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Lokrume helmet fragment

January 01, 1970

The Lokrume helmet fragment is a decorated eyebrow piece from a Viking Age helmet. It is made of iron, the surface of which is covered with silver and features an interlace pattern in niello or wire. Discovered in Lokrume, a small settlement on the Swedish island of Gotland, the fragment was first described in print in 1907 and is in the collection of the Gotland Museum.

Lokrume helmet fragment
The Lokrume helmet fragment
1907 drawing of the fragment
MaterialIron, silver, niello
Createdc. tenth century
DiscoveredLokrume, Gotland, Sweden
Present locationGotland Museum
RegistrationGF B 1683

The fragment is dated to around the tenth century AD, on the basis of its interlace pattern; similar designs appear on tenth-century swords. It is all that remains of one of five Viking helmets to survive in any condition; the others are the Gjermundbu helmet from Norway, the Yarm helmet from England, the Tjele helmet fragment from Denmark, and a fragment from Kyiv, Ukraine. These are all examples of the "crested helmets" that entered use in Europe around the sixth century, and derive from the earlier Anglo-Saxon and Vendel Period helmets.

Description edit

The Lokrume fragment is the remnant of the eyebrow piece, and part of the nose guard, from a helmet.[1][2][3] The fragment is 13.2 centimetres (5.2 in) wide.[1][2][3] An iron core was either coated or inlaid with silver;[1][4][5][6][3] under the former method, a grid would be cut into the iron and the silver hammered on, whereas under the latter, the silver would be filled into purpose-shaped grooves cut into the iron.[7] The silver was then inlaid with niello or wire (possibly copper).[1][5][3][7] The inlaid pattern stretches the width of the fragment, though much of the sinister portion is now lost. The pattern is patterned with intertwined bands and circles.[8] Transverse bands further adorn the area around this pattern.[8]

Discovery edit

The fragment was discovered in Lokrume,[1] a small settlement on the Swedish island of Gotland. The circumstances of its discovery are otherwise unknown.[8] It was first described in print in the academic journal Fornvännen in 1907;[7] the two-sentence mention, which included a drawing, stated that the piece was found in Lokrume, and held in the collection of Visby Fornsal—now known as the Gotland Museum.[1] As of 2024 the fragment remains at the museum, where it is catalogued as GF B 1683.[9][10]

Typology edit

 
The reconstructed pattern from the fragment
See also: Sutton Hoo helmet § Helmets

Date edit

The fragment's style of interlace pattern (a variation of the drakslingor [sv] motif[9]) dates to around the tenth century AD; similar patterns appear on tenth-century swords, including examples from Norway and one found near Lipiany in Poland.[8][5] This places the fragment squarely within the Viking Age, which lasted from the end of the eighth century to the middle of the eleventh.[8][11]

Style edit

 
The Gjermundbu helmet

Beginning in the late sixth century, and continuing until around the tenth or eleventh, the predominant style of helmet used in Scandinavia and England was the "Nordic crested helmet"; these contrasted with the spangenhelm and lamellenhelm that typified continental wear.[12][13] Crested helmets were typically constructed from a brow band, a nose-to-nape band, lateral bands from ears to apex, cheek guards, and some form of neck protection; iron plates filled the gaps, with rivets holding the pieces together.[14][15] Frequent motifs included prominent brow pieces, and crests running along the nose-to-nape bands.[14] In addition to a decorative function, the crests likely helped deflect glancing blows.[16][17][18][19]

Remains of only four other Viking Age helmets (only two of which are from Scandinavia) are known: the Gjermundbu helmet from Norway and the Yarm helmet from England, as well as the Tjele helmet fragment from Denmark, and a fragment from Kyiv, Ukraine.[20][21][22][23][24] The Lokrume piece was the first of these to be identified;[1] the Tjele fragment was discovered in 1850, but mistaken for a saddle mounting until 1984.[20][25] Like the other four, the Lokrume helmet appears to have been a descendant of the earlier Vendel Period and Anglo-Saxon helmets from Scandinavia and England, respectively, and the final iteration of the Nordic crested helmets.[26][27][28]

References edit

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Fornvännen 1907, p. 208.
  2. ^ a b Thunmark-Nylén 1998, taf. 264.
  3. ^ a b c d Thunmark-Nylén 2000b, pp. 521–522.
  4. ^ Lindqvist 1925, p. 192.
  5. ^ a b c Grieg 1947, p. 45.
  6. ^ Bruce-Mitford 1978, p. 158 n.3.
  7. ^ a b c Vlasatý 2016.
  8. ^ a b c d e Thunmark-Nylén 2006a, p. 317.
  9. ^ a b Gotlands Museum.
  10. ^ Thunmark-Nylén 2000c, p. 1070.
  11. ^ Lindqvist 1925, pp. 192–193.
  12. ^ Steuer 1987, pp. 191, 199–200.
  13. ^ Tweddle 1992, pp. 1083, 1086–1089, 1125.
  14. ^ a b Steuer 1987, p. 200.
  15. ^ Tweddle 1992, pp. 1083, 1086–1089.
  16. ^ Bruce-Mitford 1952, pp. 707, 752 n.21.
  17. ^ Bruce-Mitford 1974, p. 210.
  18. ^ Bruce-Mitford 1978, p. 158.
  19. ^ Tweddle 1992, p. 1803.
  20. ^ a b Munksgaard 1984, p. 87.
  21. ^ Tweddle 1992, pp. 1125–1128.
  22. ^ Hjardar & Vike 2011, pp. 187–190.
  23. ^ Hjardar & Vike 2016, pp. 188–190.
  24. ^ Caple 2020, p. 45.
  25. ^ Boye 1858, pp. 191–192, 197–198.
  26. ^ Munksgaard 1984, pp. 87–88.
  27. ^ Steuer 1987, pp. 199–203, 230–231.
  28. ^ Tweddle 1992, pp. 1086, 1125–1129.

Bibliography edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lokrume helmet fragment.
  • Boye, Vilhelm (1858). "To fund af smedeværktöi fra den sidste hedenske tid i Danmark" [Two Finds of Smithing Tools from the Last Pagan Age of Denmark]. Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie [Annals of Nordic Ancient Knowledge and History] (in Danish): 191–200, pl. II–IV.  
  • Bruce-Mitford, Rupert (1952). "The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial". In Hodgkin, Robert Howard (ed.). A History of the Anglo-Saxons. Vol. II (3rd ed.). London: Oxford University Press. pp. 696–734, 750–756. OCLC 842978410.
  • Bruce-Mitford, Rupert (1974). Aspects of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology: Sutton Hoo and Other Discoveries. London: Victor Gollancz Limited. ISBN 0-575-01704-X.
  • Bruce-Mitford, Rupert (1978). The Sutton Hoo Ship-Burial, Volume 2: Arms, Armour and Regalia. London: British Museum Publications. ISBN 978-0-7141-1331-9.
  • Caple, Chris (2 July 2020). "The Yarm Helmet" (PDF). Medieval Archaeology. 64: 31–64. doi:10.1080/00766097.2020.1755126. S2CID 221055800.  
  • Grieg, Sigurd (1947). Gjermundbufunnet: En høvdingegrav fra 900-årene fra Ringerike [The Gjermundbu Find: A Chieftain Grave from the 900s from Ringerike]. Norske Oldfunn (in Norwegian). Vol. VIII. Oslo: Bergen. OCLC 984069139.
  • "Hjälm, del av" [Helmet, part of]. Gotlands Museum (in Swedish). Retrieved 5 January 2024.  
  • Hjardar, Kim & Vike, Vegard (2011). Vikinger i krig [Vikings at War] (in Norwegian). Oslo: Spartacus Forlag AS. ISBN 978-82-430-0475-7.
  • Lindqvist, Sune (1925). "Vendelhjälmarnas ursprung" [The Origin of the Vendel Helmets] (PDF). Fornvännen [The Friend of the Past] (in Swedish). 20: 181–207. ISSN 0015-7813.  
  • Munksgaard, Elisabeth (1984). "A Viking Age Smith, his Tools and his Stock-in-trade". Offa. 41: 85–89. ISSN 0078-3714.
  • Petersen, Jan (1919). De Norske Vikingesverd: En Typologisk-Kronologisk Studie Over Vikingetidens Vaaben. Kristiania: Jacob Dybwad.  
  • Steuer, Heiko (1987). "Helm und Ringschwert: Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger" [Helmet and Ring-Sword: Ornamental Weapons and Insignia of Germanic Warriors]. In Häßler, Hans-Jürgen (ed.). Studien zur Sachsenforschung [Studies in Saxon Research] (in German). Vol. 6. Hildesheim: Lax. pp. 189–236. ISBN 3-7848-1617-7.  
  • Thunmark-Nylén, Lena (1998). Die Wikingerzeit Gotlands: Typentafeln [The Viking Age of Gotland: Fact Sheets] (in German). Vol. II. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. ISBN 91-7402-287-3.
  • Thunmark-Nylén, Lena (2000b). Die Wikingerzeit Gotlands: Katalog [The Viking Age of Gotland: Catalogue] (in German). Vol. IV:2. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. ISBN 91-7402-308-X.
  • Thunmark-Nylén, Lena (2000c). Die Wikingerzeit Gotlands: Katalog [The Viking Age of Gotland: Catalogue] (in German). Vol. IV:3. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. ISBN 91-7402-309-8.
  • Thunmark-Nylén, Lena (2006a). Die Wikingerzeit Gotlands: Text [The Viking Age of Gotland: Text] (in German). Vol. III:1. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell. ISBN 91-7402-354-3.
  • Tweddle, Dominic (1992). The Anglian Helmet from 16–22 Coppergate. The Archaeology of York. Vol. 17/8. London: Council for British Archaeology. ISBN 1-872414-19-2. from the original on 21 March 2024.  
  • "Ur främmande samlingar: 2" [From foreign collections: 2] (PDF). Fornvännen [The Friend of the Past] (in Swedish). 2: 205–208. 1907. ISSN 0015-7813.  
  • Vlasatý, Tomáš (19 November 2016). "The helmet from Lokrume, Gotland". Project Forlǫg: Reenactment and Science. doi:10.59500/forlog. ISSN 2788-3000. Retrieved 16 January 2024.  

January 01, 1970
lokrume, helmet, fragment, decorated, eyebrow, piece, from, viking, helmet, made, iron, surface, which, covered, with, silver, features, interlace, pattern, niello, wire, discovered, lokrume, small, settlement, swedish, island, gotland, fragment, first, descri. The Lokrume helmet fragment is a decorated eyebrow piece from a Viking Age helmet It is made of iron the surface of which is covered with silver and features an interlace pattern in niello or wire Discovered in Lokrume a small settlement on the Swedish island of Gotland the fragment was first described in print in 1907 and is in the collection of the Gotland Museum Lokrume helmet fragmentThe Lokrume helmet fragment1907 drawing of the fragmentMaterialIron silver nielloCreatedc tenth centuryDiscoveredLokrume Gotland SwedenPresent locationGotland MuseumRegistrationGF B 1683 The fragment is dated to around the tenth century AD on the basis of its interlace pattern similar designs appear on tenth century swords It is all that remains of one of five Viking helmets to survive in any condition the others are the Gjermundbu helmet from Norway the Yarm helmet from England the Tjele helmet fragment from Denmark and a fragment from Kyiv Ukraine These are all examples of the crested helmets that entered use in Europe around the sixth century and derive from the earlier Anglo Saxon and Vendel Period helmets Contents 1 Description 2 Discovery 3 Typology 3 1 Date 3 2 Style 4 References 5 BibliographyDescription editThe Lokrume fragment is the remnant of the eyebrow piece and part of the nose guard from a helmet 1 2 3 The fragment is 13 2 centimetres 5 2 in wide 1 2 3 An iron core was either coated or inlaid with silver 1 4 5 6 3 under the former method a grid would be cut into the iron and the silver hammered on whereas under the latter the silver would be filled into purpose shaped grooves cut into the iron 7 The silver was then inlaid with niello or wire possibly copper 1 5 3 7 The inlaid pattern stretches the width of the fragment though much of the sinister portion is now lost The pattern is patterned with intertwined bands and circles 8 Transverse bands further adorn the area around this pattern 8 Discovery editThe fragment was discovered in Lokrume 1 a small settlement on the Swedish island of Gotland The circumstances of its discovery are otherwise unknown 8 It was first described in print in the academic journal Fornvannen in 1907 7 the two sentence mention which included a drawing stated that the piece was found in Lokrume and held in the collection of Visby Fornsal now known as the Gotland Museum 1 As of 2024 update the fragment remains at the museum where it is catalogued as GF B 1683 9 10 Typology edit nbsp The reconstructed pattern from the fragment See also Sutton Hoo helmet Helmets Date edit The fragment s style of interlace pattern a variation of the drakslingor sv motif 9 dates to around the tenth century AD similar patterns appear on tenth century swords including examples from Norway and one found near Lipiany in Poland 8 5 This places the fragment squarely within the Viking Age which lasted from the end of the eighth century to the middle of the eleventh 8 11 Style edit nbsp The Gjermundbu helmet Beginning in the late sixth century and continuing until around the tenth or eleventh the predominant style of helmet used in Scandinavia and England was the Nordic crested helmet these contrasted with the spangenhelm and lamellenhelm that typified continental wear 12 13 Crested helmets were typically constructed from a brow band a nose to nape band lateral bands from ears to apex cheek guards and some form of neck protection iron plates filled the gaps with rivets holding the pieces together 14 15 Frequent motifs included prominent brow pieces and crests running along the nose to nape bands 14 In addition to a decorative function the crests likely helped deflect glancing blows 16 17 18 19 Remains of only four other Viking Age helmets only two of which are from Scandinavia are known the Gjermundbu helmet from Norway and the Yarm helmet from England as well as the Tjele helmet fragment from Denmark and a fragment from Kyiv Ukraine 20 21 22 23 24 The Lokrume piece was the first of these to be identified 1 the Tjele fragment was discovered in 1850 but mistaken for a saddle mounting until 1984 20 25 Like the other four the Lokrume helmet appears to have been a descendant of the earlier Vendel Period and Anglo Saxon helmets from Scandinavia and England respectively and the final iteration of the Nordic crested helmets 26 27 28 References edit a b c d e f g Fornvannen 1907 p 208 a b Thunmark Nylen 1998 taf 264 a b c d Thunmark Nylen 2000b pp 521 522 Lindqvist 1925 p 192 a b c Grieg 1947 p 45 Bruce Mitford 1978 p 158 n 3 a b c Vlasaty 2016 a b c d e Thunmark Nylen 2006a p 317 a b Gotlands Museum Thunmark Nylen 2000c p 1070 Lindqvist 1925 pp 192 193 Steuer 1987 pp 191 199 200 Tweddle 1992 pp 1083 1086 1089 1125 a b Steuer 1987 p 200 Tweddle 1992 pp 1083 1086 1089 Bruce Mitford 1952 pp 707 752 n 21 Bruce Mitford 1974 p 210 Bruce Mitford 1978 p 158 Tweddle 1992 p 1803 a b Munksgaard 1984 p 87 Tweddle 1992 pp 1125 1128 Hjardar amp Vike 2011 pp 187 190 Hjardar amp Vike 2016 pp 188 190 Caple 2020 p 45 Boye 1858 pp 191 192 197 198 Munksgaard 1984 pp 87 88 Steuer 1987 pp 199 203 230 231 Tweddle 1992 pp 1086 1125 1129 Bibliography edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lokrume helmet fragment Boye Vilhelm 1858 To fund af smedevaerktoi fra den sidste hedenske tid i Danmark Two Finds of Smithing Tools from the Last Pagan Age of Denmark Annaler for Nordisk Oldkyndighed og Historie Annals of Nordic Ancient Knowledge and History in Danish 191 200 pl II IV nbsp Bruce Mitford Rupert 1952 The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial In Hodgkin Robert Howard ed A History of the Anglo Saxons Vol II 3rd ed London Oxford University Press pp 696 734 750 756 OCLC 842978410 Bruce Mitford Rupert 1974 Aspects of Anglo Saxon Archaeology Sutton Hoo and Other Discoveries London Victor Gollancz Limited ISBN 0 575 01704 X Bruce Mitford Rupert 1978 The Sutton Hoo Ship Burial Volume 2 Arms Armour and Regalia London British Museum Publications ISBN 978 0 7141 1331 9 Caple Chris 2 July 2020 The Yarm Helmet PDF Medieval Archaeology 64 31 64 doi 10 1080 00766097 2020 1755126 S2CID 221055800 nbsp Grieg Sigurd 1947 Gjermundbufunnet En hovdingegrav fra 900 arene fra Ringerike The Gjermundbu Find A Chieftain Grave from the 900s from Ringerike Norske Oldfunn in Norwegian Vol VIII Oslo Bergen OCLC 984069139 Hjalm del av Helmet part of Gotlands Museum in Swedish Retrieved 5 January 2024 nbsp Hjardar Kim amp Vike Vegard 2011 Vikinger i krig Vikings at War in Norwegian Oslo Spartacus Forlag AS ISBN 978 82 430 0475 7 Translated as Hjardar Kim amp Vike Vegard 2016 Vikings at War Oxford Casemate Publishers ISBN 978 1 61200 403 7 Lindqvist Sune 1925 Vendelhjalmarnas ursprung The Origin of the Vendel Helmets PDF Fornvannen The Friend of the Past in Swedish 20 181 207 ISSN 0015 7813 nbsp Munksgaard Elisabeth 1984 A Viking Age Smith his Tools and his Stock in trade Offa 41 85 89 ISSN 0078 3714 Petersen Jan 1919 De Norske Vikingesverd En Typologisk Kronologisk Studie Over Vikingetidens Vaaben Kristiania Jacob Dybwad nbsp Steuer Heiko 1987 Helm und Ringschwert Prunkbewaffnung und Rangabzeichen germanischer Krieger Helmet and Ring Sword Ornamental Weapons and Insignia of Germanic Warriors In Hassler Hans Jurgen ed Studien zur Sachsenforschung Studies in Saxon Research in German Vol 6 Hildesheim Lax pp 189 236 ISBN 3 7848 1617 7 nbsp Thunmark Nylen Lena 1998 Die Wikingerzeit Gotlands Typentafeln The Viking Age of Gotland Fact Sheets in German Vol II Stockholm Almqvist amp Wiksell ISBN 91 7402 287 3 Thunmark Nylen Lena 2000b Die Wikingerzeit Gotlands Katalog The Viking Age of Gotland Catalogue in German Vol IV 2 Stockholm Almqvist amp Wiksell ISBN 91 7402 308 X Thunmark Nylen Lena 2000c Die Wikingerzeit Gotlands Katalog The Viking Age of Gotland Catalogue in German Vol IV 3 Stockholm Almqvist amp Wiksell ISBN 91 7402 309 8 Thunmark Nylen Lena 2006a Die Wikingerzeit Gotlands Text The Viking Age of Gotland Text in German Vol III 1 Stockholm Almqvist amp Wiksell ISBN 91 7402 354 3 Tweddle Dominic 1992 The Anglian Helmet from 16 22 Coppergate The Archaeology of York Vol 17 8 London Council for British Archaeology ISBN 1 872414 19 2 Archived from the original on 21 March 2024 nbsp Ur frammande samlingar 2 From foreign collections 2 PDF Fornvannen The Friend of the Past in Swedish 2 205 208 1907 ISSN 0015 7813 nbsp Vlasaty Tomas 19 November 2016 The helmet from Lokrume Gotland Project Forlǫg Reenactment and Science doi 10 59500 forlog ISSN 2788 3000 Retrieved 16 January 2024 nbsp Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lokrume helmet fragment amp oldid 1223546712, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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