Lombard architecture refers to the architecture of the Kingdom of the Lombards, which lasted from 568 to 774 (with residual permanence in southern Italy until the 10th–11th centuries) and which was commissioned by Lombard kings and dukes.
The architectural works of the Lombards in northern Italy (Langobardia Major) have been mostly lost due to later renovations or reconstructions, the few exceptions including the Tempietto longobardo at Cividale del Friuli or the Church of Santa Maria foris portas at Castelseprio. More examples have instead survived in southern Italy (Langobardia Minor), especially in what was the Duchy of Benevento: they include the city's walls, the church of Santa Sofia and the Rocca dei Rettori, one of the few surviving Lombard military structures, as well as other minor sites near Benevento and in the former duchy of Spoleto.
The most ancient edifices built by the Lombards in Italy, and in particular in their capital Pavia, have been destroyed or largely renewed in later times. Some trends, which usually ran in different ways from the Roman and Palaeo-Christian architectures predominant in Italy up to late Antiquity, have been identified from archaeological studies or other sources. The destroyed church of Santa Maria in Pertica at Pavia, for example, had a typical Roman plan (octagonal with an ambulatory delimited by columns) but very high central body was a novelty. The Baptistery of San Giovanni ad Fontes in Lomello, also departed from the typical Palaeo-Christian compactness in the use of a tall central octagon.[2] As it had been in Roman times, the commission of lay and religious buildings was used by the Lombard elite to express their prestige and to legitimate their authority.[3]
In the 7th and 8th centuries, the Lombard architecture evolved in an original direction, with increasing references to Classical architecture. This trend, characterized by the co-presence of different influences and the adoption of new techniques, culminated in the reign of king Liutprand (712–744), in particular at Cividale del Friuli. Edifices such as the Lombard Tempietto in the latter city, or the Monastery of San Salvatore at Brescia show echoes of the contemporary architecture in Ravenna.[4] In this period, the construction of monasteries received a particular impulse, not only as places of adoration or as shows of faith of the commissioners, but also as shelters for the latter's assets and persons and as sites of political control. King Desiderius (756–774), and with him numerous dukes, gave a particular boost to this trend, which had no direct comparison in the rest of Europe at the time.[3]
The development of Lombard architecture in northern Italy was halted by the conquest of Charlemagne in 774. In southern Italy, still partly under effective Lombard domination, architecture followed original lines until the conquest by the Normans in the 11th century. This unity is shown in particular by the most important Lombard edifice in what was Langobardia Minor, the church of Santa Sofia at Benevento: built in the 8th century, it follows the same pattern of Santa Maria in Pertica with an elevated central body, although mitigated by Byzantine elements such as the articulations of the volumes and the basic structure itself, perhaps inspired by Hagia Sophia at Constantinople.[4]
When they arrived in Italy in the late 6th century, the Lombards had no architectural tradition of their own. They thus relied on local workforce, taking advantage of the presence of organizations and guilds capable of high level works, which had been kept alive thanks to the relative survival of the urban civilization in Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire (differently from most of contemporary Christian western Europe).[3][4]
After the Frankish conquest, Lombardy again began to develop styles that became trendsetters of European architecture:
Lombard Romanesque, also called First Romanesque, started in the early 11th century.
Referencesedit
^Longobards in Italy – UNESCO World Heritage Centre
^De Vecchi, Pierluigi; Elda Cerchiari. I Longobardi in Italia. pp. 309–314.
^ abcRovagnati, Sergio. I Longobardi. pp. 102–103.
^ abcAdorno, Piero (1992). "L'Alto Medioevo". L'arte italiana, Vol. 1, part II. Florence: D'Anna. p. 564.
Sourcesedit
Adorno, Piero (1992). "L'Alto Medioevo". L'arte italiana, Vol. 1, part II. Florence: D'Anna. pp. 558–579.
External linksedit
Media related to Lombard architecture at Wikimedia Commons
April 15, 2024
lombard, architecture, refers, architecture, kingdom, lombards, which, lasted, from, with, residual, permanence, southern, italy, until, 10th, 11th, centuries, which, commissioned, lombard, kings, dukes, basilica, salvatore, spoletothe, architectural, works, l. Lombard architecture refers to the architecture of the Kingdom of the Lombards which lasted from 568 to 774 with residual permanence in southern Italy until the 10th 11th centuries and which was commissioned by Lombard kings and dukes Basilica of San Salvatore SpoletoThe architectural works of the Lombards in northern Italy Langobardia Major have been mostly lost due to later renovations or reconstructions the few exceptions including the Tempietto longobardo at Cividale del Friuli or the Church of Santa Maria foris portas at Castelseprio More examples have instead survived in southern Italy Langobardia Minor especially in what was the Duchy of Benevento they include the city s walls the church of Santa Sofia and the Rocca dei Rettori one of the few surviving Lombard military structures as well as other minor sites near Benevento and in the former duchy of Spoleto The main surviving examples of Lombard architecture have been included in the Longobards in Italy Places of Power 568 774 A D site This consists of seven places with notable architectural artistic and sculptural and has been a UNESCO World Heritage Site since 2011 1 Contents 1 Characteristics 2 List of structures 2 1 6th century 2 2 7th century 2 3 8th century 2 4 9th century 2 5 Later 3 References 3 1 Sources 4 External linksCharacteristics edit nbsp View of the Baptistery of San Giovanni ad Fontes with the basilica behind The most ancient edifices built by the Lombards in Italy and in particular in their capital Pavia have been destroyed or largely renewed in later times Some trends which usually ran in different ways from the Roman and Palaeo Christian architectures predominant in Italy up to late Antiquity have been identified from archaeological studies or other sources The destroyed church of Santa Maria in Pertica at Pavia for example had a typical Roman plan octagonal with an ambulatory delimited by columns but very high central body was a novelty The Baptistery of San Giovanni ad Fontes in Lomello also departed from the typical Palaeo Christian compactness in the use of a tall central octagon 2 As it had been in Roman times the commission of lay and religious buildings was used by the Lombard elite to express their prestige and to legitimate their authority 3 nbsp San Salvatore BresciaIn the 7th and 8th centuries the Lombard architecture evolved in an original direction with increasing references to Classical architecture This trend characterized by the co presence of different influences and the adoption of new techniques culminated in the reign of king Liutprand 712 744 in particular at Cividale del Friuli Edifices such as the Lombard Tempietto in the latter city or the Monastery of San Salvatore at Brescia show echoes of the contemporary architecture in Ravenna 4 In this period the construction of monasteries received a particular impulse not only as places of adoration or as shows of faith of the commissioners but also as shelters for the latter s assets and persons and as sites of political control King Desiderius 756 774 and with him numerous dukes gave a particular boost to this trend which had no direct comparison in the rest of Europe at the time 3 nbsp Santa Sofia BeneventoThe development of Lombard architecture in northern Italy was halted by the conquest of Charlemagne in 774 In southern Italy still partly under effective Lombard domination architecture followed original lines until the conquest by the Normans in the 11th century This unity is shown in particular by the most important Lombard edifice in what was Langobardia Minor the church of Santa Sofia at Benevento built in the 8th century it follows the same pattern of Santa Maria in Pertica with an elevated central body although mitigated by Byzantine elements such as the articulations of the volumes and the basic structure itself perhaps inspired by Hagia Sophia at Constantinople 4 When they arrived in Italy in the late 6th century the Lombards had no architectural tradition of their own They thus relied on local workforce taking advantage of the presence of organizations and guilds capable of high level works which had been kept alive thanks to the relative survival of the urban civilization in Italy after the fall of the Western Roman Empire differently from most of contemporary Christian western Europe 3 4 List of structures edit nbsp Interior of the Abbey of Saint John in Argentella nbsp The Sanctuary of Monte Sant Angelo nbsp The Tempietto longobardo nbsp Church of Santa Maria foris portas at CastelseprioThis list is incomplete you can help by adding missing items January 2016 6th century edit Abbey of Saint John in Argentella Basilica autarena Fara Gera d Adda c 585 Royal Palace Monza c 585 Basilica of St John the Baptist Monza c 585 Earliest part of the walls of Benevento7th century edit Complex of St John the Baptist Turin c 610 Basilica of St John the Baptist Monza c 635 Church of St Eusebius Pavia c 650 Church of St John Domnarum Pavia 654 Monastery of San Salvatore Pavia 657 Basilica of San Michele Maggiore Pavia 662 671 Church of Santa Maria in Pertica Pavia 677 Enlargement of the Royal Palace in Pavia by Perctarit c 680 Church of St Peter in Vincoli Pavia 680 Lomello Baptistery of San Giovanni ad Fontes Lomello Reconstruction of the Basilica of St John the Baptist Castelseprio Monastery of Santa Maria Teodote Pavia Church of Santo Stefano Protomartire Rogno Rocca dei Rettori Benevento Sanctuary of Monte Sant Angelo8th century edit Basilica of San Pietro in Ciel d Oro Pavia c 730 740 nbsp Monastery of San Felice in PaviaRoyal Palace in Corteolona c 730 740 Monastery of St Christine Santa Cristina e Bissone c 730 Enlargement of the Royal Palace in Pavia by Liutprand c 730 740 Episcopal complex of patriarch Calixtus Cividale del Friuli c 740 Monastery of St Mary delle Cacce Pavia 747 Church of St Marinus Pavia c 749 756 Tempietto longobardo Cividale del Friuli c 750 Church of St Theodore Pavia 752 Monastery complex of Santa Giulia with the Basilica of San Salvatore Brescia 753 Abbey of Leno c 758 Monastery of St Felix Pavia 760 Church of Santa Sofia Benevento 760 Walls of Benevento enlargement by Arechis II 760 770 Torba Abbey Castelseprio Basilica of San Salvatore Spoleto9th century edit Church of Santa Maria foris portas c 830 840 Later edit After the Frankish conquest Lombardy again began to develop styles that became trendsetters of European architecture Lombard Romanesque also called First Romanesque started in the early 11th century References edit Longobards in Italy UNESCO World Heritage Centre De Vecchi Pierluigi Elda Cerchiari I Longobardi in Italia pp 309 314 a b c Rovagnati Sergio I Longobardi pp 102 103 a b c Adorno Piero 1992 L Alto Medioevo L arte italiana Vol 1 part II Florence D Anna p 564 Sources edit Adorno Piero 1992 L Alto Medioevo L arte italiana Vol 1 part II Florence D Anna pp 558 579 External links edit nbsp Media related to Lombard architecture at Wikimedia Commons Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lombard architecture amp oldid 1210710214, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
