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Liurai is a ruler's title on Timor. The word is Tetun and literally means "surpassing the earth".[1] It was originally associated with Wehali, a ritually central kingdom situated at the south coast of central Timor (now included in Indonesia). The sacral lord of Wehali, the Maromak Oan ("son of God") enjoyed a ritually passive role, and he kept the liurai as the executive ruler of the land.[2] In the same way, the rulers of two other important princedoms, Sonbai in West Timor and Likusaen (Liquica) in East Timor, were often referred as liurais, which indicated a symbolic tripartition of the island.[3] In later history, especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the term liurai underwent a process of inflation. By this time it denoted any ruler in the Portuguese part of Timor, great or small. In the Dutch part in West Timor the title appears to have been restricted to the Sonbai and Wehali rulers. The rulers in the west were known by the Malay term raja, while there were internally used terms such as usif (lord) among the Dawan-speaking groups, and loro (sun) among the Tetun speakers.[4]
The role of the liurais underwent changes after the great Boaventura Rebellion which was suppressed by the Portuguese authorities in 1912.[5] Up to then they were by and large traditional rulers in whose realms the colonial authorities seldom interfered. However, after this date the liurai was often appointed because of his loyal stance and connections with the colonial center in Dili. The liurai families have kept a certain role in Timorese society until recent times, and a few scions have enjoyed nationwide political roles. The liurais do not have any official rank any more, but still tend to command a degree of local respect.[6]
Castro, Affonso de (1867), As possesões Portuguezas na Oceania. Lisboa: Imprensa Nacional.
Geoffrey C. Gunn (2011), Historical dictionary of East Timor. Lanham: Scarecrow Press.
S. Müller (1857), Reizen en onderzoekingen in den Indischen Archipel, Vol. II. Amsterdam: Muller.
H. G. Schulte Nordholt (1971), The Political System of the Atoni of Timor. The Hague: M. Nijhoff.
Tom Therik (2004), Wehali, the Female Land: Traditions of a Timorese Ritual Centre. ANU: Pandanus Books.
January 01, 1970
liurai, help, expand, this, article, with, text, translated, from, corresponding, article, german, december, 2010, click, show, important, translation, instructions, view, machine, translated, version, german, article, machine, translation, like, deepl, google. You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in German December 2010 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the German article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing German Wikipedia article at de Liurai see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated de Liurai to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation Liurai is a ruler s title on Timor The word is Tetun and literally means surpassing the earth 1 It was originally associated with Wehali a ritually central kingdom situated at the south coast of central Timor now included in Indonesia The sacral lord of Wehali the Maromak Oan son of God enjoyed a ritually passive role and he kept the liurai as the executive ruler of the land 2 In the same way the rulers of two other important princedoms Sonbai in West Timor and Likusaen Liquica in East Timor were often referred as liurais which indicated a symbolic tripartition of the island 3 In later history especially in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries the term liurai underwent a process of inflation By this time it denoted any ruler in the Portuguese part of Timor great or small In the Dutch part in West Timor the title appears to have been restricted to the Sonbai and Wehali rulers The rulers in the west were known by the Malay term raja while there were internally used terms such as usif lord among the Dawan speaking groups and loro sun among the Tetun speakers 4 The role of the liurais underwent changes after the great Boaventura Rebellion which was suppressed by the Portuguese authorities in 1912 5 Up to then they were by and large traditional rulers in whose realms the colonial authorities seldom interfered However after this date the liurai was often appointed because of his loyal stance and connections with the colonial center in Dili The liurai families have kept a certain role in Timorese society until recent times and a few scions have enjoyed nationwide political roles The liurais do not have any official rank any more but still tend to command a degree of local respect 6 See also editList of rulers of Timor History of East TimorReferences edit Also but less convincing explained as a Portuguese term meaning small king Gunn 2011 p 120 Therik 2004 p xvi xvii Muller 1857 p 145 7 Castro 1867 p 243 Schulte Nordholt 1971 p 391 Schulte Nordholt 1971 Gunn 2011 p 50 1 Gunn 2011 p 120 Bibliography editCastro Affonso de 1867 As possesoes Portuguezas na Oceania Lisboa Imprensa Nacional Geoffrey C Gunn 2011 Historical dictionary of East Timor Lanham Scarecrow Press S Muller 1857 Reizen en onderzoekingen in den Indischen Archipel Vol II Amsterdam Muller H G Schulte Nordholt 1971 The Political System of the Atoni of Timor The Hague M Nijhoff Tom Therik 2004 Wehali the Female Land Traditions of a Timorese Ritual Centre ANU Pandanus Books Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Liurai amp oldid 1167530741, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
