
  21. ^ Anthony, Paul. "Longines Watch Brand History - An Enduring Quest For Elegance". bespokeunit.com. from the original on 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2019-01-10.
  22. ^ "Profiles In Time: Humphrey Bogart's Watches". Crown & Caliber Blog. 2017-04-21. from the original on 2020-08-11. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  23. ^ "Harry Connick Jr - Longines: Ambassador Of Excellence". Federation of the Swiss watch industry FH. from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
  24. ^ "Profiles in Time: Audrey Hepburn's Watch". Crown & Caliber Blog. 2018-01-04. from the original on 2020-09-27. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  25. ^ "Aishwarya Rai Bachchan : Longines Ambassador of Elegance Since 1999". www.longines.com. from the original on 2021-01-14. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  26. ^ "Kate Winslet : Longines Ambassador of Elegance". www.longines.com. from the original on 2019-01-24. Retrieved 2019-01-24.
  27. ^ "Jung Woo-Sung : Longines Ambassador of Elegance". www.longines.com. from the original on 2022-07-05. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  28. ^ "Bae Suzy : Longines Ambassador of Elegance". www. longines.com. from the original on 2022-08-24. Retrieved 2022-09-29.
  29. ^ a b . mediacenter.longines.com. Archived from the original on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  30. ^ a b "[EINSTEIN, Albert (1879-1955)]". www.christies.com. from the original on 2020-11-27. Retrieved 2019-01-23.
  31. ^ Broer (2005-07-02). "Einstein's Longines on display". Fratello Watches. from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  32. ^ "Profiles in Time: Albert Einstein". Crown & Caliber Blog. 2018-03-22. from the original on 2019-06-10. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  33. ^ "Unique and Historically Important Longines, No. 4876616, case No. 66968. Made in 1930, presented to Professor Albert Einstein on February 16th, 1931 in Los Angeles". catalog.antiquorum.swiss. from the original on 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
  34. ^ "Longines gold watch - Albert Einstein | Watch ID". www.watch-id.com. from the original on 2020-11-11. Retrieved 2019-01-28.
  35. ^ Weems, Philip Van Horn (1943). Air navigation. George A. Smathers Libraries University of Florida. New York and London: McGraw-Hill book company, inc.
  36. ^ a b c d e f g h i "WatchTime April 2021 WatchTime". www.watchtime-shop.com. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  37. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "The Pioneer Spirit Lives On | Longines". www.longines.com. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  38. ^ a b c d e f g Bucher, Written byRuediger (2022-03-01). "Ready for Takeoff: The Story of Longines and the Pioneers of Aviation". WatchTime - USA's No.1 Watch Magazine. Retrieved 2023-09-29.
  39. ^ Forster, Jack (September 2, 2015). "In-Depth: The Science, History, And Romance Behind The Longines Lindbergh Hour Angle Watch". Hodinkee. Retrieved 2023-09-29.

Further reading edit

  • Donzé, Pierre-Yves. "Dynamics of innovation in the electronic watch industry: a comparative business history of Longines (Switzerland) and Seiko (Japan), 1960-1980." Essays in Economic & Business History 37.1 (2019): 120-145. online

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Longines.
  • Official website
  • The Swatch Group
  • Longines Official Films
  • The Oldest Longines Watch

January 01, 1970
longines, compagnie, montres, francillon, simply, french, pronunciation, ʒin, swiss, luxury, watchmaker, based, saint, imier, switzerland, founded, auguste, agassiz, 1832, company, been, subsidiary, swiss, swatch, group, predecessors, since, 1983, winged, hour. Compagnie des Montres Longines Francillon S A or simply Longines French pronunciation lɔ ʒin is a Swiss luxury watchmaker based in Saint Imier Switzerland 1 2 Founded by Auguste Agassiz in 1832 the company has been a subsidiary of the Swiss Swatch Group and its predecessors since 1983 3 4 Its winged hourglass logo registered in 1889 is the oldest unchanged active trademark registered with WIPO 5 6 Compagnie des Montres Longines Francillon S A Factory in Saint ImierCompany typeSubsidiaryIndustryWatchmakingFounded1832 192 years ago 1832 FounderAuguste AgassizHeadquartersSaint Imier canton of Bern SwitzerlandArea servedWorldwideKey peopleMatthias Breschan President ProductsWristwatchesstopwatchesRevenueCHF 1 47 billion 2017 Number of employees340 2009 ParentThe Swatch GroupWebsitelongines com Contents 1 History 1 1 1832 1867 1 2 1867 1878 1 3 1878 1927 1 4 1927 1971 1 5 1971 present 2 Intellectual property and marketing 2 1 Sponsorships 3 Notable patrons and owners 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 8 External linksHistory edit1832 1867 edit Longines was founded in Saint Imier in 1832 by Auguste Agassiz a Swiss watchmaker and brother of biologist Louis Agassiz 3 7 Auguste had two partners lawyers Henri Raiguel and Florian Morel the company s original name was Raiguel Jeune amp Cie 8 9 By 1846 Raigeul and Morel had retired from the watch industry leaving Agassiz as sole company head 3 Several years later Agassiz brought in his bright enterprising nephew trained economist Ernest Francillon into the business 3 Francillon was the mastermind behind several impressive innovations that would distinguish the company from its competitors One early stroke of genius from Francillon was to solely produce crown wound pocket watches rather than the prevalent key wound alternative Later when Agassiz started suffering from ill health he passed leadership to Francillon 1867 1878 edit Under Francillon the company began segueing out of the etablissage system and moved towards more modern production methods Francillon solidified his firm s progression to mass production in 1867 by establishing his first factory 3 9 Its location an area in southern St Imier known locally as Les Longines long meadows gave rise to the Longines name To help further his efforts to improve the production at Longines Francillon brought on Jacques David a talented engineer In addition Francillon appointed David as Technical Director and put him in charge of the new factory By 1867 it was also marked the year the Longines factory produced its first in house watch movement the 20A The 20A built with an anchor escapement usually employed in pendulum clocks was wound and set via a pendent crown The innovative movement won an award at the 1867 Universal Exhibition in Paris Several years later the U S watchmaking industry was making strides in industrialized watch manufacturing Francillon sent Jacques David to the 1876 World s Fair in Philadelphia to gather new ideas and strategies from American watchmakers Upon returning David wrote a 108 page report detailing what he learned during his trip the report is considered one of the most significant documents in watchmaking history detailing the inner workings of American watch factories including the entire production process from raw materials to finished watches and the highly effective internal structure and quality control measures implemented in American factories In his analysis David concluded the Swiss watchmaking industry needed to change significantly to keep pace with its American competitors nbsp Longines Serial Number 183 Attesa date 1867 On 6 November 2018 Longines announced discovery of serial number 183 dated 23 October 1867 currently the Oldest Longines watch known Its caliber is an August Agassiz 4 AA4 Longines was the world s first watch trademark and the first Swiss company to assemble watches under one roof 10 1878 1927 edit In 1878 Longines developed its first chronograph movement the 20H 3 a mono pusher chronograph in which all 3 chronograph functions start stop and reset were controlled via the crown With the 20H Longines could produce stopwatches suitable for precise timing in professional events This was when Longines began building its reputation in equestrian sports such as horse racing and jumping By 1880 Longines was known for the quality and precision of its timepieces 9 To Francillon s dismay the brand became a target for counterfeiters Longines counterfeits were not only directly stealing business and revenue from Francillon but also potentially damaging his company s reputation Francillon trademarked the Longines name in 1880 and its winged hourglass logo in 1889 3 By 1886 Longines had established itself as a primary supplier of timing equipment for most New York sporting officials Notable Longines calibers Longines 20H pocket chronograph Longines 18 72 pocket chronograph Longines 19 73 pocket chronograph 1927 1971 edit In 1927 P V H Weems collaborated with Longines to produce the first wrist watch the Weems Avigation watch The watch was 48 mm in diameter 11 In 1931 Longines collaborated with Charles Lindbergh to introduce the Hour Angle aviation watch 11 nbsp Longines Weems ref 3931 c 1937 US Naval Academy Annapolis DialIn 1937 P V H Weems again collaborated with Longines to produce a second smaller 33mm Weems avigation watch reference 3930 3931 and 4036 In 1953 Longines developed its first quartz movement 12 In 1954 Longines introduced a timekeeping instrument called Longines Chronocinegines 13 Notable Longines calibers Longines 12 68z time only or wrist watch chronograph Longines 13 33z wrist watch chronograph Longines 13ZN wrist watch chronograph Longines 30CH wrist watch chronograph Longines 37 9 time only nbsp Longines Seconds Setting Watch Sidereal Time ref 4356 1971 present edit In 1983 Longines owner ASUAG merged with SSIH which owned Omega SA to form the Societe Suisse de Microelectronique et d Horlogerie SMH 14 SMH became The Swatch Group in 1988 and Longines continued without R amp D and production activities of its own 15 In the 1990 s Swatch differentiated and repositioned its various brands in order to better compete in all market segments with Omega becoming the high end brand intended to compete with Rolex and Cartier while Longines was positioned in a less expensive segment its watches redesigned as objects of elegance and classicism emphasizing the historical tradition of manufacture as opposed to the craft of watchmaking 16 In 2019 Longines licensed its name and branding to Marcolin for a collection of men s and women s optical frames and sunglasses 17 nbsp Longines Master Retrograde Small SecondsIntellectual property and marketing editLongines began using the slogan Elegance is an Attitude in 1999 Their previous slogan The World s Most Honoured Watch was used for most of the 20th century 18 19 The Longines Logo is the oldest registered trade mark still in use in its original form registered with the World Intellectual Property Organization 20 Sponsorships edit Since Longines developed its first chronograph movement in 1878 the brand has steadily built strong relationships with various sporting organizations events and teams worldwide First came horse racing then additional equestrian sports such as show jumping endurance riding and eventing a triathlon of dressage cross country jumping Today Longines is designated as official timekeeper partner and watch for competitions worldwide including 21 Formula One World Championship 1980s Archery World Cup Commonwealth Games French Open World Artistic Gymnastics Championships FEI Show Jumping World Cup FIS Alpine Ski World Cup Hong Kong International RacesNotable patrons and owners edit nbsp A Founding Member of State of Israel Nahum Sokolow nbsp Vice Admiral Sir James Andrew Gardiner Troup RN British Admiralty Director Naval Intelligence Supported development of Bletchley Park where Alan Turing broke the Enigma Code Notable Longines brand ambassadors and timepieces owners include Humphrey Bogart Harry Connick Jr Audrey Hepburn Dr Nahum Sokolow Aaron Kwok Lin Chi ling Eddie Peng Steffi Graf Andre Agassi Aishwarya Rai Kate Winslet Mikaela Shiffrin Simon Baker Jung Woo sung Bae Suzy and Jennifer Lawrence 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Notable Longines historical figures include Albert Einstein owned two timepieces from Longines one 1943 silver pocket watch and one 1929 gold wristwatch Note 1 29 30 31 32 His Longines wristwatch which was presented to him by Rabbi Edgar Magnin in 1931 was auctioned by Antiquorum for US 596 000 in New York on 16 October 2008 making it the most expensive Longines timepiece ever sold at auction 29 33 His Longines pocket watch is now kept in the Bern Historical Museum in Switzerland 30 34 United States Navy Captain Philip Van Horn Weems also known as P V H Weems 35 36 37 38 United States Army Air Corps Reserve Charles Lindbergh 39 36 37 38 United States Navy Admiral Richard E Byrd 36 37 United Kingdom Royal Navy Vice Admiral Sir James Troup see photograph Amelia Earhart 36 37 38 Howard Hughes 36 37 38 Amy Johnson 36 37 38 Ruth Nichols 36 37 38 Elinor Smith 36 37 38 Wiley Post 36 37 Walter Mitterholzer 37 Paul Emile Victor 37 Auguste and Jacques Piccard 37 See also editThe Longines Symphonette List of watch manufacturersNotes edit In addition to the two timepieces from Longines Albert Einstein also had a Patek Philippe pocket watch which he ordered in 1915 the year he completed his theory of General Relativity and is now kept in the Patek Philippe Museum in Geneva and a possibly German made unknown brand pocket watch circa 1900 which was auctioned by Christie s for GBP 266 500 in London on 13 July 2016 References edit Longines Swatch Group www swatchgroup com Archived from the original on 2021 11 02 Retrieved 2019 02 04 Company Overview of Compagnie des Montres Longines Francillon S A www bloomberg com Retrieved 2019 02 04 a b c d e f g History of Longines in 1832 1832 www longines com Archived from the original on 2021 02 04 Retrieved 2019 01 23 History of Longines in 1983 1983 www longines com Archived from the original on 2019 02 07 Retrieved 2019 02 04 Longines Watch Company Madrid s Oldest Mark Archived from the original on 2022 07 01 Retrieved 2022 07 01 Longines A Timeless Logo fhs swiss Federation of the Swiss Watch Industry October 12 2009 Archived from the original on 2018 01 23 Retrieved 2018 01 22 Francillon Andre 2005 History of Longines p 75 Archived from the original on 2020 03 09 Retrieved 2020 06 04 The history of Longines in 1832 www longines com Archived from the original on 2019 01 24 Retrieved 2019 01 23 a b c A History of Longines Xupes www xupes com Archived from the original on 2019 01 24 Retrieved 2019 01 23 Judy Dean 2002 100 Years of Vintage Watches A Collector s Identification and Price Guide Iola WI Krause p 170 ISBN 9780873494533 a b Reddick Max E 2013 01 04 The History of the Pilot Watch Part Four Longines and Lindbergh Monochrome Watches Retrieved 2024 01 22 Judy Dean 2008 Watches Warman s Companion Iola WI F W Media ISBN 9781440219085 Retrieved 19 October 2023 Knowles Arthur Beech Graham 2001 The Bluebird Years Donald Campbell and the Pursuit of Speed Sigma Leisure ISBN 9781850587668 Major Swiss watch companies plan merger UPI Archives UPI Retrieved 2024 01 22 The History of Quartz Weekend Part 2 Longines the Swiss Enter the Fold Watchonista 2018 06 09 Archived from the original on 2020 08 21 Retrieved 2019 01 10 Donze Pierre Yves 2014 A Business History of the Swatch Group The Rebirth of Swiss Watchmaking and the Globalization of the Luxury Industry NY Palgrave Macmillan p 69 ISBN 9781137389084 Retrieved 25 September 2023 Turra Alessandra 2019 10 08 Marcolin to Develop Omega and Longines Eyewear Collections Women s Wear Daily Archived from the original on 2022 09 03 Retrieved 2022 09 03 Longines Ambassadors of Elegance www longines com Archived from the original on 2018 12 07 Retrieved 2019 01 23 Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Longines Ambassador of Elegance Since 1999 Longines www longines co uk Archived from the original on 2019 01 24 Retrieved 2019 01 23 Longines celebrates 120 years of protection for a logo that is still used today www europastar com Retrieved 2024 01 22 Anthony Paul Longines Watch Brand History An Enduring Quest For Elegance bespokeunit com Archived from the original on 2019 01 11 Retrieved 2019 01 10 Profiles In Time Humphrey Bogart s Watches Crown amp Caliber Blog 2017 04 21 Archived from the original on 2020 08 11 Retrieved 2019 01 22 Harry Connick Jr Longines Ambassador Of Excellence Federation of the Swiss watch industry FH Archived from the original on 2019 01 24 Retrieved 2019 01 23 Profiles in Time Audrey Hepburn s Watch Crown amp Caliber Blog 2018 01 04 Archived from the original on 2020 09 27 Retrieved 2019 01 22 Aishwarya Rai Bachchan Longines Ambassador of Elegance Since 1999 www longines com Archived from the original on 2021 01 14 Retrieved 2019 01 22 Kate Winslet Longines Ambassador of Elegance www longines com Archived from the original on 2019 01 24 Retrieved 2019 01 24 Jung Woo Sung Longines Ambassador of Elegance www longines com Archived from the original on 2022 07 05 Retrieved 2022 07 05 Bae Suzy Longines Ambassador of Elegance www longines com Archived from the original on 2022 08 24 Retrieved 2022 09 29 a b Albert Einstein s Longines watch fetch 16 10 2008 Longines Media Center mediacenter longines com Archived from the original on 2020 10 25 Retrieved 2019 01 22 a b EINSTEIN Albert 1879 1955 www christies com Archived from the original on 2020 11 27 Retrieved 2019 01 23 Broer 2005 07 02 Einstein s Longines on display Fratello Watches Archived from the original on 2019 06 03 Retrieved 2019 01 22 Profiles in Time Albert Einstein Crown amp Caliber Blog 2018 03 22 Archived from the original on 2019 06 10 Retrieved 2019 01 22 Unique and Historically Important Longines No 4876616 case No 66968 Made in 1930 presented to Professor Albert Einstein on February 16th 1931 in Los Angeles catalog antiquorum swiss Archived from the original on 2019 06 03 Retrieved 2019 01 22 Longines gold watch Albert Einstein Watch ID www watch id com Archived from the original on 2020 11 11 Retrieved 2019 01 28 Weems Philip Van Horn 1943 Air navigation George A Smathers Libraries University of Florida New York and London McGraw Hill book company inc a b c d e f g h i WatchTime April 2021 WatchTime www watchtime shop com Retrieved 2023 09 29 a b c d e f g h i j k l The Pioneer Spirit Lives On Longines www longines com Retrieved 2023 09 29 a b c d e f g Bucher Written byRuediger 2022 03 01 Ready for Takeoff The Story of Longines and the Pioneers of Aviation WatchTime USA s No 1 Watch Magazine Retrieved 2023 09 29 Forster Jack September 2 2015 In Depth The Science History And Romance Behind The Longines Lindbergh Hour Angle Watch Hodinkee Retrieved 2023 09 29 Further reading editDonze Pierre Yves Dynamics of innovation in the electronic watch industry a comparative business history of Longines Switzerland and Seiko Japan 1960 1980 Essays in Economic amp Business History 37 1 2019 120 145 onlineExternal links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Longines Official website The Swatch Group Longines Official Films The Oldest Longines Watch Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Longines amp oldid 1201083611, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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