It should be stressed that all numbers are estimations since only in the rarest cases have monoliths been actually weighed. Rather, weight is calculated by multiplying volume by density. The main source, J. J. Coulton, assumes 2.75 t/m3 for marble and 2.25 t/m3 for other stone.[4] For an explanation of the large margin of error, which often leads to widely differing numbers, see these introductory remarks.
First in Ionia, the weight of the lifted blocks begins to match again that of the Archaic period, indicating a mastery of the winch and compound pulley hoist by now.[6]
The existence of the U-shaped channels on the stone blocks (here at the Temple of Heracles) points at the use of cranes for lifting them into place.[18]
^In case of Egyptian obelisks, date of ship transport to Rome.
^Although the mausoleum reflects Ostrogothic style, the method for moving the monolithic roof slab and positioning it on top of the building relied on the continuity of Roman techniques into the reign of Theoderic.
Adam, Jean-Pierre (1977), "À propos du trilithon de Baalbek: Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des mégalithes", Syria, 54 (1/2): 31–63, doi:10.3406/syria.1977.6623
Heidenreich, Robert; Johannes, Heinz (1971), Das Grabmal Theoderichs zu Ravenna, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag
Jones, Mark Wilson (1993), "One Hundred Feet and a Spiral Stair: The Problem of Designing Trajan's Column", Journal of Roman Archaeology, 6: 23–38, doi:10.1017/S1047759400011454, S2CID 250348951
Maxfield, Valerie A. (2001), "Stone Quarrying in the Eastern Desert with Particular Reference to Mons Claudianus and Mons Porphyrites", in Mattingly, David J.; Salmon, John (eds.), Economies Beyond Agriculture in the Classical World, Leicester-Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society, vol. 9, London: Routledge, pp. 143–170, ISBN0-415-21253-7
Ruprechtsberger, Erwin M. (1999), "Vom Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis/Baalbek (Libanon)", Linzer Archäologische Forschungen, 30: 7–56
Further readingedit
Lewis, M. J. T. (1984–85), "Roman Methods of Transporting and Erecting Obelisks", Transactions of the Newcomen Society, 56: 87–110, doi:10.1179/tns.1984.005
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This is a list of ancient monoliths found in all types of Greek and Roman buildings Man amidst the collapsed giant columns of a Greek temple at Selinunte SicilyIt contains monoliths quarried but not moved quarried and moved quarried moved and lifted clear off the ground into their position architraves etc quarried moved and erected in an upright position columns etc Transporting was done by land or water or a combination of both in the later case often by special built ships such as obelisk carriers 1 For lifting operations ancient cranes were employed since ca 515 BC 2 such as in the construction of Trajan s Column 3 It should be stressed that all numbers are estimations since only in the rarest cases have monoliths been actually weighed Rather weight is calculated by multiplying volume by density The main source J J Coulton assumes 2 75 t m3 for marble and 2 25 t m3 for other stone 4 For an explanation of the large margin of error which often leads to widely differing numbers see these introductory remarks Contents 1 Greek monoliths 2 Roman monoliths 3 Gallery 3 1 Greek monoliths 3 2 Roman monoliths 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Sources 8 Further reading 9 External linksGreek monoliths editBelow a selection of Greek monoliths sorted by their date Date Building Object Location Monolith Weight in t Comment 650 BC Dedication of Nikandre 5 Delos Greek isles Figure 111 0 25 650 BC Fortification wall 5 Leontinoi Sicily Wall blocks 111 1 75 640 BC Temple of Poseidon 5 Isthmus Greek mainland Wall blocks 111 0 5 630 BC Temple A 5 Prinias Crete Frieze slab 111 0 5 610 590 BC Sounion Kouros 5 Sounion Greek mainland Figure 111 2 610 590 BC Colossus of the Naxians 5 Delos Greek isles Base 11 34 610 590 BC Colossus of the Naxians 5 Delos Greek isles Figure 11 23 590 580 BC Temple of Artemis 5 Kerkyra Greek isles Pediment slab central 111 3 25 590 580 BC Temple of Artemis 5 Kerkyra Greek isles Architrave block 111 5 or 6 25 565 BC Temple of Apollo 5 Syracuse Sicily Stylobate block 11 24 565 BC Temple of Apollo 5 Syracuse Sicily Column shaft 11 35 565 BC Temple of Apollo 5 Syracuse Sicily Architrave block 11 20 25 555 BC Olympieion 5 Syracuse Sicily Stylobate block 11 20 25 560 550 BC Temple of Artemis 5 Ephesos Asia Minor Architrave block central 11 41 25 550 530 BC Temple C 5 Selinunte Sicily Stylobate block 11 12 5 550 530 BC Temple C 5 Selinunte Sicily Architrave block 11 16 540 BC Temple of Apollo 5 Corinth Greek mainland Column shaft 11 26 540 BC Temple of Apollo 5 Corinth Greek mainland Architrave block 11 10 535 BC Temple D 5 Selinunte Sicily Architrave block 11 13 75 525 BC Temple FS 5 Selinunte Sicily Architrave block 11 21 520 BC Kouros of Apollonas 5 Naxos Greek isles Figure 11 69 520 BC Temple of Apollo 5 Naxos Greek isles Lintel block 11 22 520 BC Temple of Apollo 5 Naxos Greek isles Threshold 11 22 25 520 BC Temple at Parikia 5 Paros Greek isles Lintel block 11 22 520 409 BC Temple of Apollo GT 5 Selinunte Sicily Column drum in quarry Cave di Cusa 11 73 520 409 BC Temple of Apollo GT 5 Selinunte Sicily Architrave block 11 40 520 409 BC Temple of Apollo GT 5 Selinunte Sicily Cornice block 11 12 5 515 BC From about that time on cranes are assumed to have become common on Greek construction sites leading to a sharp reduction of block sizes 2 515 BC Olympieion 5 Athens Greek mainland Column drum 111 9 500 406 BC Olympieion 5 Akragas Sicily Abacus block central 11 11 5 500 406 BC Olympieion 5 Akragas Sicily Architrave block 111 9 25 500 406 BC Olympieion 5 Akragas Sicily Architrave block 11 11 500 406 BC Olympieion 5 Akragas Sicily Architrave block 11 14 500 406 BC Olympieion 5 Akragas Sicily Metope block lower angle 11 13 5 500 406 BC Olympieion 5 Akragas Sicily Cornice block 11 11 5 500 BC Temple of Aphaia 5 Aigina Greek isles Column shaft 111 6 480 460 BC Temple ER 5 Selinunte Sicily Architrave block 11 17 468 457 BC Temple of Zeus 5 Olympia Greek mainland Stylobate block 111 8 5 468 457 BC Temple of Zeus 5 Olympia Greek mainland Architrave block 11 16 5 460 BC Temple of Poseidon 5 Paestum Magna Graecia Architrave block 11 11 5 448 437 BC Parthenon 5 Athens Greek mainland Architrave block 111 9 5 448 437 BC Parthenon 5 Athens Greek mainland Lintel block largest 111 9 437 432 BC Propylaia 5 Athens Greek mainland Architrave block central 11 12 5 437 432 BC Propylaia 5 Athens Greek mainland Lintel block largest 11 12 25 437 432 BC Propylaia 5 Athens Greek mainland Lintel block relieving A 1 111 8 75 437 432 BC Propylaia 5 Athens Greek mainland Ceiling beam west porch 11 10 421 405 BC Erechtheion 5 Athens Greek mainland Block over Pandroseion 11 11 5 421 405 BC Erechtheion 5 Athens Greek mainland Lintel block north door 111 7 25 421 405 BC Erechtheion 5 Athens Greek mainland Ceiling beam north porch 11 10 420 BC Temple of Segesta 5 Segesta Sicily Architrave block 11 12 5 366 326 BC Temple of Apollo 5 Delphi Greek mainland Architrave block 111 9 25 340 BC Temple of Zeus 5 Nemea Greek mainland Architrave block 111 6 75 340 BC Temple of Zeus 5 Nemea Greek mainland Lintel block 111 8 75 350 BC First in Ionia the weight of the lifted blocks begins to match again that of the Archaic period indicating a mastery of the winch and compound pulley hoist by now 6 310 BC Temple of Apollo 5 Didyma Asia Minor Threshold 11 46 75 310 BC Temple of Apollo 5 Didyma Asia Minor Lintel block A 2 11 48 310 BC Temple of Apollo 5 Didyma Asia Minor Jamb A 2 11 71 5 170 BC Olympieion 5 Athens Greek mainland Architrave block largest 11 23 25Roman monoliths editBelow a selection of Roman monoliths sorted by their date the list also includes work on Greek temples which was continued into the Roman era Date A 3 Building Object Location Monolith Weight in t Comment1st c BC Apollo statue 5 Vitr 10 2 13 7 Base 11 51 10 BC Flaminian Obelisk 8 Rome Italia Obelisk 1 263 From Roman Egypt by obelisk ship 8 10 BC Campensis Obelisk 8 Rome Italia Obelisk 1 230 From Roman Egypt by obelisk ship 8 37 41 AD Vatican Obelisk 9 Rome Italia Obelisk 1 361 From Roman Egypt by obelisk ship 8 1st 2nd c Temple of Jupiter 5 Baalbek Roman Lebanon Column drum lower 11 48 51st 2nd c Temple of Jupiter 5 Baalbek Roman Lebanon Architrave frieze block central 11 63 Lifted by cranes to height of 19 m 10 1st 2nd c Temple of Jupiter 5 Baalbek Roman Lebanon Cornice block corner 1 108 Lifted by cranes to height of 19 m 10 1st 3rd c Granite column 11 Mons Claudianus Roman Egypt Column shaft in quarry 1 207113 Trajan s Column 12 Rome Italia Pedestal 11 77113 Trajan s Column 13 Rome Italia Base 11 55113 Trajan s Column 14 Rome Italia Column drum typical 11 32113 Trajan s Column 13 Rome Italia Capital 11 53 3 Lifted by cranes to height of 34 m 13 2nd c Temple of Apollo 5 Didyma Asia Minor Architrave block 11 20 5297 Pompey s Pillar 15 Alexandria Roman Egypt Column shaft 1 285306 313 Basilica Nova 5 Rome Italia Column shaft 1 103357 Lateran Obelisk 16 Rome Italia Obelisk 1 455 From Roman Egypt by obelisk ship 8 530 Mausoleum of Theodoric 17 Ravenna Italia Roof slab 1 230 Constructed under Ostrogoths A 4 Gallery editGreek monoliths edit nbsp Nikandre Dedication 0 25 t nbsp Sounion Kouros 2 t nbsp The existence of the U shaped channels on the stone blocks here at the Temple of Heracles points at the use of cranes for lifting them into place 18 nbsp Colossos of Apollona 69 t nbsp Column drum s in Cave di Cusa 73 t nbsp Huge doric capital Temple of Olympian Zeus AgrigentoRoman monoliths edit nbsp Flaminian Obelisk 263 t nbsp Campensis Obelisk 230 t nbsp Vatican Obelisk 330 t nbsp Stone of the South 1 000 t nbsp Unnamed monolith 1 242 t nbsp Capital of Trajan s Column 53 3 t nbsp Shaft of Pompey s Pillar 285 t nbsp Lateran Obelisk 455 t nbsp Roof slab of Mausoleum of Theodoric 230 t See also editRecord holding monoliths in antiquity List of largest monoliths in the world List of obelisks in RomeNotes edit If in two blocks a b If monolithic In case of Egyptian obelisks date of ship transport to Rome Although the mausoleum reflects Ostrogothic style the method for moving the monolithic roof slab and positioning it on top of the building relied on the continuity of Roman techniques into the reign of Theoderic References edit Wirsching 2000 a b Coulton 1974 pp 7 16 Lancaster 1999 pp 419 439 Coulton 1974 p 14 a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj Coulton 1974 pp 17 19 appendix remaining data taken from text Coulton 1974 p 16 LacusCurtius Vitruvius on Architecture Book X penelope uchicago edu a b c d e f Wirsching 2000 p 271 table 1 Lancaster 1999 p 428 a b Coulton 1974 pp 16 19 Maxfield 2001 p 158 Lancaster 1999 p 430 a b c Lancaster 1999 p 426 Jones 1993 p 32 Adam 1977 pp 50f NOVA Online Mysteries of the Nile A World of Obelisks Rome www pbs org Heidenreich amp Johannes 1971 p 63 Coulton 1974 p 7Sources editAdam Jean Pierre 1977 A propos du trilithon de Baalbek Le transport et la mise en oeuvre des megalithes Syria 54 1 2 31 63 doi 10 3406 syria 1977 6623 Coulton J J 1974 Lifting in Early Greek Architecture The Journal of Hellenic Studies 94 1 19 doi 10 2307 630416 JSTOR 630416 S2CID 162973494 Heidenreich Robert Johannes Heinz 1971 Das Grabmal Theoderichs zu Ravenna Wiesbaden Franz Steiner Verlag Jones Mark Wilson 1993 One Hundred Feet and a Spiral Stair The Problem of Designing Trajan s Column Journal of Roman Archaeology 6 23 38 doi 10 1017 S1047759400011454 S2CID 250348951 Lancaster Lynne 1999 Building Trajan s Column American Journal of Archaeology 103 3 419 439 doi 10 2307 506969 JSTOR 506969 S2CID 192986322 Maxfield Valerie A 2001 Stone Quarrying in the Eastern Desert with Particular Reference to Mons Claudianus and Mons Porphyrites in Mattingly David J Salmon John eds Economies Beyond Agriculture in the Classical World Leicester Nottingham Studies in Ancient Society vol 9 London Routledge pp 143 170 ISBN 0 415 21253 7 Ruprechtsberger Erwin M 1999 Vom Steinbruch zum Jupitertempel von Heliopolis Baalbek Libanon Linzer Archaologische Forschungen 30 7 56Further reading editLewis M J T 1984 85 Roman Methods of Transporting and Erecting Obelisks Transactions of the Newcomen Society 56 87 110 doi 10 1179 tns 1984 005 Wirsching Armin 2000 How the Obelisks Reached Rome Evidence of Roman Double Ships The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 29 2 273 283 doi 10 1111 j 1095 9270 2000 tb01456 x S2CID 162710923 Wirsching Armin 2003 Supplementary Remarks on the Roman Obelisk Ships The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 32 1 121 123 doi 10 1111 j 1095 9270 2003 tb01438 x S2CID 233246649External links editTraianus Technical investigation of Roman public works Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of ancient Greek and Roman monoliths amp oldid 1106694742 Roman monoliths, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
