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List of alternative nonmetal classes

Metalloid Unclassified
nonmetal
Nonmetal
halogen
Noble gas
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te H, C, N, P, O, S, Se F, Cl, Br, I He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Boron is an example
of a metalloid
Oxygen in
liquid form
Bromine A krypton-filled
discharge tube
glowing white

In chemistry, after nonmetallic elements such as silicon, chlorine, and helium are classed as either metalloids, halogens, or noble gases, the remaining unclassified nonmetallic elements are hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur and selenium.

The nonmetallic elements are sometimes instead divided into two to seven alternative classes or sets according to, for example, electronegativity; the relative homogeneity of the halogens; molecular structure; the peculiar nature of hydrogen; the corrosive nature of oxygen and the halogens; their respective groups; and variations thereupon.

Classification science edit

Classes provided an economy of description and are beneficial to structuring knowledge and understanding of science.[1] The distinction between classes is not absolute. Boundary overlaps can occur as outlying elements in each class show or begin to show less-distinct, hybrid-like, or atypical properties. As expressed by Nelson:[2]

"…care needs to be taken to remember that…[this classification scheme] is only an approximation, and can only be used as a rough guide to the properties of the elements. Provided that this is done, however, it constitutes a very useful classification, and although purists often despise it because of its approximate nature, the fact is that practising chemists make a great deal of use of it, if only subconsciously, in thinking of the chemistry of different elements."

Two classes edit

Reactive nonmetal Noble gas
H, C, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Rudakiya. The nonmetals are simply classified according to their inclination to form chemical compounds. The halogens are not distinguished.[3]

Three classes edit

Electronegative
nonmetal
Very electronegative
nonmetal
Noble gas
H, C, P, S, Se, I N, O, F, Cl, Br He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Wulfsberg. The nonmetals are divided based on a loose correlation between electronegativity and oxidizing power. Very electronegative nonmetals have electronegativity values over 2.8; electronegative nonmetals have values of 1.9 to 2.8.[4]

Other nonmetal Halogen Noble gas
H, C, N, P, O, S, Se F, Cl, Br, I He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn
Polyatomic
element
Diatomic element Monatomic
element (noble gas)
C, P, S, Se H, N, O, F, Cl, Br, I He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Bettelheim et al. The nonmetals are distinguished based on the molecular structures of their most thermodynamically stable forms in ambient conditions.[5] Polyatomic nonmetals form structures or molecules in which each atom has two or three nearest neighbours (carbon: Cx; phosphorus: P4; sulfur: S8; selenium: Sex); diatomic nonmetals form molecules in which each atom has one nearest neighbour (hydrogen: H2; nitrogen: N2; oxygen: O2; fluorine: F2; chlorine: Cl2; bromine: Br2; iodine: I2); and the monatomic noble gases exist as isolated atoms (helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon) with no fixed nearest neighbour. This gradual reduction in the number of nearest neighbours corresponds (approximately) to a reduction in metallic character. A similar progression is seem among the metals. Metallic bonding tends to involve close-packed centrosymmetric structures with a high number of nearest neighbours. Post-transition metals and metalloids, sandwiched between the true metals and the nonmetals, tend to have more complex structures with an intermediate number of nearest neighbours

Four classes edit

Hydrogen Nonmetal Halogen Noble gas
H C, N, P, O, S, Se F, Cl, Br, I He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Field & Gray. Hydrogen is placed by itself on account of it being "so different from all other elements".[6] The remaining nonmetals are divided into nonmetals, halogens, and noble gases, with the unnamed class being distinguished by including nonmetals with relatively strong interatomic bonding, and the metalloids being effectively treated as a third super-class alongside metals and nonmetals.

Hydrogen Carbon and other nonmetals Halogen Noble gas
H C, N, P, O, S, Se F, Cl, Br, I He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Dinwiddle. A variant of Field & Gray in which carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, and selenium are classified as carbon and other nonmetals.[7]

Metalloid Intermediate
nonmetal
Corrosive
nonmetal
Noble gas
B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te H, C, N, P, S, Se O, F, Cl, Br, I He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Vernon. The nonmetals are divided into four classes that complement a four-fold division of the metals, with the noble metals treated as a subset of the transition metals. The metalloids are treated as chemically weak nonmetals, in a manner analogous to their chemically weak frontier metal counterparts.[8]

Five classes edit

Boroid Organogen Sulphuroid Chloroid Noble gas
B, Si H, C, N, O P, S, Se F, Cl, Br, I He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Dupasquier. Noble gases were not known in 1844 when this classification arrangement was published. Hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen were grouped together on account of their occurrence in living things. Phosphorus, sulfur and selenium were characterised as being solid; volatile at an average temperature between 100 degrees and red heat; and combustible and flammable.[9]

Hydrogen Semiconductor Other nonmetal Halogen Noble gas
H B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te C, N, P, O, S, Se F, Cl, Br, I He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Myers et al. Metalloids are labeled as semiconductors and carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium as other nonmetals.[10]

Hydrogen Metalloid Nonmetal Halogen Noble gas
H B, Si, Ge, As, Sb, Te, Po C, N, P, O, S, Se F, Cl, Br, I He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn

Dingle. Hydrogen is again placed by itself on account of its uniqueness. The remaining nonmetals are divided into metalloids, nonmetals, (referred to as "quintessential nonmetals"), halogens, and noble gases. Since the metalloids abut the post-transition or "poor" metals, they might be renamed as "poor non-metals".[11]

Six or seven classes edit

Hydrogen Group 13 Group 14 Pnictogen Chalcogen Halogen Noble gas
H C N, P O,S,Se F,Cl,Br,I He,Ne,Ar,Kr,Xe,Rn

Generic. After the relevant nonmetals are classified as either noble gases or halogens, the remainder are considered on a group-by-group basis. This results in six or seven sets of nonmetals, depending on the treatment of boron, which in some cases is regarded as a metalloid. The size of the group 14 set, and the sets of nonmetal pnictogens, chalcogens, and halogens will vary depending on how silicon, germanium, arsenic, antimony, selenium, tellurium, and astatine are treated. In some cases, the 2p nonmetals carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen, and other nonmetals[12] are considered sufficiently different from their heavier congeners to warrant separate treatments.[n 1]

Notes edit

  1. ^ Greenwood and Earnshaw, for example, deal with the chemistry of the nonmetals over thirteen chapters: (i) hydrogen; (ii) boron; (iii) carbon; (iv) silicon; (v) germanium (and tin and lead); (vi) nitrogen; (vii) phosphorus; (viii) arsenic and antimony (and bismuth); (ix) oxygen; (x) sulfur; (xi) selenium and tellurium (and polonium); (xii) the halogens (F, Cl, Br, I, At); and (xiii) the noble gases.[13]

References edit

Citations edit

Bibliography edit

  • Berkowitz J 2012, The stardust revolution: The new story of our origin in the stars, Prometheus Books, Amherst, New York, ISBN 978-1-61614-549-1
  • Bettelheim FA, Brown WH, Campbell MK, Farrell SO 2010, Introduction to general, organic, and biochemistry, 9th ed., Brooks/Cole, Belmont California, ISBN 978-0-495-39112-8
  • Catling DC 2013, Astrobiology: A very short introduction, Oxford University Press, Oxford, ISBN 978-0-19-958645-5
  • Challoner J 2014, The elements: The new guide to the building blocks of our universe, Carlton Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-233-00436-5
  • Crawford FH 1968, Introduction to the science of physics, Harcourt, Brace & World, New York
  • Cressey 2010, "Chemists re-define hydrogen bond", Nature newsblog, accessed 23 August 2017
  • Cronyn MW 2003, "The prope
  • Dingle A 2017, The elements: An encyclopedic tour of the periodic table, Quad Books, Brighton, ISBN 978-0-85762-505-2
  • Dinwiddle R, Lamb H, Franceschetti DR & Viney M (eds) 2018, How science works, Dorling Kindersley, London
  • Dupasquier A 1844, Traité élémentaire de chimie industrielle, Charles Savy Juene, Lyon
  • Field SQ & Gray T 2011, Theodore Gray's elements vault, Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers, New York, ISBN 978-1-57912-880-7
  • Gargaud M, Barbier B, Martin H & Reisse J (eds) 2006, Lectures in astrobiology, vol. 1, part 1: The early Earth and other cosmic habitats for life, Springer, Berlin, ISBN 3-540-29005-2
  • Government of Canada 2015, , accessed 30 August 2015
  • Ivanenko NB, Ganeev AA, Solovyev ND & Moskvin LN 2011, "Determination of trace elements in biological fluids", Journal of Analytical Chemistry, vol. 66, no. 9, pp. 784–799 (784), doi:10.1134/S1061934811090036
  • Jones BW 2010, Pluto: Sentinel of the Outer Solar System, Cambridge University, Cambridge, ISBN 978-0-521-19436-5
  • Jorgensen CK 2012, Oxidation numbers and oxidation states, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, ISBN 978-3-642-87760-5
  • Jørgensen, SE; Mitsch, WJ, eds. (1983). Application of ecological modelling in environmental management, part A. Elsevier Science Publishing. ISBN 0-444-42155-6.
  • Myers RT, Oldham KB & Tocci S 2004, Holt Chemistry, teacher ed., Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Orlando, ISBN 0-03-066463-2
  • Nelson PG 2011, Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry: Key Ideas and their Experimental Basis, Ventus Publishing ApS
  • Rudakiya DM & Patel Y, "Bioremediation of metals, metalloids, and nonmetals", in Panpatte DG & Jhala YK (eds), in Microbial Rejuvenation of Polluted Environment, vol. 2, Springer Nature, Singapore, pp. 33–50, ISBN 978-981-15-7455-9
  • Vernon RE 2020, "Organising the metals and nonmetals," Foundations of Chemistry, pp. 1−17, doi:10.1007/s10698-020-09356-6 (open access)
  • Wang et al. 2020, "Understanding the uniqueness of the 2p-elements in the Periodic Table," Chemistry - A European Journal, vol. 26, no. 67, doi:10.1002/chem.202003920
  • Wulfsberg, G (1987). Principles of descriptive Inorganic chemistry. Monterey, California: Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. ISBN 0-534-07494-4.

list, alternative, nonmetal, classes, metalloid, unclassifiednonmetal, nonmetalhalogen, noble, gasb, rnboron, exampleof, metalloid, oxygen, inliquid, form, bromine, krypton, filleddischarge, tubeglowing, whitein, chemistry, after, nonmetallic, elements, such, . Metalloid Unclassifiednonmetal Nonmetalhalogen Noble gasB Si Ge As Sb Te H C N P O S Se F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnBoron is an exampleof a metalloid Oxygen inliquid form Bromine A krypton filleddischarge tubeglowing whiteIn chemistry after nonmetallic elements such as silicon chlorine and helium are classed as either metalloids halogens or noble gases the remaining unclassified nonmetallic elements are hydrogen carbon nitrogen oxygen phosphorus sulfur and selenium The nonmetallic elements are sometimes instead divided into two to seven alternative classes or sets according to for example electronegativity the relative homogeneity of the halogens molecular structure the peculiar nature of hydrogen the corrosive nature of oxygen and the halogens their respective groups and variations thereupon Contents 1 Classification science 2 Two classes 3 Three classes 4 Four classes 5 Five classes 6 Six or seven classes 7 Notes 8 References 8 1 Citations 8 2 BibliographyClassification science editClasses provided an economy of description and are beneficial to structuring knowledge and understanding of science 1 The distinction between classes is not absolute Boundary overlaps can occur as outlying elements in each class show or begin to show less distinct hybrid like or atypical properties As expressed by Nelson 2 care needs to be taken to remember that this classification scheme is only an approximation and can only be used as a rough guide to the properties of the elements Provided that this is done however it constitutes a very useful classification and although purists often despise it because of its approximate nature the fact is that practising chemists make a great deal of use of it if only subconsciously in thinking of the chemistry of different elements Two classes editExamples have author labels for convenience rather than precedence Reactive nonmetal Noble gasH C N P O S Se F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnRudakiya The nonmetals are simply classified according to their inclination to form chemical compounds The halogens are not distinguished 3 Three classes editElectronegativenonmetal Very electronegativenonmetal Noble gasH C P S Se I N O F Cl Br He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnWulfsberg The nonmetals are divided based on a loose correlation between electronegativity and oxidizing power Very electronegative nonmetals have electronegativity values over 2 8 electronegative nonmetals have values of 1 9 to 2 8 4 Other nonmetal Halogen Noble gasH C N P O S Se F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnPolyatomicelement Diatomic element Monatomicelement noble gas C P S Se H N O F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnBettelheim et al The nonmetals are distinguished based on the molecular structures of their most thermodynamically stable forms in ambient conditions 5 Polyatomic nonmetals form structures or molecules in which each atom has two or three nearest neighbours carbon Cx phosphorus P4 sulfur S8 selenium Sex diatomic nonmetals form molecules in which each atom has one nearest neighbour hydrogen H2 nitrogen N2 oxygen O2 fluorine F2 chlorine Cl2 bromine Br2 iodine I2 and the monatomic noble gases exist as isolated atoms helium neon argon krypton xenon radon with no fixed nearest neighbour This gradual reduction in the number of nearest neighbours corresponds approximately to a reduction in metallic character A similar progression is seem among the metals Metallic bonding tends to involve close packed centrosymmetric structures with a high number of nearest neighbours Post transition metals and metalloids sandwiched between the true metals and the nonmetals tend to have more complex structures with an intermediate number of nearest neighboursFour classes editHydrogen Nonmetal Halogen Noble gasH C N P O S Se F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnField amp Gray Hydrogen is placed by itself on account of it being so different from all other elements 6 The remaining nonmetals are divided into nonmetals halogens and noble gases with the unnamed class being distinguished by including nonmetals with relatively strong interatomic bonding and the metalloids being effectively treated as a third super class alongside metals and nonmetals Hydrogen Carbon and other nonmetals Halogen Noble gasH C N P O S Se F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnDinwiddle A variant of Field amp Gray in which carbon nitrogen oxygen phosphorus sulfur and selenium are classified as carbon and other nonmetals 7 Metalloid Intermediatenonmetal Corrosivenonmetal Noble gasB Si Ge As Sb Te H C N P S Se O F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnVernon The nonmetals are divided into four classes that complement a four fold division of the metals with the noble metals treated as a subset of the transition metals The metalloids are treated as chemically weak nonmetals in a manner analogous to their chemically weak frontier metal counterparts 8 Five classes editBoroid Organogen Sulphuroid Chloroid Noble gasB Si H C N O P S Se F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnDupasquier Noble gases were not known in 1844 when this classification arrangement was published Hydrogen carbon nitrogen and oxygen were grouped together on account of their occurrence in living things Phosphorus sulfur and selenium were characterised as being solid volatile at an average temperature between 100 degrees and red heat and combustible and flammable 9 Hydrogen Semiconductor Other nonmetal Halogen Noble gasH B Si Ge As Sb Te C N P O S Se F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnMyers et al Metalloids are labeled as semiconductors and carbon nitrogen oxygen phosphorus sulfur selenium as other nonmetals 10 Hydrogen Metalloid Nonmetal Halogen Noble gasH B Si Ge As Sb Te Po C N P O S Se F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnDingle Hydrogen is again placed by itself on account of its uniqueness The remaining nonmetals are divided into metalloids nonmetals referred to as quintessential nonmetals halogens and noble gases Since the metalloids abut the post transition or poor metals they might be renamed as poor non metals 11 Six or seven classes editHydrogen Group 13 Group 14 Pnictogen Chalcogen Halogen Noble gasH C N P O S Se F Cl Br I He Ne Ar Kr Xe RnGeneric After the relevant nonmetals are classified as either noble gases or halogens the remainder are considered on a group by group basis This results in six or seven sets of nonmetals depending on the treatment of boron which in some cases is regarded as a metalloid The size of the group 14 set and the sets of nonmetal pnictogens chalcogens and halogens will vary depending on how silicon germanium arsenic antimony selenium tellurium and astatine are treated In some cases the 2p nonmetals carbon nitrogen and oxygen and other nonmetals 12 are considered sufficiently different from their heavier congeners to warrant separate treatments n 1 Notes edit Greenwood and Earnshaw for example deal with the chemistry of the nonmetals over thirteen chapters i hydrogen ii boron iii carbon iv silicon v germanium and tin and lead vi nitrogen vii phosphorus viii arsenic and antimony and bismuth ix oxygen x sulfur xi selenium and tellurium and polonium xii the halogens F Cl Br I At and xiii the noble gases 13 References editCitations edit Jones 2010 p 169 Nelson 2011 p 57 Rudakiya amp Patel 2021 p 37 Wulfsberg 1987 pp 159 160 Bettelheim et al 2016 p 33 34 Field amp Gray 2011 p 12 Dinwiddle et al 2018 pp 34 35 Vernon 2020 Dupasquier 1844 pp 66 67 Myers Oldham amp Tocci 2004 pp 120 121 Dingle 2017 pp 9 101 179 Wang et al 2020 Greenwood amp Earnshaw 2002 Bibliography edit Berkowitz J 2012 The stardust revolution The new story of our origin in the stars Prometheus Books Amherst New York ISBN 978 1 61614 549 1 Bettelheim FA Brown WH Campbell MK Farrell SO 2010 Introduction to general organic and biochemistry 9th ed Brooks Cole Belmont California ISBN 978 0 495 39112 8 Catling DC 2013 Astrobiology A very short introduction Oxford University Press Oxford ISBN 978 0 19 958645 5 Challoner J 2014 The elements The new guide to the building blocks of our universe Carlton Publishing Group ISBN 978 0 233 00436 5 Crawford FH 1968 Introduction to the science of physics Harcourt Brace amp World New York Cressey 2010 Chemists re define hydrogen bond Nature newsblog accessed 23 August 2017 Cronyn MW 2003 The prope Dingle A 2017 The elements An encyclopedic tour of the periodic table Quad Books Brighton ISBN 978 0 85762 505 2 Dinwiddle R Lamb H Franceschetti DR amp Viney M eds 2018 How science works Dorling Kindersley London Dupasquier A 1844 Traite elementaire de chimie industrielle Charles Savy Juene Lyon Field SQ amp Gray T 2011 Theodore Gray s elements vault Black Dog amp Leventhal Publishers New York ISBN 978 1 57912 880 7 Gargaud M Barbier B Martin H amp Reisse J eds 2006 Lectures in astrobiology vol 1 part 1 The early Earth and other cosmic habitats for life Springer Berlin ISBN 3 540 29005 2 Government of Canada 2015 Periodic table of the elements accessed 30 August 2015 Ivanenko NB Ganeev AA Solovyev ND amp Moskvin LN 2011 Determination of trace elements in biological fluids Journal of Analytical Chemistry vol 66 no 9 pp 784 799 784 doi 10 1134 S1061934811090036 Jones BW 2010 Pluto Sentinel of the Outer Solar System Cambridge University Cambridge ISBN 978 0 521 19436 5 Jorgensen CK 2012 Oxidation numbers and oxidation states Springer Verlag Berlin ISBN 978 3 642 87760 5 Jorgensen SE Mitsch WJ eds 1983 Application of ecological modelling in environmental management part A Elsevier Science Publishing ISBN 0 444 42155 6 Myers RT Oldham KB amp Tocci S 2004 Holt Chemistry teacher ed Holt Rinehart amp Winston Orlando ISBN 0 03 066463 2 Nelson PG 2011 Introduction to Inorganic Chemistry Key Ideas and their Experimental Basis Ventus Publishing ApS Rudakiya DM amp Patel Y Bioremediation of metals metalloids and nonmetals in Panpatte DG amp Jhala YK eds in Microbial Rejuvenation of Polluted Environment vol 2 Springer Nature Singapore pp 33 50 ISBN 978 981 15 7455 9 Vernon RE 2020 Organising the metals and nonmetals Foundations of Chemistry pp 1 17 doi 10 1007 s10698 020 09356 6 open access Wang et al 2020 Understanding the uniqueness of the 2p elements in the Periodic Table Chemistry A European Journal vol 26 no 67 doi 10 1002 chem 202003920 Wulfsberg G 1987 Principles of descriptive Inorganic chemistry Monterey California Brooks Cole Publishing Company ISBN 0 534 07494 4 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of alternative nonmetal classes amp oldid 1189819984, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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