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Lobo (racial category)

Lobo (fem. Loba) (Spanish for "wolf") is a racial category for a mixed-race person used in Mexican paintings illustrating the caste (casta) system in 17th- and 18th-century Spanish America.

De Chino cambujo e India, Loba. Miguel Cabrera
De negro e india, lobo (from a black man and an Amerindian woman, a Lobo is begotten). Anon. 18th c. Mexico

Definitions

Lobo does not have a fixed meaning, with possible parents being a black man and an Indian woman, a Cambujo (African/Amerindian) and an Indian woman, a Torna atrás and an Indian woman, a Mestizo and an Indian woman, or a Salta atrás (of African/European ancestry) and a Mulatto woman.[1]

Lobo was a classification used in official colonial documentation, including the Inquisition trials, marriage registers and censuses.[2] One example of a Loba is a mixed-race woman who came before the Mexican Inquisition; she had been given multiple racial labels. She was publicly known as a China, was known to be a parda (a brown-skinned person), who "looked like a loba", suggesting she had visible African features.[3]

There were regional differences in colonial Mexico for racial labeling. For instance, in Xichú and Casas Viejas, in the Bajío region near Querétaro and the Sierra Gorda mountains, where there were resident indigenous populations, as well as blacks and mulattos, locally the people used lobos as a "normative category".[4]

In his examination of marriage patterns from marital registers, Vinson found no records of lobos marrying each other; brides and grooms thus classified chose partners from other racial categories.[5]

In eighteenth-century casta paintings, lobos are usually shown doing physical work and not lavishly dressed, indicating lower class status. In Joaquín Antonio de Basarás's Origen, costumbres, y estado presente de mexicanos y philipinos (1763), the lobo father is a water carrier, while his Indian wife sells chickens.[6] An early 18th-century set of casta paintings shows the Lobo as the offspring of a Black father and Indigenous mother; in the same set, a Lobo father and an India mother have a dark-skinned child labeled a Lobo Torna atrás, meaning the child more closely resembled the Black father.[7]

 
De Lobo y Mestiza, Cambujo. Anon. 18th c. Mexico

A set of casta paintings by Andrés de Islas is typical in the order and combinations of races:

  • De Español e India, Mestizo (European white and Indian woman, Mestizo)
  • De Español y Mestiza, Castizo (European white and Mestiza, Castizo, 3/4 white)
  • De Castizo y Española, Española (Castizo and Spanish woman, the girl child can be classified as Spanish, 7/8 white)
  • De Español y Negra, Mulata (Spaniard and black woman, Mulatta)
  • De Español y Mulata, Morisco (Spaniard and Mulatta, Morisco; mixed-race person of part African/European ancestry)
  • De Español y Morisca, Albino (Spaniard and Morisca, Albino; the child appears Spanish or European but is known to have part African ancestry)
  • De Español y Albina, Torna atrás (Spaniard and Albina, Torna atrás; the child has visible African features, considered a "throw back" to blackness)
  • De Indio y Negra, Lobo (Indian man, black woman)
  • De Indio y Mestiza, Coyote
  • De Lobo y Negra, Chino
  • De Chino e India, Cambujo (a mixed-race person of part African and mostly Indian ancestry)
  • De Cambujo e India, Tente en el aire ("tint in the air", related to some African ancestry)
  • De Tente en el aire y Mulata, Albarazado (white lepers, pallid)
  • De Albarazado e India, Barcino (ginger)
  • De Barcino y Cambuja, Calpamulato
  • Indios Mecos bárbaros ("barbarian" Meco Indians)

See also

References

  1. ^ García Saiz, Maria Conception. Las Castas Mexicanas: Un Género Pictórico Americano. Milan: Olivetti 1989, pp. 28-29.
  2. ^ Katzew, Ilona. Casta Painting. New Haven: Yale University Press 2004, p. 44.
  3. ^ quoted in Vinson, Ben III. Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018, pp. 64-65
  4. ^ Vinson, Before Mestizaje, pp. 98-99.
  5. ^ Vinson, Before Mestizaje, p. 128
  6. ^ Katzew, Casta Painting, pp. 186-87, illustration 248.
  7. ^ García Saiz, ‘’Las Castas Mexicanas’’, pp. 58, 59.

Further reading

  • García Saiz, Maria Conception. Las Castas Mexicanas: Un Género Pictórico Americano. Milan: Olivetti 1989.
  • Katzew, Ilona. Casta Painting: Images of Race in Eighteenth-Century Mexico. New Haven: Yale University Press 2004.
  • Vinson, Ben III. Before Mestizaje: The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico. New York: Cambridge University Press 2018

lobo, racial, category, lobo, loba, spanish, wolf, racial, category, mixed, race, person, used, mexican, paintings, illustrating, caste, casta, system, 17th, 18th, century, spanish, america, chino, cambujo, india, loba, miguel, cabrera, negro, india, lobo, fro. Lobo fem Loba Spanish for wolf is a racial category for a mixed race person used in Mexican paintings illustrating the caste casta system in 17th and 18th century Spanish America De Chino cambujo e India Loba Miguel Cabrera De negro e india lobo from a black man and an Amerindian woman a Lobo is begotten Anon 18th c Mexico Contents 1 Definitions 2 See also 3 References 4 Further readingDefinitions EditLobo does not have a fixed meaning with possible parents being a black man and an Indian woman a Cambujo African Amerindian and an Indian woman a Torna atras and an Indian woman a Mestizo and an Indian woman or a Salta atras of African European ancestry and a Mulatto woman 1 Lobo was a classification used in official colonial documentation including the Inquisition trials marriage registers and censuses 2 One example of a Loba is a mixed race woman who came before the Mexican Inquisition she had been given multiple racial labels She was publicly known as a China was known to be a parda a brown skinned person who looked like a loba suggesting she had visible African features 3 There were regional differences in colonial Mexico for racial labeling For instance in Xichu and Casas Viejas in the Bajio region near Queretaro and the Sierra Gorda mountains where there were resident indigenous populations as well as blacks and mulattos locally the people used lobos as a normative category 4 In his examination of marriage patterns from marital registers Vinson found no records of lobos marrying each other brides and grooms thus classified chose partners from other racial categories 5 In eighteenth century casta paintings lobos are usually shown doing physical work and not lavishly dressed indicating lower class status In Joaquin Antonio de Basaras s Origen costumbres y estado presente de mexicanos y philipinos 1763 the lobo father is a water carrier while his Indian wife sells chickens 6 An early 18th century set of casta paintings shows the Lobo as the offspring of a Black father and Indigenous mother in the same set a Lobo father and an India mother have a dark skinned child labeled a Lobo Torna atras meaning the child more closely resembled the Black father 7 De Lobo y Mestiza Cambujo Anon 18th c Mexico A set of casta paintings by Andres de Islas is typical in the order and combinations of races De Espanol e India Mestizo European white and Indian woman Mestizo De Espanol y Mestiza Castizo European white and Mestiza Castizo 3 4 white De Castizo y Espanola Espanola Castizo and Spanish woman the girl child can be classified as Spanish 7 8 white De Espanol y Negra Mulata Spaniard and black woman Mulatta De Espanol y Mulata Morisco Spaniard and Mulatta Morisco mixed race person of part African European ancestry De Espanol y Morisca Albino Spaniard and Morisca Albino the child appears Spanish or European but is known to have part African ancestry De Espanol y Albina Torna atras Spaniard and Albina Torna atras the child has visible African features considered a throw back to blackness De Indio y Negra Lobo Indian man black woman De Indio y Mestiza Coyote De Lobo y Negra Chino De Chino e India Cambujo a mixed race person of part African and mostly Indian ancestry De Cambujo e India Tente en el aire tint in the air related to some African ancestry De Tente en el aire y Mulata Albarazado white lepers pallid De Albarazado e India Barcino ginger De Barcino y Cambuja Calpamulato Indios Mecos barbaros barbarian Meco Indians See also EditCoyote racial category References Edit Garcia Saiz Maria Conception Las Castas Mexicanas Un Genero Pictorico Americano Milan Olivetti 1989 pp 28 29 Katzew Ilona Casta Painting New Haven Yale University Press 2004 p 44 quoted in Vinson Ben III Before Mestizaje The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico New York Cambridge University Press 2018 pp 64 65 Vinson Before Mestizaje pp 98 99 Vinson Before Mestizaje p 128 Katzew Casta Painting pp 186 87 illustration 248 Garcia Saiz Las Castas Mexicanas pp 58 59 Further reading EditGarcia Saiz Maria Conception Las Castas Mexicanas Un Genero Pictorico Americano Milan Olivetti 1989 Katzew Ilona Casta Painting Images of Race in Eighteenth Century Mexico New Haven Yale University Press 2004 Vinson Ben III Before Mestizaje The Frontiers of Race and Caste in Colonial Mexico New York Cambridge University Press 2018 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lobo racial category amp oldid 1139014701, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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