A long baseline (LBL) acoustic positioning system[1] is one of three broad classes of underwater acoustic positioning systems that are used to track underwater vehicles and divers. The other two classes are ultra short baseline systems (USBL) and short baseline systems (SBL). LBL systems are unique in that they use networks of sea-floor mounted baseline transponders as reference points for navigation. These are generally deployed around the perimeter of a work site. The LBL technique results in very high positioning accuracy and position stability that is independent of water depth. It is generally better than 1-meter and can reach a few centimeters accuracy.[2] LBL systems are generally employed for precision underwater survey work where the accuracy or position stability of ship-based (SBL, USBL) positioning systems does not suffice.
Figure 1: Method of the operation of a long baseline (LBL) acoustic positioning system
Figure 2: A dive team (Envirotech Diving) with their AquaMap LBL acoustic underwater positioning system including three baseline transponders (B) and diver stations (A) mounted on scooters. The baseline stations are first deployed in the corners of a work site. Their relative position is then precisely measured using the AquaMap system's automatic acoustic self-survey capability. For geo-referenced operations, the baseline positions are surveyed by differential GPS or a laser positioning equipment (total station). During a dive, the diver station interrogates the baseline stations to measure the distances, which are then converted to positions.
Long baseline systems determine the position of a vehicle or diver by acoustically measuring the distance from a vehicle or diver interrogator to three or more seafloor deployed baseline transponders. These range measurements, which are often supplemented by depth data from pressure sensors on the devices, are then used to triangulate the position of the vehicle or diver. In figure 1, a diver mounted interrogator (A) sends a signal, which is received by the baseline transponders (B, C, D). The transponders reply, and the replies are received again by the diver station (A). Signal run time measurements now yield the distances A-B, A-C and A-D, which are used to compute the diver position by triangulation or position search algorithms. The resulting positions are relative to the location of the baseline transducers. These can be readily converted to a geo-referenced coordinate system such as latitude/longitude or UTM if the geo-positions of the baseline stations are first established.
Long baseline systems get their name from the fact that the spacing of the baseline transponders is long or similar to the distance between the diver or vehicle and the transponders.[3] That is, the baseline transponders are typically mounted in the corners of an underwater work site within which the vehicle or diver operates. This method yields an ideal geometry for positioning, in which any given error in acoustic range measurements produce only about an equivalent position error.[4] This compares to SBL and USBL systems with shorter baselines where ranging disturbances of a given amount can result in much larger position errors. Further, the mounting of the baseline transponders on the sea floor eliminates the need for converting between reference frames, as is the case for USBL or SBL positioning systems mounted on moving vessels.[5] Finally, sea floor mounting makes the positioning accuracy independent of water depth.[6] For these reasons LBL systems are generally applied to tasks where the required standard of positioning accuracy or reliability exceeds the capabilities of USBL and SBL systems.
Historyedit
The search and inspection of the lost nuclear submarine USS Thresher by the U.S. Navy oceanographic vessel USNS Mizar in 1963 is frequently credited as the origin of modern underwater acoustic navigation systems.[7] Mizar primarily used a short baseline (SBL) system to track the bathyscaphe Trieste 1. However, its capability also included seafloor transponders, which in conjunction with early navigation satellites supported station-keeping with a precision of about 300 feet, considered remarkable at the time.[8]
Examplesedit
Figure 3: Precisely establishing the position of nuclear submarines prior to missile launches was an early application of long baseline acoustic positioning systems. Covert networks of sea floor transponders could survive and provide a precision navigation capability even after GPS satellites had been knocked out.
By the mid-1960s and possibly earlier, the Soviets were developing underwater navigation systems including seafloor transponders to allow nuclear submarines to operate precisely while staying submerged.[9] Besides navigating through canyons and other difficult underwater terrain, there was also a need to establish the position of the submarine prior to the launch of a nuclear missile (ICBM). In 1981, acoustic positioning was proposed as part of the U.S. military's MX missile system.[10] A network of 150 covert transponder fields was envisioned. Submarines typically are guided by inertial navigation systems, but these dead reckoning systems develop position drift which must be corrected by occasional position fixes from a GNSS system. If the enemy were to knock out the GNSS satellites, the submarine could rely on the covert transponder network to establish its position and program the missile's own inertial navigation system for launch.
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A long baseline LBL acoustic positioning system 1 is one of three broad classes of underwater acoustic positioning systems that are used to track underwater vehicles and divers The other two classes are ultra short baseline systems USBL and short baseline systems SBL LBL systems are unique in that they use networks of sea floor mounted baseline transponders as reference points for navigation These are generally deployed around the perimeter of a work site The LBL technique results in very high positioning accuracy and position stability that is independent of water depth It is generally better than 1 meter and can reach a few centimeters accuracy 2 LBL systems are generally employed for precision underwater survey work where the accuracy or position stability of ship based SBL USBL positioning systems does not suffice Figure 1 Method of the operation of a long baseline LBL acoustic positioning system Contents 1 Operation and performance 2 History 3 Examples 4 ReferencesOperation and performance edit nbsp Figure 2 A dive team Envirotech Diving with their AquaMap LBL acoustic underwater positioning system including three baseline transponders B and diver stations A mounted on scooters The baseline stations are first deployed in the corners of a work site Their relative position is then precisely measured using the AquaMap system s automatic acoustic self survey capability For geo referenced operations the baseline positions are surveyed by differential GPS or a laser positioning equipment total station During a dive the diver station interrogates the baseline stations to measure the distances which are then converted to positions Long baseline systems determine the position of a vehicle or diver by acoustically measuring the distance from a vehicle or diver interrogator to three or more seafloor deployed baseline transponders These range measurements which are often supplemented by depth data from pressure sensors on the devices are then used to triangulate the position of the vehicle or diver In figure 1 a diver mounted interrogator A sends a signal which is received by the baseline transponders B C D The transponders reply and the replies are received again by the diver station A Signal run time measurements now yield the distances A B A C and A D which are used to compute the diver position by triangulation or position search algorithms The resulting positions are relative to the location of the baseline transducers These can be readily converted to a geo referenced coordinate system such as latitude longitude or UTM if the geo positions of the baseline stations are first established Long baseline systems get their name from the fact that the spacing of the baseline transponders is long or similar to the distance between the diver or vehicle and the transponders 3 That is the baseline transponders are typically mounted in the corners of an underwater work site within which the vehicle or diver operates This method yields an ideal geometry for positioning in which any given error in acoustic range measurements produce only about an equivalent position error 4 This compares to SBL and USBL systems with shorter baselines where ranging disturbances of a given amount can result in much larger position errors Further the mounting of the baseline transponders on the sea floor eliminates the need for converting between reference frames as is the case for USBL or SBL positioning systems mounted on moving vessels 5 Finally sea floor mounting makes the positioning accuracy independent of water depth 6 For these reasons LBL systems are generally applied to tasks where the required standard of positioning accuracy or reliability exceeds the capabilities of USBL and SBL systems History editThe search and inspection of the lost nuclear submarine USS Thresher by the U S Navy oceanographic vessel USNS Mizar in 1963 is frequently credited as the origin of modern underwater acoustic navigation systems 7 Mizar primarily used a short baseline SBL system to track the bathyscaphe Trieste 1 However its capability also included seafloor transponders which in conjunction with early navigation satellites supported station keeping with a precision of about 300 feet considered remarkable at the time 8 Examples edit nbsp Figure 3 Precisely establishing the position of nuclear submarines prior to missile launches was an early application of long baseline acoustic positioning systems Covert networks of sea floor transponders could survive and provide a precision navigation capability even after GPS satellites had been knocked out By the mid 1960s and possibly earlier the Soviets were developing underwater navigation systems including seafloor transponders to allow nuclear submarines to operate precisely while staying submerged 9 Besides navigating through canyons and other difficult underwater terrain there was also a need to establish the position of the submarine prior to the launch of a nuclear missile ICBM In 1981 acoustic positioning was proposed as part of the U S military s MX missile system 10 A network of 150 covert transponder fields was envisioned Submarines typically are guided by inertial navigation systems but these dead reckoning systems develop position drift which must be corrected by occasional position fixes from a GNSS system If the enemy were to knock out the GNSS satellites the submarine could rely on the covert transponder network to establish its position and program the missile s own inertial navigation system for launch References edit Underwater Acoustic Positioning Systems Chapter 4 P H Milne 1983 ISBN 0 87201 012 0 NOAA Diving Manual Edition 4 Underwater Navigation Section 10 2 ISBN 0 941332 70 5 ISBN 978 0 941332 70 5 Handbook of Acoustics Malcolm J Crocker 1998 ISBN 0 471 25293 X 9780471252931 page 462 The ROV Manual Robert D Christ and Robert L Wernli Sr Section 4 2 8 Capabilities and Limitations of Acoustic Positioning ISBN 978 0 7506 8148 3 The ROV Manual Section 4 2 6 4 Long Baseline LBL LBL Underwater Positioning Hydro International Magazine Jan Feb 2008 Volume 12 Number 1 Milne Chapter 2 The Universe Below Page 77 William J Broad amp Dimitry Schidlovski 1998 ISBN 0 684 83852 4 ISBN 978 0 684 83852 6 History of Russian Underwater Acoustics page 722 Oleg A Godin David R Palmer 2008 ISBN 981 256 825 5 ISBN 978 981 256 825 0 MX Missile Basing pages 173 175 1981 ISBN 1 4289 2450 7 ISBN 978 1 4289 2450 5 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Long baseline acoustic positioning system amp oldid 976195516, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
