List of attacks on civilians attributed to Sri Lankan government forces
The following is a list of attacks on civilians attributed to armed groups under the control of the Sri Lankan government - Army, Navy, Air Force, Police, state organised mobs and paramilitary groups (Home Guards/Civil Defence Force, EPDP, PLOTE, TMVP Ukussa, Black Cats etc.). This list does not contain assassinations which are listed in a separate article.
The Sri Lankan Armed Forces which was almost exclusively made up of Sinhalese[1][2][3][4] ethnicity during 30 year old Sri Lankan Civil War and the two JVP insurrections, has engaged in several counts of violence against civilians including numerous instances of civilian massacres, ethnic cleansing, pogroms, forced disappearances, sexual violence, destruction of property and assassination of civil leaders.[5] Reports of torture, extra judicial killings and sexual violence against Tamils have also persisted in the post war period.[6][7][8]
In opposition to this list, there is also the List of attacks attributed to the LTTE and the List of attacks on civilians attributed to the Janatha Vimukthi Peramuna.
Attacks in chronological order
This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2015) |
Attack | Date | Location | District | Province | Death toll | Perpetrators | Refs |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1958 anti-Tamil pogrom | May–June 1958 | Nationwide | 300−1500 | Government | [9] | ||
Attacks on civilians during the suppression of the 1st JVP insurrection | 1971 | Nationwide | 20,000+ | Government | [10][11][12][13][14][15] | ||
Tamil conference incident | 10 January 1974 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 9 | Police | [16][17][18] |
Puttalam massacre | 2 February 1976 | Puttalam | Puttalam | North Western | 6-7 | Police | [16][19][20][21] |
1977 anti-Tamil pogrom | August 1977 | Nationwide | 300 | Government | [22] | ||
Burning of Jaffna Public Library | 1 June 1981 | Jaffna | Jaffna District | Northern | Government, Sri Lankan Police | [23] | |
1981 anti-Tamil pogrom | June 1981-August 1981 | Nationwide | 25 | Government | [24] | ||
1983 anti-Tamil pogrom | May 1983-July 1983 | Nationwide | 3,000 | Army, Government | [25] | ||
Thirunelveli massacre | 24 July 1983 | Thirunelveli | Jaffna | Northern | 51 | Army | [25] |
Pullumanai village cattle massacre | July 1983 | Pullumanai | Batticaloa | Eastern | Army | [26] | |
Sampalthoddam massacre | January 1984 | Sampalthoddam | Vavuniya | Northern | 55-70 | Army | [25] |
Chunnakam Police station massacre | 8 January 1984 | Chunnakam | Jaffna | Northern | 19-20 | Sri Lankan Police | [25] |
Chunnakam market massacre | 18 March 1984 | Chunnakam | Jaffna | Northern | 10 | Air Force | [27][28][29] |
Jaffna bus stand shooting | 8 August 1984 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 8 injured | Army | [30] |
Jaffna-Colombo bus massacre | 11 August 1984 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 16 | Army | [31] |
Jaffna Main Street taxi driver killing | 11 August 1984 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [32] |
1984 Vavuniya massacre | 13 August 1984 | Vavuniya | Vavuniya | Northern | 6+ | Army | [33] |
August 1984 Mannar massacre | 13 August 1984 | Mannar | Mannar | Northern | 90 | Army | [31][34] |
Mathawachchi – Rampawa massacre | September 1984 | Mathawachchi | Vavuniya | Northern | 15 | Army | [25] |
Point Pedro massacre | 16 September 1984 | Point Pedro | Jaffna | Northern | 16 | Police | [25] |
Othiyamalai massacre | 1 December 1984 | Othiyamalai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 29-32 | Army | [35][36][37] |
Cheddikulam massacre | 2 December 1984 | Cheddikulam | Vavuniya | Northern | 52 | Army | [25] |
Kumulamunai massacre | 2 December 1984 | Kumulamunai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 7 | Army | [25] |
Thennamarawadi massacre | 2-4 December 1984 | Thennamarawadi | Trincomalee | Eastern | 26 | Army | [38] |
Manal Aru massacre | 3 December 1984 | Manal Aru | Mullaitivu | Northern | 100+ | Army | [25] |
Amaravayal massacre | 3-4 December 1984 | Amarivayal | Trincomalee | Eastern | 30-50 | Army | [38] |
Mannar massacre | 4 December 1984 | Murunkan | Mannar | Northern | 107-150 | Army | [39][40][41][42][43] |
Kokkilai massacres | 15 December 1984 | Several locations | Mullaitivu | Northern | 131 | Army | [25] |
Pullumanai Thiruvemba pooja massacre | December 1984 | Pullumanai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 9 | Army | [26] |
Mulliyavalai massacre | 16 January 1985 | Mulliyavalai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 52 | Army | [25] |
Vadakkandal massacre | 30 January 1985 | Vadakkandal | Mannar | Northern | 52 | Air Force, Army | [25] |
Puthukkudiyiruppu massacre | 21 April 1985 | Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 30 | Army | [25] |
1985 Trincomalee massacres | May–September 1985 | Several places | Trincomalee | Eastern | 280+ | Navy, Army, Home Guards | [25][44] |
1985 Valvettithurai massacre | 12 May 1985 | Valvettithurai | Jaffna | Northern | 46-70 | Army | [25][41][45][46] |
Kumudini boat massacre | 15 May 1985 | Sea | Jaffna | Northern | 23 | Navy | [47][48] |
Thambattai massacre | 17 May 1985 | Thambattai | Ampara | Eastern | 23 | Police (STF) | [49] |
Killiveddy massacre | 30 May 1985 | Killiveddy | Trincomalee | Eastern | 44 | Police | [50] |
1985 Vavuniya massacre | 16 August 1985 | Vavuniya | Vavuniya | Northern | 200+ | Army | [51] |
Jaffna refugee massacre | 18 August 1985 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 46 | Army | [52] |
Muttur massacre | 8-11 November 1985 | Muttur | Trincomalee | Eastern | 30-100 | Army, Navy, Air Force | [25] |
Kantalai massacre | 9 November 1985 | Kantalai | Trincomalee | Eastern | 6 | Army | [25] |
Kilinochchi massacre | 19 January 1986 | Kilinochchi | Kilinochchi | Northern | 36 | Army | [53] |
Akkaraipattu massacre | 19 February 1986 | Akkaraipattu | Ampara | Eastern | 80 | Army | [54][55][56] |
Vavuniya massacres | 19-20 March 1986 | Eeddimurnchan village | Vavuniya | Northern | 7 | Army | [53] |
Kilinochchi shelling | 4 June 1986 | Kilinochchi | Kilinochchi | Northern | 6 | Army | [57] |
1986 Kantalai massacre | 4-5 March 1986 | Kantalai | Trincomalee | Eastern | 50 | Army | [57] |
Gurunagar fishermen sea massacre | 10 June 1986 | Mandaitivu | Jaffna | Northern | 33 | Navy | [58][59] |
Seruvila massacre | 12 June 1986 | Seruvila | Trincomalee | Eastern | 21 | Home Guards | [57] |
Peruveli massacre | 15 July 1986 | Peruveli | Batticaloa | Eastern | 48 | Army, Home Guards | [57] |
Thanduvan bus massacre | 17 July 1986 | Thanduvan | Vavuniya | Northern | 17 | Army | [57] |
1986 Muttur massacre | 18 July 1986 | Muttur | Trincomalee | Eastern | 44 | Army | [60] |
Adampan massacre | 12 October 1986 | Adampan | Mannar | Northern | 20 | Army | [60] |
Periyapandivirichchan killing | 12 October 1986 | Periyapandivirichchan | Mannar | Northern | 1 | Army | [60] |
Pullumanai massacre | 10 November 1986 | Pullumanai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 103 | Army | [26] |
Killings of seven villagers in Pullumanai | 1986 | Pullumanai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 7 | Army | [26] |
Attacks on civilians during the suppression of the 2nd JVP insurrection | 1987-89 | Nationwide | 60,000-80,000 | Government | [61][62][63][64][65][66][67][15] | ||
Prawn farm massacre / Kokkadichcholai massacre | 27-29 January 1987 | Kokkadichcholai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 200+ | Police (STF) | [60][68][69][70][71][72] |
Paddithidal massacre | 26 April 1987 | Paddithidal | Trincomalee | Eastern | 16 | Army | [73] |
Koraveli and Eechaiyadithivu massacres | 14 May 1987 | Koraveli, Eechaiyadithivu | Batticaloa | Eastern | 15 | Army | [73] |
Thonithiddamadu massacre | 27 May 1987 | Thonithiddamadu | Batticaloa | Eastern | 13 | Army | [73] |
Alvai massacre | 29 May 1987 | Alvai | Jaffna | Northern | 40 | Army | [73] |
1987 Pullumanai massacre | 1987 | Pullumanai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 14 | Army | [26] |
Tissamaharama massacre | November 1987 | Tissamaharama | Hambantota | Southern | Sri Lankan Armed Forces | [74] | |
Eppawala massacre | 20 March 1989 | Eppawala | Anuradhapura | North Central | 14 | Black Cats | [75] |
1989 Kandy massacre | 16 September 1989 | Several places | Kandy | Central | 80+ | Eagles of the Central Hills | [76][77] |
Hambantota district massacres | 21 December 1989 | Hambantota, Tissamaharama, Ambalantota, Beliatta | Hambantota | Southern | 177 | Army, Police | [78] |
Nittambuwa massacre | 27 February 1990 | Nittambuwa | Gampaha | Western | 12 | Police | [79] |
Eastern University massacre (May 1990) | 23-24 May 1990 | Vantharumulai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 226 | Army | [80] |
Sammanthurai massacre | 10 June 1990 | Sammanthurai | Ampara | Eastern | 37 | Home Guards | [25] |
Kalmunai massacre | 12 June 1990 | Kalmunai | Ampara | Eastern | 160-250 | Army | [81][82][83][84] |
1990 Trincomalee massacres | June 1990 | Trincomalee, Thambalakamam, China Bay, Selvanayagampuram | Trincomalee | Eastern | 295 | Army | [85] |
Thiriyai massacre | June 1990 (mid) | Thiriyai | Trincomalee | Eastern | 25-35 | Army | [86] |
1990 Pullumanai massacre | 9 July 1990 | Pullumanai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 40 | Army | [26] |
Thuranilavani massacre | 12 July 1990 | Thuranilavani | Batticaloa | Eastern | 60+ | Army | [25] |
Veeramunai massacre | 20 July 1990 - 15 August 1990 | Veeramunai | Ampara | Eastern | 232 | Home Guards | [25] |
Paranthan junction massacre | 24 July 1990 - 15 August 1990 | Paranthan | Kilinochchi | Northern | 10 | Army | [25] |
Batticaloa massacre | July 1990 | Batticaloa | Batticaloa | Eastern | 27 | Army | [87] |
Siththandy massacre | 27 July 1990 - 15 August 1990 | Siththandy | Batticaloa | Eastern | 137 | Army | [25] |
Pottuvil massacre | 30 July 1990 | Pottuvil | Ampara | Eastern | 125 | Army | [25] |
Jaffna islets killings | August 1990 - August 1991 | Jaffna Islets | Jaffna | Northern | 575 | Army | [87] |
Amparai killings | 6 August 1990 | Palamunai, Oluvil, Meenodaikattu, Addalaichenai | Ampara | Eastern | Army | [87] | |
Tiraikerny massacre | 6 August 1990 | Tiraikerny | Ampara | Eastern | Home Guards | [25] | |
Xavierpuram killings | 7 August 1990 | Xavierpuram | Ampara | Eastern | Home Guards | [88] | |
Kalmunai massacres (August 1990) | 11 August 1990 - 12 August 1990 | Kalmunai, Pandiruppu, Chenaikudiyiruppu | Ampara | Eastern | 62 | Army | [88] |
Nilavanai massacre | 12 August 1990 | Nilavanai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 60 | Army | [88] |
Eravur hospital massacre | 12 August 1990 | Eravur | Batticaloa | Eastern | 11 | Army | [88] |
Koraveli massacre | 14 August 1990 | Koraveli | Batticaloa | Eastern | 15 | Army | [25] |
Oddusuddan bombing | 14 August 1990 | Oddusuddan | Mullaitivu | Northern | 23 | Air Force | [25] |
Neliiyadi marketing bombing | 29 August 1990 | Neliiyadi | Jaffna | Northern | 16 | Army | [25] |
Eastern University massacre (September 1990) | 5 September 1990 | Vantharumulai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 158 | Army | [49][89][90] |
Batticaloa massacre / Sathurukondan massacre | 9 September 1990 | Batticaloa | Batticaloa | Eastern | 205 | Army | [49][91][92][93][94][95][96] |
Natipiddymunai masscre | 10 September 1990 | Natipiddymunai | Ampara | Eastern | 23 | Police STF | [25] |
Bombing of Jaffna with barrels containing excrement | 13 September 1990 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | Air Force | [97] | |
Batticaloa massacre | 23 September 1990 | Batticaloa | Batticaloa | Eastern | 16 | Army | [97] |
Chavakachcheri market massacre | 9 October 1990 | Chavakachcheri | Jaffna | Northern | 12 | Army | [98] |
Karaithivu massacre | 12 October 1990 | Karaithivu | Ampara | Eastern | 30 | STF | [97] |
Akkaraipattu beach decapitations | October 1990 | Akkaraipattu | Ampara | Eastern | 38 | STF | [26] |
Jaffna Red Cross Hospital bombing | October 1990 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | Air Force | [26] | |
Oddisuddan bombing | October 1990 | Oddisudan | Mullaitivu | Northern | 12 | Air Force | [26] |
Batti-Amparai massacres (January 1991) | January 1991 | Batticaloa, Akkaraipattu | Batticaloa, Ampara | Eastern | 200 | Army, STF | [99] |
Indiscriminate Jaffna bombings | 13 January 1991 - 4 April 1991 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 30 | Air Force | [99] |
Puthukkudiyiruppu junction bombing | 30 January 1991 | Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 28 | Air Force | [99] |
Vankalai junction massacre | 17 February 1991 | Vankalai | Mannar | Northern | 4 | Army | [98][99] |
Eravur massacre | 20 February 1991 | Eravur | Batticaloa | Eastern | 6 | Home Guards | [98] |
Vaddakachchi hostel bombing | 28 February 1991 | Vaddakachchi | Kilinochchi | Northern | 9 | Air Force | [100] |
Iruthayapuram massacre | 30 March 1991 | Iruthayapuram | Batticaloa | Eastern | 11 | Police | [98] |
Nayanmar Thidal massacre | 12 April 1991 | Nayanmar Thidal, Tampalakamam | Trincomalee | Eastern | 4 | [101] | |
Sri Durga Devi Temple bombing | 31 May 1991 | Tellippalai | Jaffna | Northern | 6 | Air Force | [100] |
1st Cross Street massacre | 9 June 1991 | Mavadivembu, Vantharumulai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 10 | Army | [102] |
Kinniyadi massacre | 12 July 1991 | Kinniyadi | Batticaloa | Eastern | 13+ | Army | [102] |
Kokkadichcholai massacre | 12 June 1991 | Kokkadichcholai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 152−220 | Army | [49][69][70][90][103][104][105][102] |
Savalakadai massacre (July 1991) | 12 July 1991 | Savalakadai | Ampara | Eastern | 19 | Army | [102] |
Savalakadai massacre (October 1991) | October 1991 | Savalakadai | Ampara | Eastern | 13 | Army | [106] |
Clappenberg Refugee camp massacre | 14 January 1992 | Trincomalee | Trincomalee | Eastern | 9 | Army | [106] |
Koolavadi market bombing | 21 April 1992 | Uruthrapuram | Kilinochchi | Northern | 9 | Air Force | [106] |
Polonnaruwa massacre | 29 April 1992 | Muthugal and Karapola | Polonnaruwa | North Central | 87 | Home Guards, Police | [49][107][108] |
Vattrapallai temple festival shelling | 18 May 1992 | Vattrapallai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 10 | Army | [106] |
Tellipalai temple bombing | 30 May 1992 | Tellipalai | Jaffna | Northern | 5 | Army | [109] |
'Operation earthquake' indiscriminate shelling | 20 August 1992 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 10 | Army | [109] |
Batti-Amparai massacres (November 1992) | November 1992 | Batticaloa, Amparai | Batticaloa, Ampara | Eastern | 100 | Army, STF | [109] |
Mylanthanai massacre | 9 August 1992 | Mylanthanai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 35−50 | Army | [49][110][111][112][109] |
Paliyadvaddai massacre | 24 October 1992 | Paliyadvaddai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 10-11 | [113] | |
1992 Jaffna lagoon killings | 1 January 1992 - 31 December 1992 | Jaffna Lagoon | Jaffna | Northern | 200+ | Navy | [114] |
1993 Jaffna lagoon massacre / Kilaly massacre | 2 January 1993 | Jaffna Lagoon | Jaffna | Northern | 35-100 | Navy | [115][116][117][118] |
Sithankerni bombing | 6 January 1993 | Sithankerni | Jaffna | Northern | 9 | Air Force | [109] |
Mandur disappearances | January 1993 | Mandur | Batticaloa | Eastern | 20 | Army | [109] |
Vannathi Aru massacre | 17 February 1993 | Vannathi Aru | Batticaloa | Eastern | 16 | Army | [109] |
Kalviankadu massacre | 27 July 1993 | Kalviankadu | Jaffna | Northern | 6 | Air Force | [119] |
Jaffna lagoon massacre | 29 July 1993 | Jaffna Lagoon | Jaffna | Northern | 19 | Navy | [119] |
Maaththalan bombing | 18 September 1993 | Maaththalan | Mullaithivu | Northern | 13 | Air Force | [114] |
Chavakachcheri bombing | 28 September 1993 | Chavakachcheri | Jaffna | Northern | 35 | Air Force | [114] |
Katpulaththu Amman temple bombing | 28 September 1993 | Kokuvil | Jaffna | Northern | 3, temple destroyed | Air Force | [120] |
Gurunagar church bombing | 13 November 1993 | Gurunagar | Jaffna | Northern | 19−25 | Air Force | [25][120] |
St James church bombing | 13 November 1993 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 10 | Air Force | [120] |
Chundikulam massacre | 18 February 1994 | Chundikulam | Kilinochchi | Northern | 10 | Navy | [25] |
Pulmoddai massacre | 6 May 1995 | Pulmoddai | Trincomalee | Eastern | 5 | Army | [121] |
Burning of 95 huts with Tamil civilians inside | 13 May 1995 | Pottuvil | Ampara | Eastern | Police | [122] | |
Nagarkovil school bombing | 22 May 1995 | Nagarkovil | Jaffna | Northern | 40 | Air Force | [122] |
Navaly church bombing | 9 July 1995 | Navaly | Jaffna | Northern | 125−150 | Air Force | [123][124][125][122] |
Nagerkovil school bombing | 22 September 1995 | Nagerkovil | Jaffna | Northern | 71−113 | Air Force | [126][127][128][120] |
Mannar bombing | 1 October 1995 | Mannar, Sri Lanka | Mannar | Northern | 8 | Air Force | [129] |
Valikamam bombing | 2 October 1995 | Valikamam | Jaffna | Northern | 6 | Air Force | [129] |
Indiscriminate Jaffna shelling | 4 October 1995 | Jaffna, Valikamam, Maradchchi, Vadamaradchchi | Jaffna | Northern | 32 | Air Force | [129] |
Indiscriminate Jaffna bombing | 19 October 1995 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 54 | Air Force | [130] |
Ariyalai bombing | 27 October 1995 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 25 | Air Force | [130] |
Chavakachcheri bombing | 31 October 1995 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 25 | Air Force | [130] |
Mullathivu fishermen massacre | 19 January 1996 | Mullaithivu | Mullaithivu | Northern | Navy | [131] | |
Attack on fishermen at Mathathalan | 23 January 1996 | Mullaithivu | Mullaithivu | Northern | 1 | Navy | [131] |
Attack on fishermen at Thanankilappu | 2 February 1996 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | Navy | [131] | |
Attack on fishermen at Jaffna | 3 February 1996 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | Navy | [131] | |
Kumarapuram massacre / Trincomalee massacre / Killiveddy massacre | 11 February 1996 | Kumarapuram | Trincomalee | Eastern | 24 | Army | [132][133][134][135][136] |
Attack on fishermen at Jaffna | 24 February 1996 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | Navy | [131] | |
Attack on fishermen at Jaffna | 5 March 1996 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | Navy | [137] | |
Attack on fishermen at Mullaithivu | 7 March 1996 | Mullaithivu | Mullaithivu | Northern | Navy | [137] | |
Attack on fishermen at Jaffna | 8 March 1996 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Navy | [137] |
Nachchikuda strafing | 16 March 1996 | Poonagari | Kilinochchi | Northern | 16 | Army | [25] |
Attack on fishermen at Sirutheevu | 16 April 1996 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Navy | [137] |
Attack on fishermen at Mannar | 20 April 1996 | Mannar | Mannar | Northern | Navy | [137] | |
Thambirai bombing | 17 May 1996 | Thambirai, Poonagari | Kilinochchi | Northern | 7 | Air Force | [138] |
Attack on students of Chundukuli Girls college | 7 August 1996 | Chundukuli | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [138] |
Kilinochchi town massacre | August 1996 | Kilinochchi | Kilinochchi | Northern | 184 | Army | [25] |
Murder of Krishanthi Kumaraswamy and family | 7 September 1996 | Kaithady | Jaffna | Northern | 4 | Army | [139] |
Attack on fishermen at Mullaithivu | 9 September 1996 | Mullaithivu | Mullaithivu | Northern | 1 | Navy | [137] |
Attack on fishermen in Vanni | 10 September 1996 | Vanni | Vanni | Northern | 3 | Navy | [137] |
Mallavi bombing | 24 September 1996 | Mallavi | Mullaithivu | Northern | 9 | Air Force | [140] |
Vavunikulam bombing | 26 September 1996 | Vavunikulam | Mullaithivu | Northern | 4 | Air Force | [140] |
Konavil bombing | 27 September 1996 | Vavunikulam | Kilinochchi | Northern | 5 | Air Force | [140] |
Rape and murder of Ranjani | 30 September 1996 | Urumpirai North | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [140] |
Attack on fishermen in Jaffna | 14 November 1996 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 2 | Navy | [137] |
Attack on fishermen in Jaffna | 18 December 1996 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 3 | Navy | [137] |
Disappearances and mass graves in Jaffna | 1995-1996 | Jaffna, Chemmani | Jaffna | Northern | 600 | Army | [141][142][143][144] |
Murder of fisherman in Trincomalee | 20 January 1997 | Trincomalee | Trincomalee | Eastern | 1 | Navy | [145] |
Murder of fisherman in Mullaithivu | 23 January 1997 | Mullaithivu | Mullaithivu | Northern | 1 | Navy | [145] |
Murder of fisherman in Mullaithivu | 25 January 1997 | Mullaithivu | Mullaithivu | Northern | 1 | Navy | [145] |
Attack on fishermen in Maththalan | 8 February 1997 | Maththalan | Mullaithivu | Northern | Navy | [145] | |
Bombing of Mannar fishing boats | 17 February 1997 | Mannar | Mannar | Northern | 3 | Air Force | [145] |
Attack on fishermen in Mullaithivu | 13 March 1997 | Mullaithivu | Mullaithivu | Northern | 1 | Navy | [145] |
Attack on fisherman in Batticaloa lagoon | 30 March 1997 | Batticaloa | Batticaloa | Eastern | Navy | [145] | |
Murder of Mannar fisherman | 27 April 1997 | Mannar | Mannar | Northern | 1 | Navy | [145] |
Murder of Batticaloa fisherman | 10 May 1997 | Batticaloa | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | Navy | [145] |
Bombing of Mullaithivu fishing villages | 12 May 1997 | Mullaithivu | Mullaithivu | Northern | Navy | [146] | |
Killing of Mullaithivu fishermen | 13 May 1997 | Mullaithivu | Mullaithivu | Northern | 6 | Navy | [146] |
Mullaithivu bombing | 13 May 1997 | Mullivaikal, Mankulam junction | Mullaithivu | Northern | 11 | Air Force | [144] |
Rape and murder of Murugesapillai Koneswary | 17 May 1997 | Amparai | Amparai | Eastern | 1 | Army | [147] |
Bombing of Mullaithivu fishermen | 12 July 1997 | Mullaithivu | Mullaithivu | Northern | 10 | Navy | [146] |
Shelling of Mullaithivu fishermen | 13 July 1997 | Mullaithivu | Mullaithivu | Northern | Navy | [146] | |
Vavunikulam church bombing | 18 August 1997 | Vavunikulam | Mullaithivu | Northern | 9 | Air Force | [146] |
Tamil 4th colony massacre | 24 September 1997 | Amparai | Amparai | Eastern | 8−15 | Home Guards | [148] |
Mullaithivu shelling | 4 December 1997 | Moondrumurippu Naalam Kattai, Vannivilankulam | Mullaithivu | Northern | 2 | Army | [149] |
Kalutara Tamil prisoner massacre | 12 December 1997 | Kalutara | Kalutara | Western | 3 | Sinhala prisoners incited by prison officials | [149] |
Tampalakamam massacre | 1 February 1998 | Tampalakamam | Trincomalee | Eastern | 8 | Police, Home Guards | [150][151][152] |
Karayakkanthivu massacre | 4 February 1998 | Karayakkanthivu | Batticaloa | Eastern | 9 | Army | [153] |
Satha Sagaya Maatha Church bombing | 4 March 1998 | Murasumoddai | Mullaitivu | Northern | Air Force | [153] | |
Killing of Peethaambaram Sashikala (6) | 11 March 1998 | Batticaloa | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | Army | [153] |
Bombing of the house of Arunasalam Velayutham | 26 March 1998 | Old Vaddakachchi | Kilinochchi | Northern | 6 | Air Force | [154] |
Vattakkachchi and Periyakulam bombings | 26 March 1998 | Vaddakachchi, Periyakulam | Kilinochchi | Northern | 8 | Air Force | [154] |
Murder of Vijayakumari | 16 April 1998 | Point Pedro | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [155] |
Killing of Kilinochchi Christian priests | 7 June 1998 | Kanakampikaikkulam | Kilinochchi | Northern | 2 | Air Force | [156] |
Suthanthirapuram bombing | 10 June 1998 | Suthanthirapuram | Mullaitivu | Northern | 20+ | Air Force | [156] |
Paythali shelling | 31 July 1998 | Paythali | Batticaloa | Eastern | Army | [157] | |
Torture of Thambirajah Kamalathasan | July 1998 | Colombo | Colombo | Western | Police | [157] | |
Murder of Gopalan Emilinona | 16 August 1998 | Kachchai | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [158] |
Kilinochchi-Mullaithivu bombing | 14 November 1998 | Kilinochchi-Mullaithivu | Kilinochchi | Northern | 2 | Air Force | [159] |
Kilinochchi bombing | 24 November 1998 | Kilinochchi-Mullaithivu | Kilinochchi | Northern | 4 | Army | [160] |
Visuvamadhu shelling | 25 November 1998 | Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 8 | Air Force | [25] |
Murder of Aaraipattai Kali temple priest | 26 November 1998 | Batticaloa | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | STF | [160] |
Chundikulam massacre | 2 December 1998 | Chundikulam | Kilinochchi | Northern | 7 | Air Force | [25] |
Kilinochchi refugee camp bombing | 2 December 1998 | Nallathanithoduvai | Kilinochchi | Northern | 7 | Army | [160] |
Oddusuddan shelling | 3 December 1998 | Oddusuddan | Mullaitivu | Northern | Army | [161] | |
Nedunkerni - Mullaithivu road massacre | 21 December 1998 | Mullaitivu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 5 | Army | [161] |
Mullaitivu bombing | 20 March 1999 | Mullaitivu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 1 | Air Force | [162] |
Killing of Pirainitha Gukanathan | 21 March 1999 | Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 1 | Air Force | [162] |
Torture of Thambiaiyah Suntheralingam | April 1999 | Navatkuda | Batticaloa | Eastern | Army | [163] | |
Murder of Velayuthapillai Panchalingam | 7 July 1999 | Manthivil | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [164] |
Gang rape and murder of Ida Carmelitta | 12 July 1999 | Mannar Town | Mannar | Northern | 1 | Army | [164] |
Torture of Sithamparapillai Kanakanayakam | April 1999 | Kallady | Batticaloa | Eastern | Army | [164] | |
Murder of Velanai woman | 7 July 1999 | Velanai | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Navy | [164] |
July 1999 Mannar murders | 31 July 1999 | Mannar Town | Mannar | Northern | 2 | Army | [165] |
Palinagar bombing | 3 September 1999 | Suthanthirapuram | Mullaitivu | Northern | 25 | Air Force | [25] |
Torture of three Tamil students | 10 September 1999 | Colombo | Colombo | Western | Police | [165] | |
1999 Manthuvil bombing | 15 September 1999 | Manthuvil | Mullaitivu | Northern | 20 | Air Force | [165] |
Puthukkudiyiruppu bombing | 15 September 1999 | Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 21 | Air Force | [166] |
Madhu church shelling | 20 November 1999 | Madhu | Mannar | Northern | 40 | Air Force | [25] |
Gang rape and murder of Sarathambal | 12 July 1999 | Pungudutivu | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Navy | [167] |
Pallimunai fishermen disappearances | 25 February 2000 | Pallimunai | Mannar | Northern | 18 | Navy | [168] |
Mandur murders | 9 March 2000 | Mandur | Batticaloa | Eastern | 2 | STF | [168] |
Kilinochchi north mass killings | 21 March 2000 | Kilinochchi North | Kilinochchi | Northern | 72 | Army | [168] |
Ilakkanthai killings | 26 April 2000 | Ilakkanthai | Trincomalee | Eastern | 2 | Navy | [169] |
Pallikuda bombing | 12 May 2000 | Pallikuda | Kilinochchi | Northern | 5 | Air Force | [170] |
Silivaturai massacre | 13 May 2000 | Silivaturai | Mannar | Northern | 5 | Navy | [170] |
Columbuthurai massacre | 15 May 2000 | Columbuthurai | Jaffna | Northern | 5 | Army | [170] |
Bombing of Poonthoddam village | 2 July 2000 | Poonthoddam | Kilinochchi | Northern | 1 | Air Force | [171] |
Kaddumurivu murders | 17 July 2000 | Kaddumurivu | Batticaloa | Eastern | 2 | Army | [171] |
Morokkoddaanchenai murders | 9 August 2000 | Morokkoddaanchenai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 2 | Army | [171] |
Bindunuwewa massacre | 25 October 2000 | Bindunuwewa | Badulla | Uva | 25 | Mobs, Police, Army | [172][173] |
Kopaveli massacre | 11 November 2000 | Kopaveli | Batticaloa | Eastern | 15 | Army | [174] |
Mirusuvil massacre | 20 December 2000 | Mirusuvil | Jaffna | Northern | 8 | Army | [175][176][177][178] |
Murder of S.Nithiyathas | 4 January 2001 | Kalutara | Kalutara | Western | 1 | Sinhala prison guards | [179] |
Bombing of Trincomalee Tamil villages | 22 January 2001 | Chenaiyur, Kaddaiparichchan, Sampur and Sudaikuda | Trincomalee | Eastern | Air Force | [179] | |
Murder of Uthayakumar | 28 February 2001 | Tharapuram | Mannar | Northern | 1 | Navy | [180] |
Bombing of Kombavil and Puthukudiyiruppu villages | 16 March 2001 | Kombavil, Puthukkudiyiruppu | Kilinochchi, Mullaitivu | Northern | Air Force | [181] | |
Bombing of Chundikulam and Puthumaathalan villages | 21 March 2001 | Chundikulam, Puthumaathalan | Mullaitivu | Northern | 6 | Air Force | [182] |
Bombing of Soodaikkudah village | 15 April 2001 | Soodaikkudah | Trincomalee | Eastern | Air Force | [183] | |
Jaffna General Hospital graves | 10 September 2001 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 3 | Army | [184] |
Knifing of Sinnathamby Kandaiah | 29 September 2001 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | Army | [184] | |
Bombing and shelling of 299 Jaffna churches | 1995-2002 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | Air Force, Army | [185] | |
Murder of Tamil civilians in Nilaveli | 4 April 2002 | Nilaveli | Trincomalee | Eastern | 2 | Navy | [186] |
Murder of Ponnar Gnaneswaran | 7 January 2003 | Thondamanaru | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Navy | [187] |
Bombing of Kiran Methodist Church | 27 April 2005 | Kiran | Batticaloa | Eastern | Air Force | [188] | |
Murder of Rasarathinam Rajavinothan | 5 October 2005 | Uduvil | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [189] |
Murder of Nadararajah Sivakadadcham | 11 October 2005 | Kopay | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [189] |
Murder of Tamil civilian protestor | 28 October 2005 | Puthur East | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [189] |
Murder of Sellathamby Punniyamoorthy | 2 November 2005 | Valaichenai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [190] |
Murder of Kiran civilian | 7 November 2005 | Kiran | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [190] |
Murder of Thurairajah Kannan | 5 November 2005 | Trincomalee | Trincomalee | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [190] |
Murder of Thasaputhiran Thasakumar | 6 November 2005 | Akkaraipattu | Amparai | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [190] |
Disappearances of Uthayan Selvarajah, Subramaniam Kanapathipillai and S. Leethan | 6 November 2005 | Kaluwankerny | Batticaloa | Eastern | 3 | TMVP | [190] |
Murder of Tamil civilian in Chuttipuram | 15 November 2005 | Chuttipuram | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [191] |
Murder of two Jaffna farmers | 1 December 2005 | Neerveli | Jaffna | Northern | 2 | Army | [191] |
2005 Trincomalee anti-Tamil violence | 2 December 2005 | Trincomalee | Trincomalee | Eastern | 7 | Sinhalese mob in collusion with security forces | [191] |
Murders of Yogarasa Yogeswary and Thurairasa Vathany | 8 December 2005 | Palacholai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 2 | TMVP | [192] |
Murders of Jeeva Chandrasegaran and Sasikumar Krishnapillai | 10 December 2005 | Kiran | Batticaloa | Eastern | 2 | TMVP | [192] |
Murders of two Tamil civilians in Kiran | 13 December 2005 | Kiran | Batticaloa | Eastern | 2 | TMVP | [193] |
Murder and rape of Ilaiyathambi Tharsini | 16 December 2005 | Pungudutivu | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Navy | [193] |
Murder of K. Navaratnam | 22 December 2005 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [194] |
Disappearances of Gurunagar fishermen | 22 December 2005 | Gurunagar | Jaffna | Northern | 3 | Navy | [195] |
Murder of Vallinayagi Thambirajah | 23 December 2005 | Chenkalady | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [194] |
Pesalai massacre | 23 December 2005 | Pesalai | Mannar | Northern | 4 | Navy | [194] |
Killing of Markandu Pushpamalar | 24 December 2005 | Chavakachcheri | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [194] |
Disappearances of Tamil civilians in Jaffna | 24 December 2005 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 4 | Navy | [195] |
Murders of two Tamil youth in Santhiveli | 26 December 2005 | Santhiveli | Batticaloa | Eastern | 2 | TMVP | [196] |
Murders of Kilinochchi civilians | 27 December 2005 | Kilinochchi, Kanakarayankulam, Pallai | Kilinochchi | Northern | 5 | Army | [196] |
Murders of Tamil civilians at Mutthirai Junction | 28 December 2005 | Nallur | Jaffna | Northern | 2 | Army | [195] |
Murder of Thambirajah Arul Ajanthan | 29 December 2005 | Kodikamam | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [195] |
Murder of Jeyaseelan Yogalingam | 31 December 2005 | Urumpirai | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [195] |
Murder of Batticaloa shopkeeper | 2 January 2006 | Vantharumoolai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [197] |
Trincomalee student massacre | 2 January 2006 | Trincomalee | Trincomalee | Eastern | 5 | Police (STF) | [198][199][200][201] |
Murder of Tamil business man | 3 January 2006 | Wellawatta | Colombo | Western | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [202] |
Murder of Rasaratnam Kuganenthiran | 5 January 2006 | Kiran | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | Army | [202] |
Murder of Kunam Thanus | 5 January 2006 | Kiran | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [202] |
Murder of Rasaratnam Thevachandran | 6 January 2006 | Nelliady | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [203] |
Murder of Kumutha Mahenthiran | 6 January 2006 | Batticaloa | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [203] |
Murder of Thabendran Mathan | 6 January 2006 | Point Pedro | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [204] |
Murder of Thangarajah Pradeeshkumar | 6 January 2006 | Uduvil | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [204] |
Murder of Iyathurai Baskeran | 7 January 2006 | Katkovalam | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [204] |
Murder of Kandasamy Shanmuganathan | 8 January 2006 | Thevapuram | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | Army | [204] |
Murder of Ratnam Karunakaran | 9 January 2006 | Akkaraipattu | Amparai | Eastern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [205] |
Murder of Pancharatnam Pranavan | 9 January 2006 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [205] |
Disappearance of Rajeevmohan | 10 January 2006 | Ilavalai | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [205] |
Murder of P. Sivasankar | 11 January 2006 | Meesalai | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [205] |
Murder of Pavalarani | 11 January 2006 | Thenmaradchi | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [206] |
Murder of Thambu Nadesu | 11 January 2006 | Puthur | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [206] |
Abduction of 2 Tamil de-mining workers | 11 January 2006 | Point Pedro | Jaffna | Northern | 2 | gunmen aligned with the government | [206] |
Murder of Tamil civilian traveler | 11 January 2006 | Kokkuvil | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [207] |
Murder of farmer S. Thanabalasingham | 12 January 2006 | Lingapuram | Trincomalee | Eastern | 1 | Army | [207] |
Murder of Sulaimanlebbai Mohammed Esmail | 13 January 2006 | Sammanthurai | Amparai | Eastern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [207] |
Disappearance of Tharmarasan Tharmaseelan | 15 January 2006 | Kayts | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Navy, EPDP | [207] |
Murder of Sellathurai Yogarajah | 15 January 2006 | Kodikamam | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [208] |
Murders of Bojan family members | 16 January 2006 | Manipay | Jaffna | Northern | 3 | Army | [208] |
Murders of Akkaraipattu Tamil youths | 16 January 2006 | Akkaraipattu | Amparai | Eastern | 2 | gunmen aligned with the government | [208] |
Murder of Suppiah Murugan | 17 January 2006 | Urumpiray | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [209] |
Disappearance of Mannar business man Mr. Judge | 20 January 2006 | Colombo | Colombo | Western | 1 | Police | [209] |
Murder of Thurairajah Ravichandran | 21 January 2006 | Kayts | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | EPDP, Army | [209] |
Murder of Nadarajah Yogeswararajah | 21 January 2006 | Puttur | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [209] |
Murder of Ilaiathamby Radakrishnan | 21 January 2006 | Thamaraikulam | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [210] |
Murder of Subramaniam Kishor | 21 January 2006 | Thevapuram | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [210] |
Murder of Chandragajan Krishnagobi | 23 January 2006 | Meesalai | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [210] |
Murder of Kanagalingam Kamalachandran | 23 January 2006 | Vavuniya | Vavuniya | Northern | 1 | gunman aligned with the government | [210] |
Murder of S.S.Rajan, news correspondent | 24 January 2006 | Trincomalee | Trincomalee | Eastern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [210] |
Murder of student Kandasamy Vaikunthan | 24 January 2006 | Thenmaradchy | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [210] |
Murder of Ramalingam Suntheralingam | 24 January 2006 | Muttur | Trincomalee | Eastern | 1 | gunman aligned with the government | [210] |
Murders of two Tamil cyclists | 25 January 2006 | Nallur | Jaffna | Northern | 2 | gunmen aligned with the government | [211] |
Murder of Thambipillai Selvarajah | 25 January 2006 | Muttur | Trincomalee | Eastern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [211] |
Murder of farmer Thambiah Jeyarajah | 29 January 2006 | Lingapuram | Trincomalee | Eastern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [211] |
2006 murder of TRO workers | 31 January 2006 | Batticaloa | Batticaloa | Eastern | 7 | TMVP | [211] |
Disappearance of Sithamparanathan Thamileesan | 10 February 2005 | Colombo | Colombo | Western | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [212] |
Shooting of Kailasapillai Raveendran | 20 February 2006 | Vantharomoolai | Batticaloa | Eastern | TMVP | [212] | |
Murder of Navarasan | 20 February 2006 | Kiran | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [213] |
Indiscriminate firing on over 2000 Tamil civilians in Trincomalee villages | 2 March 2006 | Sampur, Soodaikuda, Koonitivu, and Kadatkarachchenai | Trincomalee | Eastern | Navy | [213] | |
Murder of Kovinthan Vijeyarasa | 9 March 2006 | Eravur | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [213] |
March 2006 anti-Tamil pogrom in Trincomalee | 12 March 2006 | Trincomalee | Trincomalee | Eastern | 9 | Sinhalese mobs incited by security forces | [213] |
Abduction of 18 Tamil youth in Batticaloa | 13 March 2006 - 14 March 2006 | Valaichennai, Vaharai | Batticaloa | Eastern | TMVP | [213] | |
Disappearances of 9 Tamil youth in Batticaloa | 13 March 2006 | Batticaloa | Batticaloa | Eastern | 9 | TMVP | [214] |
Murder of Siththiravel Selvam | 20 March 2006 | Iyankerny | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [214] |
Murders of businessman M Gunaratnam and his driver Jude in Vavuniya | 22 March 2006 | Vavuniya | Vavuniya | Northern | 2 | gunmen aligned with the government | [214] |
Murder of shopkeeper Ponniah Murugesu | 25 March 2006 | Vavuniya | Vavuniya | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [215] |
Murder of Kulathunga Regikanth | 25 March 2006 | Valaichenai | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [215] |
Murder of Vanniasingham Vigneswaran | 7 April 2006 | Trincomalee | Trincomalee | Eastern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [215] |
April 2006 anti-Tamil pogrom in Trincomalee | 12 April 2006 | Trincomalee | Trincomalee | Eastern | 19 | Sinhalese mobs, Navy, Army | [216] |
Murder of minibus driver Thambu Gopalasingham | 12 April 2006 | Kayts | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | gunmen aligned with the government | [216] |
Murder of Ramalingam Sakilan | 17 April 2006 | Meesalai | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [216] |
Murder of Mr. Easan | 17 April 2006 | Santhiveli | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [216] |
Murder of Balachandran Reginald Rosan | 18 April 2006 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Gunmen aligned with the government | [217] |
Murder of mason Thiyagarasa Thaskumar | 18 April 2006 | Mavadivembu | Batticaloa | Eastern | 1 | TMVP | [217] |
Vatharavathai massacre | 19 April 2006 | Vatharavathai | Jaffna | Northern | 5 | Army | [217] |
Murder of Jaffna shopkeeper | 19 April 2006 | Kondavil junction | Jaffna | Northern | 5 | Army | [218] |
Allaipiddy massacre | 13 May 2006 | Allaipiddy | Jaffna | Northern | 13 | Navy, EPDP | [219][220][221] |
Nedunkal pressure mine attack | 7 June 2006 | Nedunkal | Batticaloa | Eastern | 10 | Army | [222] |
Vankalai massacre | 8 June 2006 | Vankalai | Mannar | Northern | 4 | Army | [223] |
Pesalai Church attack | 17 June 2006 | Pesalai | Mannar | Northern | 6 | Navy | [224][225][226] |
Trincomalee massacre of NGO workers / Muttur massacre | 4 August 2006 | Muttur | Trincomalee | Eastern | 17 | Police, Home Guards | [227][228] |
St. Philip Neri Church shelling | 13 August 2006 | Allaipiddy | Jaffna | Northern | 15 - 36 | Army | [229][230][231][232] |
Chencholai bombing | 14 August 2006 | Mullaitivu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 61 | Air Force | [233][234][235][236] |
Vaharai Bombing / Vaharai Shelling | 7 November 2006 | Kathiraveli | Batticaloa | Eastern | 45 | Army | [237] |
Massacre at Thandikulam | 19 November 2006 | Thandikulam | Vavuniya | Northern | 5 | Police, Army | [238][239][240] |
Padahuthurai bombing / Illuppaikadavai bombing | 2 January 2007 | Illuppaikadavai | Mannar | Northern | 15 | Air Force | [241][242] |
Murder of Mudippillaiyaar Hindu Temple priest | 29 April 2007 | Velanai | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [188] |
Torture of Hindu priest Subramaniasharma Ketheswara Kurukkal | 16 November 2007 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | Army | [188] | |
Murder of Pastor Nallathamby Gnanaseelan | 3 January 2008 | Jaffna | Jaffna | Northern | 1 | Army | [188] |
Murukandy claymore attack | 23 May 2008 | Murukandy | Mullaitivu | Northern | 16 | Army | [243] |
Mullaitivu petrol station and bus depot bombing | 2 January 2009 | Mullaitivu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 4 | Air Force | [244] |
Thevipuram and Vaddakachchi shelling | 8 January 2009 | Thevipuram, Vaddakachchi | Mullaitivu | Northern | 5 | Army | [244] |
Tharmapuram Hospital shelling | 8 January 2009 | Tharmapuram | Mullaitivu | Northern | 7 | Army | [244][245] |
Visuamadu shelling | 17-20 January 2009 | Visuamadu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 17 | Army | [246] |
Suthanthirapuram, Thevipuram, Udayarkattu and Vallipuram shelling | 20 January 2009 | Suthanthirapuram, Thevipuram, Udayarkattu, Vallipuram | Mullaitivu | Northern | 18+ | Army | [246] |
Vallipuram Hospital shelling | 22 January 2009 | Vallipuram | Mullaitivu | Northern | 5 | Army | [245][246] |
Moonkilaru, Thevipuram and Udayarkattu shelling | 22 January 2009 | Moonkilaru, Thevipuram, Udayarkattu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 40 | Army | [246] |
Suthanthirapuram shelling | 24 January 2009 | Suthanthirapuram Junction | Mullaitivu | Northern | 11+ | Army | [247] |
Suthanthirapuram and Udayarkattu shelling | 26 January 2009 | Suthanthirapuram, Udayarkattu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 11 | Army | [248] |
Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling | 26-31 January 2009 | Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 210 | Army | [249] |
Udayaarkaddu Hospital shelling | 26 January 2009 | Udayaarkaddu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 12 | Army | [245][248] |
Puthukkudiyiruppu Hospital shelling | 1-3 February 2009 | Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 9+ | Army | [245][247][250][251] |
Suthanthirapuram shelling | 3 February 2009 | Suthanthirapuram | Mullaitivu | Northern | 3-58 | Army | [252] |
Ponnambalam Memorial Hospital bombing | 5-6 February 2009 | Near Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 75 (up to) | Army | [245][247][252] |
Mahtalan, Moongilaru, Suthanthirapuram, Thevipuram, Udayarkattu and Vallipuram shelling | 6 February 2009 | Mahtalan, Moongilaru, Suthanthirapuram, Thevipuram, Udayarkattu, Vallipuram | Mullaitivu | Northern | 48 | Army | [252] |
Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling | 7 February 2009 | Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 126 | Army | [253] |
Putumattalan shelling | 7 February 2009 | Putumattalan | Mullaitivu | Northern | 4 | Army | [254] |
Suthanthirapuram shelling | 7 February 2009 | Suthanthirapuram | Mullaitivu | Northern | 80 | Army | [254] |
Devipuram shelling | 9 February 2009 | Devipuram | Mullaitivu | Northern | 7 | Army | [254] |
Pokkanai bombing | 9 February 2009 | Pokkanai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 3 | Air Force | [254] |
Mattalan shelling | 9 February 2009 | Mattalan | Mullaitivu | Northern | 16 | Army | [254] |
Putumattalan Hospital shelling | 9 February-20 April 2009 | Putumattalan | Mullaitivu | Northern | 51+ | Army | [245][247][255][256] |
Mattalan, Thevipuram and Vallipuram shelling | 11-12 February 2009 | Mattalan, Thevipuram, Vallipuram | Mullaitivu | Northern | 69 | Army | [257] |
Iranaipalai shelling | 13 February 2009 | Iranaipalai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 9 | Army | [257] |
Puthukkudiyiruppu Hospital shelling | 13 February 2009 | Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 14 | Army | [257] |
Thevipuram and Vallipuram shelling | 14 February 2009 | Thevipuram, Vallipuram | Mullaitivu | Northern | 36 | Army | [258] |
Mullivaikkal and Putumattalan bombing and shelling | 15 February 2009 | Mullivaikkal, Putumattalan | Mullaitivu | Northern | 19 | Army, Air Force | [258] |
Valayanmadam shelling | 15 February 2009 | Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 62 | Army | [258] |
Mattalan shelling | 16 February 2009 | Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 65 | Army | [258] |
Valayanmadam shelling | 17 February 2009 | Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 48 | Army | [258] |
Ampalavanpokkanai, Idaikdu and Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling | 18 February 2009 | Ampalavanpokkanai, Idaikdu, Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 128 | Army | [258] |
Valayanmadam bombing | 19 February 2009 | Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 100+ | Air Force | [259] |
Ananthapuram, Iranaipalai, Mullivaikkal and Puthukkudiyiruppu shelling | 19 February 2009 | Ananthapuram, Iranaipalai, Mullivaikkal, Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 17 | Army | [259] |
Valayanmadam shelling | 20 February 2009 | Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 12 | Army | [259] |
Ananthapuram, Iranaipalai, Pokkanai, Puthukkudiyiruppu and Valayanmadam shelling | 20 February 2009 | Ananthapuram, Iranaipalai, Pokkanai, Puthukkudiyiruppu, Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 92 | Army | [259] |
Ampalavanpokkanai, Mattalan, Mullivaikkal, Pokkanai and Valayanmadam shelling | 21 February 2009 | Ampalavanpokkanai, Mattalan, Mullivaikkal, Pokkanai, Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 69 | Army | [260] |
Ananthapuram and Iranaipalai shelling | 21 February 2009 | Ananthapuram, Iranaipalai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 13 | Army | [261] |
Iranaipalai shelling | 23 February 2009 | Iranaipalai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 3 | Army | [261] |
Puthukkudiyiruppu bombing and shelling | 25-26 February 2009 | Puthukkudiyiruppu | Mullaitivu | Northern | 45 | Army, Air Force | [261] |
Ampalavakanai and Mullivaikkal shelling | 4 March 2009 | Ampalavakanai, Mullivaikkal | Mullaitivu | Northern | 58 | Army | [262] |
Mattalan and Valayanmadam shelling | 5 March 2009 | Mattalan, Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 57 | Army | [262] |
Mattalan and Valayanmadam shelling | 7 March 2009 | Mattalan, Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 51-52 | Army | [262] |
No Fire Zone shelling | 9 March 2009 | No Fire Zone | Mullaitivu | Northern | 21-52 | Army | [262] |
No Fire Zone shelling | 11 March 2009 | No Fire Zone | Mullaitivu | Northern | 72 | Army | [263] |
No Fire Zone shelling | 12 March 2009 | No Fire Zone | Mullaitivu | Northern | 32-38 | Army | [263] |
Pokkanai shelling | 12 March 2009 | Pokkanai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 5 | Army | [263] |
Mattalan, Mullivaikkal and Pokkanai shelling | 13 March 2009 | Mattalan, Mullivaikkal, Pokkanai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 52 | Army | [264] |
Mattalan shelling | 13 March 2009 | Mattalan | Mullaitivu | Northern | 8 | Army | [264] |
Valayanmadam bombing | 17 March 2009 | Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 26 | Air Force | [265] |
Valayanmadam shelling | 20 March 2009 | Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 5 | Army | [266] |
Mullivaikkal, Putumattalan and Valayanmadam shelling | 2 March 2009 | Mullivaikkal, Putumattalan, Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 100+ | Army | [267] |
No Fire Zone shelling | 27 March 2009 | No Fire Zone | Mullaitivu | Northern | 61 | Army | [268] |
No Fire Zone shelling | 28 March 2009 | No Fire Zone | Mullaitivu | Northern | 51 | Army | [268] |
Pokkanai shelling | 7 April 2009 | Pokkanai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 20 | Army | [269] |
Pokkanai shelling | 8 April 2009 | Pokkanai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 31 | Army | [269] |
No Fire Zone shelling | 8 April 2009 | No Fire Zone | Mullaitivu | Northern | 60 | Army | [270] |
Pokkanai shelling | 19 April 2009 | Pokkanai | Mullaitivu | Northern | 4-5 | Army | [271] |
Valayanmadam makeshift hospital bombing | 21 April 2009 | Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 4-5 | Air Force | [245][271] |
Valayanmadam shelling | 23 April 2009 | Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 10 | Army | [272] |
Mullivaikkal Hospital bombings | 23 April-12 May 2009 | Mullivaikkal | Mullaitivu | Northern | 100+ | Army, Air Force | [245][273][274][275][276][277][278] |
Iraddayvaikkal and Mullivaikkal bombing | 28 April 2009 | Iraddayvaikkal, Mullivaikkal | Mullaitivu | Northern | 29 | Air Force, Navy | [279] |
Valayanmadam makeshift hospital bombing | 8 May 2009 | Valayanmadam | Mullaitivu | Northern | 4-5 | Army | [280] |
Welikada prison riot | 9-10 November 2012 | Welikada Prison | Colombo | Western | 27 | Police (STF), Army | [281][282] |
Weliweriya Protestors' Attack | 1 August 2013 | Weliweirya | Gampaha | Western | 3 | Army | [283][284][285] |
2022 Rambukkana killing | 18 April 2022 | Rambukkana | Kegalle District | Sabaragamuwa | 1 | Police | [286] |
See also
Notes
- ^ Sri Lanka (LTTE) 2005-2009, https://www.hsfk.de/fileadmin/HSFK/hsfk_publikationen/Sri-Lanka-LTTE-2005-2009.pdf
- ^ Kenneth Bush, Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka (1990), https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/JCS/article/download/14891/15960/0
- ^ Sri Lanka – Ethnic Composition of the Armed Forces http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-13282.html
- ^ Thangavelu, V. . Nakkeran. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^ (PDF). People's Tribunal on Sri Lanka (PTSL). Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 May 2015.
- ^ Journalists for democracy in Sri Lanka, 8 September 2021, Frances Harrison, Alive from the abyss: continuing abductions and torture in Sri Lanka http://www.jdslanka.org/index.php/analysis-reviews/human-rights/1040-alive-from-the-abyss-continuing-abductions-and-torture-in-sri-lanka
- ^ International Truth and Justice Project, 8 September 2021, Press Release: Sri Lankan security forces torturing and raping young Tamils https://www.itjpsl.com/assets/press/press-release-torture-report-FINAL-ENGLISH.pdf
- ^ Srinivasan, Meera (5 August 2013). "Three killed as Sri Lankan Army clamps down on protesters". The Hindu.
- ^ Vittachi, T. Emergency '58: The Story of the Ceylon Race Riots
- ^ Hughes, Dhana (2013). Violence, Torture and Memory in Sri Lanka: Life After Terror. Routledge. p. 8. ISBN 978-1135038151.
- ^ Jayasinghe, Amal (3 September 2001). "Analysis: Sworn enemy turned ally". BBC News.
- ^ Rampton, David (2013). ""Deeper Hegemony": The Politics of Sinhala Nationalist Authenticity and the Failures of Power-Sharing in Sri Lanka". In Woods, Eric Taylor; Schertzer, Robert S.; Kaufmann, Eric (eds.). Nationalism and Conflict Management. Routledge. pp. 111–117. ISBN 978-1135708528.
- ^ Perera, Jehan (2001). "Approaches to Ending the Civil War in Sri Lanka: The Role of the State and Civil Society". In Colletta, Nat J.; Lim, Teck Ghee; Kelles-Viitanen, Anita (eds.). Social Cohesion and Conflict Prevention in Asia: Managing Diversity Through Development. World Bank Publications. p. 385. ISBN 978-0-8213-4874-1.
- ^ . Peace and Conflict Timeline. Archived from the original on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
- ^ a b Jehan Perera, “Approaches to Ending the Civil War in Sri Lanka: The Role of the State and Civil Society,” in Social Cohesion and Conflict Prevention in Asia, ed. Nat J. Colletta et al. (Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001), 385.
- ^ a b Rajasingham, K. T. . Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 3 May 2009. Retrieved 1 August 2010.
- ^ Hoole, Rajan (2001). "Chapter 2: Antecedents of July 1983 and the Foundations of Impunity". Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence and Murder. University Teachers for Human Rights. ISBN 978-955-9447-04-7.
- ^ "35th anniversary of Tamil Conference victims held in Jaffna". TamilNet. 11 January 2009.
- ^ Wilson, A. Jeyaratnam (1994). S.J.V.Chelvanayakam and the Crisis of Sri Lankan Tamil Nationalism, 1947-1977 (PDF). C. Hurst & Co. p. 112.
- ^ (PDF). International Crisis Group . 29 May 2007. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015.
- ^ Jeyaraj, D. B. S. (20 September 2014). "Ashraff's mystique still lingers among Eastern Muslims". The Daily Mirror (Sri Lanka).[permanent dead link]
- ^ Kearney, R.N. (1985). "Ethnic Conflict and the Tamil Separatist Movement in Sri Lanka". Asian Survey. 25 (9): 898–917. doi:10.2307/2644418. JSTOR 2644418.
- ^ "Burning of the Jaffna Library". Amnesty International's 1982 fact-finding mission to Sri Lanka. Tamilnation.org.
- ^ Brian Eads - The Cover Up That Failed - The Prohibited Report From Colombo, London Observer - 20 September 1981
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj Massacres of Tamils (1956-2008). Chennai: NESOHR/Manitham Publications. 2009. p. 15. ISBN 978-81-909737-0-0.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 56.
- ^ "10 Die in Sri Lanka As Troops Fire at Crowd". New York Times. Associated Press. 29 March 1984.
- ^ Rajasingham, K. T. . Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 16 April 2002. Retrieved 15 March 2009.
- ^ Satyendra, Nadesan (15 April 1984). "The Chunnakam Massacre". Tamil Nation.
- ^ Tamil Times - September 1984, Army shoots commuters, p12
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 25.
- ^ Tamil Times - September 1984, One killed, three injured as Army opens fire, p12
- ^ Tamil Times - September 1984, Mortuary 'overflowing' with dead bodies, p12
- ^ Tamil Times - September 1984, 5,000 civilians flee, following army rampage, p12
- ^ Sabaratnam, T. (28 May 2008). . The Bottom Line (Sri Lanka). Archived from the original on 30 May 2008.
- ^ "Janaka Perera". LankaNewspapers.com. 7 October 2008.
- ^ Rajasingham, K. T. . Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 15 June 2006. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
- ^ a b Sabaratnam, T. "Chapter 23: Manal Aru becomes Weli Oya". Pirapaharan: Volume Two. Ilankai Tamil Sangam.
- ^ "Report No. 1 - Chapter 2". University Teachers for Human Rights. January 1989.
- ^ "Mannar human rights activist Fr Mary Bastian remembered". TamilNet. 6 January 2004.
- ^ a b Brown, Cynthia, ed. (1995). Playing the "Communal Card": Communal Violence and Human Rights. Human rights Watch. ISBN 978-1-56432-152-7.
- ^ Marks, Thomas (1996). Maoist Insurgency Since Vietnam. Routledge. p. 197. ISBN 978-0-7146-4606-0.
- ^ "Soldiers in Sri Lanka Are Reported to Kill 85". New York Times. Associated Press. 6 December 1984.
- ^ "Special Report No. 26 - Can the East be won through Human Culling?". University Teachers for Human Rights. 3 August 2007.
- ^ "Report No. 2 - Chapter 4". University Teachers for Human Rights. March 1989.
- ^ Hoole, Rajan (2001). Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence and Murder. University Teachers for Human Rights. p. 214. ISBN 978-955-9447-04-7.
- ^ Rajasingham, K. T. . Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 1 October 2002. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
- ^ Somasundaram, Daya (1998). Scarred Minds: The Psychological Impact of War on Sri Lankan Tamils. SAGE Publications. p. 310. ISBN 978-0-7619-9267-7.
- ^ a b c d e f "ASA 37/015/1994 Sri Lanka: When will justice be done?" (PDF). Amnesty International. 30 June 1994.
- ^ "Information Bulletin No.10 - Trincomalee District in February 1996: Focusing on the Killiveddy Massacre". University Teachers for Human Rights. 2 March 1996.
- ^ "ARMY SLAUGHTERS 200 TAMILS, VAVUNIYA, 'A GHOST TOWN'" (PDF). TAMIL TIMES. August 1985.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 31.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 32.
- ^ Frerks, George; Klem, Bart (2004). Dealing with diversity: Sri Lankan Discourses on Peace and Conflict. Netherlands Institute of International Relations. p. 118. ISBN 978-90-5031-091-8.
- ^ Hawksley, Humphrey (22 February 1986). "Massacre in Akkaraipattu". The Guardian/Tamil Nation.
- ^ IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean. Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses. 1985. p. 363.
- ^ a b c d e Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 33.
- ^ TamilNet. "TamilNet". www.tamilnet.com. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ "31 Kurunagar – Fishermen massacred at Mandaitheevu remembered - Tamil Diplomat". Tamil Diplomat. 10 June 2017. Retrieved 12 August 2017.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 34.
- ^ Hughes, Dhana (2013). Violence, Torture and Memory in Sri Lanka: Life After Terror. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-1135038151.
- ^ "World Report 1990: Sri Lanka - Human Rights Developments". Human Rights Watch.
- ^ Juergensmeyer, Mark (2008). Global Rebellion: Religious Challenges to the Secular State, from Christian Militias to al Qaeda. University of California Press. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-520-25554-8.
- ^ Whitaker, Mark (2006). "Internet Counter Counter-Insurgency: TamilNet.com and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka". In Landzelius, Kyra (ed.). Native on the Net: Indigenous and Diasporic Peoples in the Virtual Age. Routledge. p. 261. ISBN 978-1-134-50180-9.
- ^ Trawick, Margaret (2003). "Killing and Healing Revisited: On Cultural Difference, Warfare and Sacrifice". In Nichter, Mark; Lock, Margaret (eds.). New Horizons in Medical Anthropology: Essays in Honour of Charles Leslie. Routledge. p. 287. ISBN 978-0-203-39851-7.
- ^ Hyndman, Patricia; Guthrie, Jeannine (May 1992). Human Rights Accountability in Sri Lanka. Human Rights Watch. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-56432-072-8.
- ^ Weiberg-Salzmann, Mirjam 2011: Die Dekonstruktion der Demokratie durch die Kultur: der Bürgerkrieg auf Sri Lanka, Baden-Baden, p.79
- ^ Rajasingham, K. T. . Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 19 May 2010. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
- ^ a b McConnell, D. (2008). "The Tamil people's right to self-determination". Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 21 (1): 59–76. doi:10.1080/09557570701828592. S2CID 154770852.
- ^ a b "Report No. 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War - Chapter 3: The Kokkadichcholai Massacre & After". University Teachers for Human Rights. 28 August 1991.
- ^ Gharavi, Hamid (1 May 1998). . Salans. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007. Retrieved 19 July 2007.
- ^ McGowan, William (1992). Only Man Is Vile: The Tragedy of Sri Lanka. Farrar Straus & Giroux. pp. 243–244. ISBN 978-0-374-22652-7.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 35.
- ^ Ferdinando, Shamindra. "How UNP-LTTE honeymoon saved LTTE from IPKF (Part II)". The Island. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
- ^ "ASA 37/020/1990 Sri Lanka Briefing: A human rights crisis" (PDF). Amnesty International. 1 September 1990. p. 10.
- ^ "Sri Lanka Gunmen Massacre 82 Civilians in Village Rampages". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 23 July 2018.
- ^ Sri Lanka: Extrajudicial Executions, 'Disappearances' and Torture, 1987 to 1990 (PDF). United Kingdom: Amnesty International. p. 29. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
- ^ https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-12-22-mn-719-story.html
- ^ "ASA 37/020/1990 Sri Lanka Briefing: A human rights crisis" (PDF). Amnesty International. 1 September 1990. p. 5.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 36.
- ^ Rajasingham, K. T. "Chapter 45: War continues with brutality". Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 21 July 2012. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
- ^ "Report No. 7: The Clash of Ideologies and the Continuing Tragedy in the Batticaloa and Amparai Districts - Chapter 2: Reports". University Teachers for Human Rights. 8 May 1991.
- ^ "Report No. 5: August: A Bloody Stalemate - Chapter 9: The East : Looking Back". University Teachers for Human Rights. 10 September 1990.
- ^ "Briefing No. 1 - Human rights and The Issues of War and Peace". University Teachers for Human Rights. August 1992.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 51.
- ^ Lanka), University of Teachers for Human Rights (Jaffna, Sri (1993). A Sovereign will to self-destruct: the continuing sage of dislocation & disintegration. University Teachers for Human Rights, University of Jaffna. p. 46.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 52.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 53.
- ^ "Report No. 7: The Clash of Ideologies and the Continuing Tragedy in the Batticaloa and Amparai Districts - Chapter 4: The Refugee Camp at the Eastern University, Vantharumoolai". University Teachers for Human Rights. 8 May 1991.
- ^ a b "World Report 2002 - Events of 2001 : Sri Lanka". Human Rights Watch.
- ^ Hoole, Rajan (2001). Sri Lanka: the Arrogance of Power : Myths, Decadence and Murder. University Teachers for Human Rights. pp. 378–397. ISBN 978-955-9447-04-7.
- ^ McDermott, Rachel Fell, ed. (2008). Encountering Kali: In the Margins, at the Center, in the West. University of California Press. p. 121. ISBN 978-0-520-23240-2.
- ^ "Report No. 8: The Debasement of Law and of Humanity and the Drift Towards Total War - Chapter 2: Batticaloa and Amparai Districts". University Teachers for Human Rights. 28 August 1991.
- ^ Caron, Cynthia (15 March 2003). "Floundering Peace Process: Need to Widen Participation". Economic and Political Weekly. 38 (11): 1029–1031. JSTOR 4413336.
- ^ Lawrence, Patricia (2001). The Ocean of Stories ; Children's Imagination, Creativity, and Reconciliation in Eastern Sri Lanka. International Centre for Ethnic Studies. p. 40. ISBN 978-955-580-076-1.
- ^ "Sri Lankan Tamil rebels commemorate civilian killings in eastern town". Xinhua News Agency. Retrieved 10 July 2007.[dead link]
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 55.
- ^ a b c d "ASA 37/014/1991 Sri Lanka: The Northeast: Human rights violations in a context of armed conflict" (PDF). Amnesty International. 31 August 1991.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 57.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 58.
- ^ "ASA 37/001/1992 Sri Lanka: Summary of human rights concerns during 1991" (PDF). Amnesty International. 1 January 1992.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 59.
- ^ "The Tamil people's right to self-determination" (PDF). Cambridge Review of International Affairs. 1 March 2008. Retrieved 18 January 2009.
- ^ Disappearances and political crisis: Human Rights crisis of 1990s, A manual for action. Amnesty International. 1994. pp. 16–22. ISBN 978-90-6463-095-8.
- ^ Jayawardena, Kishali Pinto (19 July 1998). "Recognizing some valuable lessons: The Krishanthi case in retrospect". The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka).
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 60.
- ^ "ASA 37/010/1992 Sri Lanka: Deliberate killings of Muslim and Tamil villagers in Polonnaruwa" (PDF). Amnesty International. 31 May 1992.
- ^ "Report No. 11: Land, Human rights & The Eastern Predicament - Chapter 7: Massacres In The Polonnaruwa District". University Teachers for Human Rights. 15 April 1993.
- ^ a b c d e f g Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 61.
- ^ "Soldiers acquitted in Sri Lanka". BBC News. 26 November 2002.
- ^ . Sri Lanka Monitor. Archived from the original on 5 February 2012.
- ^ "Special Report No. 16 - Child Conscription and Peace: A Tragedy of Contradictions". University Teachers for Human Rights. 18 March 2003.
- ^ "ASA 37/001/1993 Sri Lanka: An assessment of the human rights situation" (PDF). Amnesty International. 1 February 1993.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 62.
- ^ "Report No. 10: Rays of Hope Amidst Deepening Gloom - Chapter 0: Special Feature : Massacre in the Jaffna Lagoon". University Teachers for Human Rights. 15 January 1993.
- ^ Fernando, Shamindra (5 January 1993). "Navy demolishes Tiger boats". The Island (Sri Lanka).
- ^ Olsen, Bendigt (1994). Human Rights in Developing Countries - Yearbook. Springer. p. 368. ISBN 978-90-6544-845-3.
- ^ Rajasingham, K. T. . Sri Lanka: The Untold Story. Archived from the original on 22 May 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
- ^ a b "Special Report No. 5 - From Manal Aru To Weli Oya and The spirit of July 1983". University Teachers for Human Rights. 15 September 1993.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 63.
- ^ "ASA 37/010/1995 Sri Lanka: Reports of extrajudicial executions during May 1995" (PDF). Amnesty International. 31 May 1995.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 67.
- ^ "Sri Lanka: Stop Killings of Civilians". Human Rights Watch. July 1995.
- ^ . United States Department of State/University of Illinois at Chicago. March 1996. Archived from the original on 20 March 2005.
- ^ Somasundaram, D. (1997). "Abandoning jaffna hospital: Ethical and moral dilemmas". Medicine, Conflict and Survival . 13 (4): 333–347. doi:10.1080/13623699708409357.
- ^ "World Report 1996: Sri Lanka". Human Rights Watch.
- ^ . Sri Lanka Monitor. Archived from the original on 12 June 2003.
- ^ "Srilanka : Civilian well being in a time of war : A lost hope?". University Teachers for Human Rights. 10 October 1995.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 69.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 70.
- ^ a b c d e Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 78.
- ^ "Amnesty International report".
- ^ . Archived from the original on 4 October 2006.
- ^ "probe Trincomalee massacre".
- ^ "HRW Report".
- ^ "Kumarapuram village".
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 79.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 72.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 73.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 74.
- ^ "Sri Lanka: The continuing spectre of "disappearances"" (PDF). Amnesty International.org. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "Eyewitness account from Sri Lanka: Tamil mass graves excavated in Chemmani". World Socialist Web Site.org. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ "Sri Lanka: Safety must be guaranteed for experts working on mass graves exhumation" (PDF). Amnesty International.org. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 75.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 80.
- ^ a b c d e Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 81.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 76.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 82.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 87.
- ^ "Amnesty International Report". Amnesty International.org. Retrieved 6 January 2006.
- ^ "Tampalakamam accused shot dead". Tamilnet.com. Retrieved 6 January 2006.
- ^ "Amnesty International Report". Amnesty International.org. Retrieved 28 February 2007.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 91.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 93.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 94.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 98.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 99.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 101.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 102.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 104.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 106.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 108.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 109.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 110.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 111.
- ^ Sri Lanka: Air Force bombing at Puthukkudiyiruppu -- Amnesty International's concerns, Amnesty International, 16 September 1999
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 116.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 117.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 118.
- ^ a b c MSF urges respect for the safety of civilians caught in Sri Lanka fighting[permanent dead link], Médecins Sans Frontières, 16 May 2000
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 121.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 124.
- ^ https://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2005/06/sril-j30.html
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 125.
- ^ "Mirusuvil massacre case". BBC.com. 9 May 2007.
- ^ (PDF). BMJ.com. 6 May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2007.
- ^ . British Refugee Council: Sri Lanka Monitor. 9 May 2007. Archived from the original on 6 October 2008.
- ^ . chrdsrilanka.org. 9 May 2007. Archived from the original on 13 May 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2009.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 127.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 130.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 131.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 132.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 135.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 136.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 137.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 145.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 152.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 139.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 178.
- ^ a b c d e Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 180.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 181.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 219.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 220.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 221.
- ^ a b c d e Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 224.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 223.
- ^ Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 225.
- ^ . Archived from the original on 28 March 2016. Retrieved 15 February 2009.
- ^ . The Nation. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
- ^ "'Murder of five Tamil youths highlights need to end impunity' – Govt must protect witnesses to Trinco killings – HRW". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 30 January 2007.
- ^ . Reporters Without Borders. Archived from the original on 28 February 2007. Retrieved 31 January 2007.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 226.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 227.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 228.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 229.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 230.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 231.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 232.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 233.
- ^ a b c d e f g Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 234.
- ^ a b c d Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 236.
- ^ a b Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 237.
- ^ a b c d e Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 238.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009). Model Indictment for Genocide Against Gotabhaya Rajapakse and Sarath Fonseka Proposed to the U.S. Justice Department (PDF). Washington DC: Tamils Against Genocide. p. 239.
- ^ a b c Fein, Bruce (2009).