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List of venerated persons from Africa

April 23, 2023

This article is about List of saints. For other uses, see List of saints (disambiguation).

This is a list of saints, blesseds, venerables, and Servants of God from Africa, as recognized by the Catholic Church or other Christian denominations.[1] These people were born, died, or lived their religious life in any of the states or territories of Africa.

Josephine Bakhita, Sudan-born saint

Before the Arab Conquest

In the first centuries of the Catholic Church, Africa produced many of her leading lights. The Catholic presence in Africa was weakened by the schism following the Council of Chalcedon which resulted in the separation between the Catholic and Coptic Orthodox Church, and even more so by the rise of Islam. Following the Arab conquest of northern Africa, the Catholic Church was largely absent from the continent before modern times, although the Coptic, and later Ethiopic, Orthodox Churches remained. The following are some of the notable saints from the first to seventh centuries, though it is a very incomplete list.

Popes

Three of the early popes were either from Africa themselves or children of African immigrants to Rome. All three were from this time period and are traditionally considered saints. They are:

Doctors

Three of the thirty-five Doctors of the Church were from Africa, all of them from this time period. They are:

Writers and theologians

Many of the early writers and theologians had connections with Africa. A partial list would include:

Others

In addition to the categories above, these first centuries gave the Church many other saints, among them:

Modern times

It would be difficult to say who the first saint to be associated with Africa after the Arab conquest would be. Francis of Assisi famously went on a mission to Egypt in 1219. Berardo, Ottone, Pietro, Accursio, Adiuto, martyrs in Morocco (1220). Daniel Fasanella, Samuele, Angelo, Leone, Niccolò, Ugolino, Domno, martyrs in Morocco (1227). Louis IX of France died in Tunisia en route from the Holy Land in 1270. But after the canonization of saints came to be reserved to the papacy around AD 1000, and especially after the establishment of the Congregation of Rites in 1588, the list of official saints with African connections is more clear.

List of saints

The following is the list of saints, including the year in which they were canonized and the country or countries with which they are associated.

List of blesseds

List of venerables

List of Servants of God

  • John Bradburne, layperson of the Archdiocese of Harare; member of the Secular Franciscans; martyr (Zimbabwe)
  • Andrés de Oviedo and 8 companions from the Jesuits of Ethiopia (Ethiopia)
    • Andrés de Oviedo
    • François Abraham de Georgiis
    • Gaspar Paes
    • João Pereira
    • Apolinar de Almeida
    • Giacinto Franceschi
    • Francisco Rodrigues
    • Luis Cardeira
    • Bruno Bruni
  • Teresa Chikaba, West African nun
  • Peter Porekuu Dery, Archbishop of Tamale (Ghana)
  • Stéphanos II Ghattas, cardinal (Egypt)
  • Mariano Gichohi and 20 Companions, martyrs under the Mau Mau (Kenya)
  • Marianno Wachira and 26 Companions (d. 1952–1955), laypeople from the Archdioceses of Nyeri and Nairobi along with the Dioceses of Murang’a and Meru; Catechumens; professed religious of the Consolata Missionary Sisters and the Sisters of Mary Immaculate of Nyeri; martyrs (Kenya)
  • Daniel George Hyams and Domitilla Maria Rota Hyams, married laypersons of the Archdiocese of Johannesburg (South Africa)
  • Michel Kayoya and 43 Companions, martyrs (Burundi)
  • Bernardo de Monroy and two companions, Trinitarian priests and martyrs (Algeria)
  • Vivian Uchechi Ogu, child of the Diocese of Mbaise; martyr (Nigeria)
  • Maurice Michael Otunga, cardinal (Kenya)
  • Cyprien and Daphrose Rugamba and six companions, martyrs (Rwanda)
  • Bernadeta Mbawala, nun (Tanzania)
  • Julius Kambarage Nyerere, first president of Tanzania
  • Mario Bortoletto, priest of the Diocese of Treviso; Fidei Donum Missionary in the Diocese of Ebolowa; associate of the Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions (Cameroon)
  • Luisa Mabalane Mafo and 22 Lay Companions from the Catechetical Center of Guiua, married catechists, catechumens, young laypersons and children of the Diocese of Imhanbane; martyrs (Mozambique)
  • Sergio Sorgon (Sergio of Saint Joseph) (1938–1985), professed priest of the Discalced Carmelites (Madagascar)
  • Teresa Kearney (Mary Kevin) (1875–1957), founder of the Little Sisters of Saint Francis and the Franciscan Missionary Sisters for Africa (Uganda)
  • Manuel Costa de los Ríos (prob. 1604–1686), layperson of the Archdiocese of Mercedes-Luján, custodian of Our Lady of Luján (Angola)
  • Christophe Munzihirwa Mwene Ngabo (1926–1996), professed priest of the Jesuits; Archbishop of Bukavu (Democratic Republic of Congo)
  • Jeremy Joyner White, layperson of the Personal Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei (Nigeria)
  • Aloÿs Kobès, professed priest of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit (Spiritians); apostolic vicar of Senegambia; founder of the Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary and the Brothers of Saint Joseph (Senegal)
  • Floribert Bwana Chui bin Kositi (1981–2007), layperson of the Archdiocese of Goma; member of the Saint Egidio Community; martyr (Democratic Republic of Congo)
  • Declan O'Toole (1971–2002), priest of the Mill Hill Missionaries; martyr (Uganda)
  • Giosuè dei Cas (1880–1932), professed religious of the Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus (South Sudan)
  • Manuel Armindo de Lima and 3 Companions (Maria Adriano Abílio, Maria do Carmo Bartolomeu Simões, Joveta Paulino) (d. 1982), priest of the Missionary Society of the Good News; laypersons of the Diocese of Viana; postulant of the Mercedarian Sisters of Charity; catechist (Angola)
  • Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka (1937–1999), Archbishop of Jos (Nigeria)
  • Göbou Yaza (d. 1928?), young layperson of the Diocese of N’Zérékoré; catechumen; martyr (Guinea)
  • Franziska May (Reinolda) (1901–1981), professed religious of the Missionary Benedictine Sisters of Tutzing (South Africa)
  • Robert Naoussi (ca. 1940–1970), layperson of the Archdiocese of Douala (Cameroon)
  • Alexandre Toé (1967–1996), professed priest of the Camillians (Burkina Faso)
  • Aloysius Ngobya (1896-1986), priest of the Masaka Diocese (Uganda)
  • Amedeo Byabali (1908-1979), nun of the Daughters of Mary, Masaka. (Uganda)
  • Julia Greeley, philanthropist and Secular Franciscan
  • Thea Bowman, famed liturgist and Black nun from Mississippi
  • Mary Elizabeth Lange, first known African-American nun and founder of the Oblate Sisters of Providence, the first order of Black nuns in the United States
  • Angelo Graziani, professed priest, Capuchin Franciscans (Angola)
  • Henri de Solages, priest and apostolic prefect of Bourbon (Madagascar)
  • Eugenio Mazzini (Ethiopia)
  • Camillo Scarpa (Ethiopia)
  • Pietro Griso (Ethiopia)
  • Quinto Gardetto (Ethiopia)
  • Eliodora Zottig (Ethiopia)
  • Alfredo de Lai (Ethiopia)
  • Giovanni Prato (Ethiopia)
  • Weldemariam Tesfaghiorghis (Ethiopia)
  • Andeberhan Ghebreamlak (Ethiopia)
  • Franco Ricci (Ethiopia)

Other proposed causes

Others have been proposed for beatification, and may have active groups supporting their causes. These include:

  • Anna Ali, religious in the order of The Most Holy Eucharist and reported mystic. (Kenya) The bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Eldoret has appointed a task force to investigate the life of Anna Ali. Hundreds of pilgrims visit her burial place every year to commemorate the nun who is reported to have received messages from Jesus for 25 years and to have photographed him.

See also

References

Citations

  1. ^ For a more comprehensive list, see: sw:Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika
  2. ^ "Bienheureux Agathange de Vendôme et Cassien de Nantes". Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  3. ^ "BLESSED LIDUINA MENEGUZZI :: Catholic News Agency (CNA)". Catholic News Agency. Retrieved 9 January 2016.
  4. ^ "Ghebre Michael - Vincentian Encyclopedia". Retrieved 9 January 2016.

Sources

  • "Hagiography Circle"
  • O'Malley, Vincent J. (2001). Saints of Africa. Our Sunday Visitor. ISBN 0-87973-373-X.

April 23, 2023
list, venerated, persons, from, africa, this, article, about, list, saints, other, uses, list, saints, disambiguation, this, article, includes, list, general, references, lacks, sufficient, corresponding, inline, citations, please, help, improve, this, article. This article is about List of saints For other uses see List of saints disambiguation This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations September 2014 Learn how and when to remove this template message This is a list of saints blesseds venerables and Servants of God from Africa as recognized by the Catholic Church or other Christian denominations 1 These people were born died or lived their religious life in any of the states or territories of Africa Josephine Bakhita Sudan born saint Contents 1 Before the Arab Conquest 1 1 Popes 1 2 Doctors 1 3 Writers and theologians 1 4 Others 2 Modern times 2 1 List of saints 2 2 List of blesseds 2 3 List of venerables 2 4 List of Servants of God 2 5 Other proposed causes 3 See also 4 References 4 1 Citations 4 2 SourcesBefore the Arab Conquest EditIn the first centuries of the Catholic Church Africa produced many of her leading lights The Catholic presence in Africa was weakened by the schism following the Council of Chalcedon which resulted in the separation between the Catholic and Coptic Orthodox Church and even more so by the rise of Islam Following the Arab conquest of northern Africa the Catholic Church was largely absent from the continent before modern times although the Coptic and later Ethiopic Orthodox Churches remained The following are some of the notable saints from the first to seventh centuries though it is a very incomplete list Popes Edit Three of the early popes were either from Africa themselves or children of African immigrants to Rome All three were from this time period and are traditionally considered saints They are Pope Victor I r 189 199 Pope Miltiades r 311 314 Pope Gelasius I r 492 496 Doctors Edit Three of the thirty five Doctors of the Church were from Africa all of them from this time period They are Augustine of Hippo from present day Algeria Athanasius of Alexandria from present day Egypt Cyril of Alexandria from present day EgyptWriters and theologians Edit Many of the early writers and theologians had connections with Africa A partial list would include Mark the Evangelist author of the Gospel that bears his name and founder of the Patriarchate of Alexandria Apollos may be author of the Epistle to Hebrews Ammon the Abbot Anatolius of Laodicea of Egypt Aurelius of Tunisia Clement of Alexandria author of several works whose cult in the Latin Rite has been suppressed Cyprian of Carthage author of several works Didymus the Blind Fulgentius of Ruspe of Tunisia Isidore of Pelusium author of several letters Optatus author against Donatism Pierius Possidius author of a life of Augustine of Hippo QuodvultdeusOthers Edit In addition to the categories above these first centuries gave the Church many other saints among them Abraham the Poor of Egypt Abraham of Alexandria of Egypt Achillas of Alexandria of Egypt Adrian of Canterbury of North Africa Aizan and Sazan of Ethiopia Alexander of Alexandria of Egypt Alypius of Thagaste of Algeria Ammon the Martyr and companions of Egypt Anastasius Sinaita of Egypt Anthony the Great of Egypt Apollonia of Alexandria and companions of Egypt Arcadius of Mauretania of Algeria Arethas Ruma and companions of Ethiopia Armogastes and Saturus of Tunisia Athanasia and Andronicus of Egypt Bessarion of Egypt Caecilius spiritual father to Cyprian of Carthage of Tunisia Cassian of Tangier of Morocco Catherine of Alexandria of Egypt Cerbonius of North Africa Crispina of Algeria Cucuphas of Tunisia Damian of Alexandria of Egypt Demetrius of Alexandria of Egypt Deogratias of Carthage of Tunisia Denise Dativa Leontia Tertius Emilianus Boniface Majoricus and Servus of Tunisia Dionysius of Alexandria of Egypt Donatian and companions of North Africa Epenetus of Carthage of Tunisia Eugenius of Carthage of Tunisia Fabius of Algeria Felix of Abbir Cyprian of Unizzibir and companions of Libya Felix of Hadrumetum of Tunisia Felix of Thibiuca of Tunisia Frumentius of Ethiopia Gaudiosus of Naples of Tunisia Isidore of Alexandria of Egypt Isidore of Chios of Egypt Isidore of Scete of Egypt John of Egypt of Egypt Julia of Corsica of Tunisia Kaleb of Axum Elesbaan of Ethiopia Lucius of Cyrene of Libya Marciana of Mauretania of Algeria Macarius of Alexandria of Egypt Macarius of Egypt of Egypt Marcellinus of Carthage of Tunisia Marcellinus Vincent and Domninus of North Africa Marcellus of Tangier of Morocco Marianus James and companions of Algeria The Martyrs of the Plague of Cyprian in Alexandria Egypt The Martyrs of Utica of Tunisia Mary of Egypt of Egypt Maurice and the Theban Legion of Egypt Maximilian of Tebessa in Algeria Matthew I of Alexandria of Egypt Monica of Hippo of Algeria Moses the Black of Egypt Nabor and Felix of Morocco Nemesian and companions of Algeria Nemesion and companions of Egypt Onuphrius of Egypt Orsiesius of Tabenna of Egypt Pachomius the Great founder of monasticism of Egypt Pambo of Egypt Pantaenus of Egypt Paphnutius the Ascetic of Egypt Paphnutius of Thebes of Egypt Paul of Thebes of Egypt Perpetua Felicity and companions in Tunisia Peter of Alexandria of Egypt Poemon of Egypt Quintian of Rodez of Tunisia Restituta of Tunisia Saizana of Ethiopia Sarmata of Egypt Saturninus Dativus Victoria and Companions of Tunisia Serapion of Thmuis of Egypt Shenoute of Egypt Simon of Cyrene of Libya Speratus and companions of Tunisia Thais of Egypt Theodorus of Tabennese of Egypt Timothy the Reader and his wife Maura of Egypt Typasius of Algeria Valerian of Abbenza of Tunisia Victor Maurus of Morocco Victor of Utica of Tunisia Victorian Frumentius and Companions of Tunisia Zeno of Verona of AlgeriaModern times EditIt would be difficult to say who the first saint to be associated with Africa after the Arab conquest would be Francis of Assisi famously went on a mission to Egypt in 1219 Berardo Ottone Pietro Accursio Adiuto martyrs in Morocco 1220 Daniel Fasanella Samuele Angelo Leone Niccolo Ugolino Domno martyrs in Morocco 1227 Louis IX of France died in Tunisia en route from the Holy Land in 1270 But after the canonization of saints came to be reserved to the papacy around AD 1000 and especially after the establishment of the Congregation of Rites in 1588 the list of official saints with African connections is more clear List of saints Edit The following is the list of saints including the year in which they were canonized and the country or countries with which they are associated Serapion of Algiers Mercedarian religious and martyr 1728 Algeria Anthony Mary Claret Claretian bishop 1950 Canary Islands The Martyrs of Uganda 1964 Uganda They include Charles Lwaanga Matthias Muluumba Andrew Kaggwa Athanasius Bazzekuketta Gonzaga Goonza Noe Mawaggali Luke Baanabakiintu James Buzaabalyaawo Gyaviira Musoke Ambrosio Kibuuka Anatoli Kiriggwajjo Achilles Kiwanuka Kizito Mbaga Tuziinde Mugagga Lubowa Joseph Mukasa Adolphus Ludigo Bruno Seruunkuuma John Mary Muzeeyi Dennis Ssebuggwaawo Wasswa Ponsiano Ngoondwe Mukasa Kiriwawaanvu Justin de Jacobis Lazarist Bishop 1975 Ethiopia and Eritrea Josephine Bakhita Canossian religious 2000 Sudan Peter of Saint Joseph Betancur layman 2002 Canary Islands Daniel Comboni bishop 2003 Sudan Jacques Berthieu Jesuit priest and martyr 2012 Madagascar Jose de Anchieta Jesuit priest 2014 Canary Islands List of blesseds Edit Benedict Daswa layman and martyr South Africa Agathange de Vendome Capuchin priest and martyr Ethiopia 2 Isidore Bakanja layman and martyr Democratic Republic of Congo Jan Beyzym Jesuit priest Madagascar Lucien Botovasoa layman and martyr Madagascar Cassien de Nantes Capuchin priest and martyr Ethiopia Lorenza Diaz Bolanos Daughter of Charity martyred in Spain Canary Islands Michele Fasoli Franciscan priest and martyr Ethiopia Charles de Foucauld religious and martyr Algeria Joseph Gerard priest Lesotho Jildo Irwa layman and martyr Uganda Jacques Desire Laval Spiritan priest Mauritius Martyrs of Algeria Trappists and martyrs Algeria Samuele Marzorati Franciscan priest and martyr Ethiopia Eliza Liduina Meneguzzi Salesian sister Ethiopia 3 Ghebre Michael priest and martyr Ethiopia 4 Marie Clementine Anuarite Nengapeta Holy Family sister and martyr Democratic Republic of Congo Daudi Okelo layman and martyr Uganda Raphael Rafiringa De La Salle brother Madagascar Victoire Rasoamanarivo laywoman Madagascar Jean Bernard Rousseau De La Salle brother Reunion Leonella Sgorbati Consolata Missionary sister and martyr Somalia Francesco Spoto Missionary Servant of the Poor priest and martyr Democratic Republic of Congo Irene Stefani Consolata Missionary sister Kenya Cyprian Michael Iwene Tansi Cistercian priest Nigeria Maria Caterina Troiani Franciscan sister Egypt Liberat Weiss Franciscan priest and martyr Ethiopia Francesco Zirano Franciscan priest and martyr Algeria List of venerables Edit Zeinab Alif Poor Clare sister Sudan Jerzy Ciesielski layman Egypt Felix Mary Ghebreamlak Cistercian priest Eritrea Edel Quinn laywoman Kenya Maria Teresa Scandola Comboni sister South Sudan Mary Jane Wilson Franciscan sister Madeira Luigi Lo Verde professed cleric of the Conventual Franciscans Tunisia Martyrs of Kikwit Sisters of the Poor and martyrs Democratic Republic of Congo Luigia Rosina Rondi S d P I P Alessandra Ghilardi S d P I P Anna Maria Sorti S d P I P Teresa Belleri S d P I P Celeste Maria Ossoli S d P I P Maria Rosa Zorza S d P I P Augustus Tolton former slave and first openly African American Catholic priest Henriette DeLille founder of the Sisters of the Holy Family the second order of Black nuns in the United States Pierre Toussaint former slave and notable African American philanthropist in New York CityList of Servants of God Edit John Bradburne layperson of the Archdiocese of Harare member of the Secular Franciscans martyr Zimbabwe Andres de Oviedo and 8 companions from the Jesuits of Ethiopia Ethiopia Andres de Oviedo Francois Abraham de Georgiis Gaspar Paes Joao Pereira Apolinar de Almeida Giacinto Franceschi Francisco Rodrigues Luis Cardeira Bruno Bruni Teresa Chikaba West African nun Peter Porekuu Dery Archbishop of Tamale Ghana Stephanos II Ghattas cardinal Egypt Mariano Gichohi and 20 Companions martyrs under the Mau Mau Kenya Marianno Wachira and 26 Companions d 1952 1955 laypeople from the Archdioceses of Nyeri and Nairobi along with the Dioceses of Murang a and Meru Catechumens professed religious of the Consolata Missionary Sisters and the Sisters of Mary Immaculate of Nyeri martyrs Kenya Daniel George Hyams and Domitilla Maria Rota Hyams married laypersons of the Archdiocese of Johannesburg South Africa Michel Kayoya and 43 Companions martyrs Burundi Bernardo de Monroy and two companions Trinitarian priests and martyrs Algeria Vivian Uchechi Ogu child of the Diocese of Mbaise martyr Nigeria Maurice Michael Otunga cardinal Kenya Cyprien and Daphrose Rugamba and six companions martyrs Rwanda Bernadeta Mbawala nun Tanzania Julius Kambarage Nyerere first president of Tanzania Mario Bortoletto priest of the Diocese of Treviso Fidei Donum Missionary in the Diocese of Ebolowa associate of the Pontifical Institute for Foreign Missions Cameroon Luisa Mabalane Mafo and 22 Lay Companions from the Catechetical Center of Guiua married catechists catechumens young laypersons and children of the Diocese of Imhanbane martyrs Mozambique Sergio Sorgon Sergio of Saint Joseph 1938 1985 professed priest of the Discalced Carmelites Madagascar Teresa Kearney Mary Kevin 1875 1957 founder of the Little Sisters of Saint Francis and the Franciscan Missionary Sisters for Africa Uganda Manuel Costa de los Rios prob 1604 1686 layperson of the Archdiocese of Mercedes Lujan custodian of Our Lady of Lujan Angola Christophe Munzihirwa Mwene Ngabo 1926 1996 professed priest of the Jesuits Archbishop of Bukavu Democratic Republic of Congo Jeremy Joyner White layperson of the Personal Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei Nigeria Aloys Kobes professed priest of the Congregation of the Holy Spirit Spiritians apostolic vicar of Senegambia founder of the Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary and the Brothers of Saint Joseph Senegal Floribert Bwana Chui bin Kositi 1981 2007 layperson of the Archdiocese of Goma member of the Saint Egidio Community martyr Democratic Republic of Congo Declan O Toole 1971 2002 priest of the Mill Hill Missionaries martyr Uganda Giosue dei Cas 1880 1932 professed religious of the Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus South Sudan Manuel Armindo de Lima and 3 Companions Maria Adriano Abilio Maria do Carmo Bartolomeu Simoes Joveta Paulino d 1982 priest of the Missionary Society of the Good News laypersons of the Diocese of Viana postulant of the Mercedarian Sisters of Charity catechist Angola Gabriel Gonsum Ganaka 1937 1999 Archbishop of Jos Nigeria Gobou Yaza d 1928 young layperson of the Diocese of N Zerekore catechumen martyr Guinea Franziska May Reinolda 1901 1981 professed religious of the Missionary Benedictine Sisters of Tutzing South Africa Robert Naoussi ca 1940 1970 layperson of the Archdiocese of Douala Cameroon Alexandre Toe 1967 1996 professed priest of the Camillians Burkina Faso Aloysius Ngobya 1896 1986 priest of the Masaka Diocese Uganda Amedeo Byabali 1908 1979 nun of the Daughters of Mary Masaka Uganda Julia Greeley philanthropist and Secular Franciscan Thea Bowman famed liturgist and Black nun from Mississippi Mary Elizabeth Lange first known African American nun and founder of the Oblate Sisters of Providence the first order of Black nuns in the United States Angelo Graziani professed priest Capuchin Franciscans Angola Henri de Solages priest and apostolic prefect of Bourbon Madagascar Eugenio Mazzini Ethiopia Camillo Scarpa Ethiopia Pietro Griso Ethiopia Quinto Gardetto Ethiopia Eliodora Zottig Ethiopia Alfredo de Lai Ethiopia Giovanni Prato Ethiopia Weldemariam Tesfaghiorghis Ethiopia Andeberhan Ghebreamlak Ethiopia Franco Ricci Ethiopia Other proposed causes Edit Others have been proposed for beatification and may have active groups supporting their causes These include Anna Ali religious in the order of The Most Holy Eucharist and reported mystic Kenya The bishop of the Catholic Diocese of Eldoret has appointed a task force to investigate the life of Anna Ali Hundreds of pilgrims visit her burial place every year to commemorate the nun who is reported to have received messages from Jesus for 25 years and to have photographed him See also Edit Saints portalBlessed Congregation for the Causes of Saints List of Algerian saints List of Canarian saints List of Central American and Caribbean Saints List of Christian saints of Algeria List of American saints and beatified people List of Mexican Saints List of Saints from Oceania Roman Catholic saints of Canada Roman Catholicism in Africa Saint Servant of God VenerableReferences EditCitations Edit For a more comprehensive list see sw Orodha ya Watakatifu wa Afrika Bienheureux Agathange de Vendome et Cassien de Nantes Retrieved 9 January 2016 BLESSED LIDUINA MENEGUZZI Catholic News Agency CNA Catholic News Agency Retrieved 9 January 2016 Ghebre Michael Vincentian Encyclopedia Retrieved 9 January 2016 Sources Edit Hagiography Circle O Malley Vincent J 2001 Saints of Africa Our Sunday Visitor ISBN 0 87973 373 X Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of venerated persons from Africa amp oldid 1150406048, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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