List of grand masters of the Constantinian Order of Saint George
December 15, 2023
This is a list of grand masters of the Constantinian Order of Saint George, a dynastic order of knighthood of the Catholic Church. Although it was founded by Albanian nobles claiming descent from the Byzantine Angelos dynasty in the 16th century, the order has throughout its existence maintained that it has its origin in Ancient Roman times, supposedly founded by Constantine the Great in the 4th century.[1] Such an origin is otherwise regarded as being impossible, as there are no Roman or Byzantine records of such an institution ever existing and chivalric orders being completely unknown in the Byzantine world.[2][3]
The founders of the order, the Angeli family, provided forged genealogies tracing their descent back to the 4th century, with grand masters covering the period from the Constantinian dynasty to the 16th century. These grand masters, maintained in modern official lists of grand masters, are mostly entirely invented, though some were real historical figures albeit with no connection to the chivalric order.[4] In 1698, the position of grand master passed to the House of Farnese, and in 1732 it passed to the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies, once rulers of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, to which the office still belongs. The line of grand masters within the House of Bourbon is divided today, with three separate claimants to the position. The Parmese branch of the Constantinian order split from the legitimate order in 1816 and is still maintained by the House of Bourbon-Parma. The legitimate order has itself been the subject of a succession dispute since 1960, which has in effect produced separate Spanish and Neapolitan orders, though neither recognizes the other as legitimate.
In addition to these succession disputes, claims to be the legitimate grand master of the Constantinian Order have also been forwarded by many impostors and pretenders to Byzantine titles and descent, on account of the order's invented Byzantine origins and its form of hereditary succession. As such, forgers who have claimed to represent "rightful" Byzantine emperors or dynasts have also often claimed the position of grand master. Several such "grand masters" remain active today.
The founding family of the Constantinian Order, the Angeli, made great genealogies that traced their descent back to the 4th century, as supposed descendants of Constantine the Great, with grand masters covering this period up until the 16th century. These grand masters are maintained in modern official lists of grand masters, but they are almost entirely invented figures. A handful of individuals are genuine historical figures, but they have no connection to the later chivalric order.[4]
First historically verified grand master, presumably the founder of the order. Recognized as grand master, among other titles, in 1545 by Pope Paul III.
Prominent Neapolitan noble and distant family relation, purchased the position of grand master from Giovanni Andrea I Angeli, who had considerable debts at the time
Marino Caracciolo's succession was not recognized by other members of the Angeli family, and faced with a lack of widespread recognition and legal challenges, he gave back the position to Giovanni Andrea I Angeli
Previously grand chancellor, appointed as vice-grand master (grand master vicar) by Giovanni Andrea I Angeli in 1632, retaining this position after Giovanni Andrea I Angeli's death two years later, despite the two having fallen out. Recognized Angelo Maria Angeli's succession but did not relinquish his power until 1656.
Second cousin and designated successor of Giovanni Andrea I Angeli. Did not gain de facto control over the order until Majolino Bisaccioni relinquished his position in 1656.
11 January 1698 – 26 February 1727 (29 years, 1 month and 15 days)
Purchased the position of grand master from Giovanni Andrea II Angeli. Documents of the sale specify that the order's hereditary succession from then on followed the descendants of Francesco Farnese. Further justified his claim to the order through matrilineal (female-line) descent from Isaac II Angelos. Rights confirmed by Pope Innocent XII and Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I.
6 April 1732 – 16 October 1759 (27 years, 6 months and 10 days)
Son of Elisabeth Farnese, niece of Francesco Farnese and Antonio Farnese. Legitimate senior heir of Antonio Farnese. Formally invested as grand master by a group of Constantinian knights on 6 April 1732. Confirmed as grand master by Pope Clement XII on 12 May 1739.
16 October 1759 – 4 January 1825 (65 years, 2 months and 19 days)
Charles III became king of Spain in 1759, and due to agreements prohibiting the unification of the Spanish and Sicilian crowns, designated his third son Ferdinand as heir to his Italian possessions and as the new Constantinian grand master as "First Born Legitimate Farnese heir". Ferdinand's succession as grand master was confirmed by Pope Clement XIII on 18 December 1763.
22 May 1859 – 27 December 1894 (35 years, 7 months and 5 days)
Son of Ferdinand II. Francis II was the last king of the Two Sicilies, being deposed in 1861 during the unification of Italy. Francis II retained his position as grand master after his deposition.
The leadership of the Constantinian Order has been disputed since the death of Ferdinand Pius in 1960. The immediate male primogeniture heir of Ferdinand Pius was Infante Alfonso, the son of Pius' eldest younger brother Carlos.[22] Carlos married María de las Mercedes, Princess of Asturias, the heir presumptive of Spain, in 1901. As a result of the marriage, the Spanish government forced Carlos to renounce his "eventual succession to the crown" of the Two Sicilies, in line with the centuries-old agreement that the crowns of Spain and Two Sicilies were not to unify.[23] Although this renunciation was interpreted by many as removing Carlos and his descendants from the line of succession of the Two Sicilies, supporters of Alfonso argued that the renouciation would only have applied if Carlos' wife or an eventual son had actually become the sovereign of Spain, which did not happen. Nevertheless, Ferdinand Pius' and Carlos' younger brother, Ranieri, began to regard himself as Pius' heir.[23][24]
In Naples, the base of operations of the order, there was significant opposition towards the idea of Alfonso succeeding Pius as it was feared that he would introduce Spanish elements into what was otherwise viewed as a distinctly Neapolitan institution. Not only was Ranieri supported by many of the Constantinian Order's members, but Ferdinand Pius also made it clear that he wished Ranieri, and not Alfonso, to succeed him. Many of the order's knights felt obliged to respect Pius' wishes. At the same time as Ranieri was proclaimed grand master in Naples after Pius' death, Alfonso was proclaimed grand master in Madrid; Alfonso had at no point doubted his own rights and had not even been informed by his father that they had been "renounced" given that Carlos himself considered his supposed renunciation irrelevant.[25]
Whereas the claim of Ranieri and his descendants was supported by those in the senior ranks of the Constantinian Order,[26] as well as most royal houses in Europe, the claim of Alfonso and his descendants is supported by the Spanish Royal House.[24] Other supporters of Alfonso's claim included the exiled royals Robert of Parma (also grand master of his branch of the order) and Duarte Nuno de Bragança (head of the former royal house of Portugal). Noteworthy royal supporters of Ranieri's claim included Umberto II (the former king of Italy), Henri of Orléans (claimant to the throne of France), Archduke Gottfried of Austria (titular Grand Duke of Tuscany), Albrecht (titular Duke of Bavaria), Philipp Albrecht (titular Duke of Württemberg), Prince Amadeo (titular Duke of Aosta), Filiberto (titular Duke of Genoa) and Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark, among others.[27] Though the Italian government previously did not recognize the claims of Alfonso's descendants, and forbade the use of titles and honors granted by their order, in favor of recognizing Ranieri's line, since the 1980s, awards granted by both lines of grand masters have had the same legal recognition. The two sides of the family briefly reached the beginning stages of a resolution between 2014 and 2016, briefly recognizing the claimed noble titles of each other, before Prince Carlo (heir to Ranieri's claim) renounced his recognition of Prince Pedro's (the heir to Alfonso's claim) titles.[28]
The crosses of the main Two Sicilies order (left) and the Parmese version of the order (right) can be distinguished by the uppercase omega (Ω) of the Two Sicilies cross and the lowercase omega (ω) of the Parmese cross
After the defeat of Napoleon, the Congress of Vienna accorded his former wife, Marie Louise of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine, the duchies of Parma, Piacenza and Guastalla, and shortly thereafter also Lucca (though she only held Lucca briefly), as the owner of those territories, the Kingdom of Etruria, had been a Napoleonic ally. Before she even reached her new territories, Maria Louise's advisor, companion and lover Adam Albert von Neipperg recognized that she would require the support of the local nobility in Parma in order to rule efficiently, and thus advised Marie Louise to found her own Constantinian Order, envisioned as a re-establishment of the original institution.[33]
Claiming that the grand mastership of the order was tied to the duchies of Parma and Piacenza and descent from the Farnese family, Marie Louise proclaimed herself grand master of the Constantinian Order on 26 February 1816. She was descended from the Farnese family through her grandfather, Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies, who was still alive and still legitimately claimed the position of grand master himself. Although her claim to the position was immediately met with protest from Ferdinand, Maria Louise had the powerful support of her father, Emperor Francis I of Austria. Though Ferdinand protested to Pope Pius VII, there was little Pius could do other than refusing to recognize Maria Louise, especially in the face of Francis' support of her. Trying to reach a position of agreement, the official position of the court of the Two Sicilies was that Ferdinand's right to the order could not be diminished as it was based on primogeniture, but that Maria Louise was also in her right to found an order in imitation of the Constantinian Order given that she governed Parma; however due to the changes introduced by her, such as introductions of new classes, the order could not be considered a continuation of the ancient order. There was never any formal accord between Parma and Naples, but the two orders continued to maintain a status quo by refusing requests for awards by the other's subjects, and by the Parma order adding the adjectives "Imperial" and "Angelic" to the order's full name.[34]
26 February 1816 – 17 December 1847 (31 years, 9 months and 21 days)
Granddaughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies. Claimed the position (against Ferdinand I) by virtue of being a descendant of the Farnese family in possession of Parma.
27 March 1854 – 16 November 1907 (53 years, 7 months and 20 days)
Son of Charles III. Deposed as Duke after only four years, ending the Duchy of Parma. Robert thereafter lived in exile in Rome and then Vienna, continuing to claim the position of grand master.
Andrea Angeli (claimant 1634–1644), the youngest son of grand master Girolamo I Angeli. Disputed the succession of Angelo Maria Angeli in 1634 on account of Angelo Maria's father Michele Angeli having been born illegitimate.[39]
Girolamo II Angeli (claimant 1644–1678/1679), the eldest son of Andrea. Girolamo II continued his father's lack of recognition of Angelo Maria as grand master. Upon the death of Angelo Maria in 1678 (or Marco in 1679), Girolamo II succeeded as the legitimate grand master of the order.[40]
Ferdinand, Duke of Parma (claimant 1778–1802), a member of the House of Bourbon, Ferdinand claimed the position of grand master in opposition to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies on the erroneous argument that the office was tied to the Duchy of Parma (which Ferdinand held), rather than hereditary succession, similar to Marie Louis's later claim.[41]
Forgersedit
Gian Antonio Lazier, an 18th-century forger who claimed the grand mastership, viewing the sale to Farnese as being of questionable legality
Because the position of grand master within the Constantinian Order is hereditary, numerous forgers and self-styled princes have either claimed relations to the Angeli family, or claimed entirely alternate lines of imperial descent (so as to produce a superior claim to the position). For the most part, such claimants can easily be dismissed as forgers and opportunists, typically without genuine links to Greek or Albanian families.[42] Many later pretenders have purported to be either part of the order, or its legitimate grand master.[43]
John George Heracleus Basilicos (claimant c. 1566–1593), a claimant to Byzantine heritage just like the Angeli family, John George and Andrea Angeli (grand master c. 1545–1580) recognized each other as Byzantine descendants and relatives out of mutual benefit. In the 1560s, John George proclaimed himself grand master, a claim he maintained until he was imprisoned in 1593 after the papacy favored the claims of grand master Giovanni Andrea I Angeli over his.[44][42]
Gian Antonio Lazier (claimant c. 1720–1738), forged relations with the Angeli family and the Palaiologos dynasty of Byzantine emperors and thus challenged Francesco Farnese's assumption of the position of grand master, arguing that his line of Byzantine descent was superior to that of Farnese and that the sale of the position was of questionable legality.[45][46] Seen by some contemporaries as having an equally valid claim to the position as Farnese,[47] Lazier was officially supported by Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor, until around the time his forgeries were exposed by Farnese in 1725.[48]
Radu Cantacuzino (claimant c. 1735–1761), descendant of the Byzantine Kantakouzenos family and son of Ștefan Cantacuzino, Prince of Wallachia (r. 1714–1716).[49] Inventing a line of descent directly from Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, Cantacuzino claimed the grand mastership as a rival to both Francesco Farnese and Gian Antonio Lazier, perhaps with recognition from Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor.[50][51]
Ioannis Rhodocanakis (claimant c. 1860–1895), father of Demetrius Rhodocanakis, proclaimed as the legitimate grand master in the writings of his son.[52]
Demetrius Rhodocanakis, who claimed to be the legitimate grand master in the late 19th and early 20th century through forged connections to the Palaiologos dynastyDemetrius Rhodocanakis (claimant 1895–1902), forged descent from the Palaiologos dynasty of Byzantine emperors, claiming female-line descent from Theodore Paleologus (c. 1560–1636).[53] Claimed the position of grand master and the title of emperor after his father's death in 1895.[54] In 1871, Rhodocanakis' claims were recognized by the papacy after an audience with Pope Pius IX.[54][43] His claims had been thoroughly exposed and debunked by the early 20th century.[55]
Eugenio Lascorz (claimant c. 1906–1962), forged descent from the Laskaris dynasty of Byzantine emperors, claiming the position of titular emperor as well as claiming to be the rightful grand master of the Constantinian Order, as well as of a self-styled order, the "Order of Saint Eugene of Trebizond".[56]
Paul Crivez (claimant 1945–1984), claimed to be the rightful senior heir of the Palaiologos dynasty through adoption by Alexandrine Paléologue (born Boutcoulesco), the widow of a man named Grégoire Paléologue. Crivez forged a genealogy that made Grégoire out to be a descendant of Manuel Palaiologos.[57]
Marziano Lavarello (claimant c. 1948–1992), forged descent from the Laskaris and Palaiologos dynasties, claiming to be the rightful emperor as well as the rightful grand master of the Constantinian Order. Lavarello's claims were recognized by a court in Rome in 1948.[58]
Peter Mills (claimant 1960s–1988), forged descent from the Palaiologos dynasty, through Manuel Palaiologos, claiming to be the rightful emperor as well as the rightful grand master of the Constantinian Order.[59]
Enrico de Vigo Paleologo (claimant 1961–2010), forged connections to the Laskaris and Palaiologos dynasty, and even as far back as Emperor Nero (r. 54–68). Claimed to be the rightful emperor and grand master of both the Constantinian Order and his own "Order of the Cross of Constantinople".[60]
Patricia Palaeologina (claimant 1988–present), widow of Peter Mills and continuator of his claims, his children by his first wife having renounced his pretensions as a "utter sham".[62]
Arcadia Luigi Maria Picco (claimant 1992–present), questionably claims to have been willed the claims and titles of Marziano Lavarello, presenting himself as Lavarello's successor as titular emperor and grand master of the Constantinian Order.[63]
Eugenio Láscaris (claimant 2006–present), son and heir of Teodoro Láscaris.[56]
Françoise Paleologo (claimant 2010–present), widow and designated heir to the position of grand master of Enrico Constantino de Vigo Aleramico Lascaris Paleologo.[64]
Giovanni Angelo Paleologo Mastrogiovanni (claimant 2017–present), son and heir of Pietro Paleologo Mastriogiovanni.[65]
^"Fondazione Imperiale Bisanzio: SAIR il Principe Giovanni Paleologo di Bisanzio". Fondazione Imperiale Bisanzio. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
^"Fondazione Imperiale Bisanzio: SAIR il Principe Giovanni Paleologo di Bisanzio". Fondazione Imperiale Bisanzio. 29 December 2019. Retrieved 2021-10-12.
Bibliographyedit
Campagnano, Anna Rosa (June 2001). "O "Conde" Raphael Mayer, um benfeitor quase esquecido". Gerações/Brasil: Boletim da Sociedade Genealógica Judaica do Brasil. Vol. 10.
Cheesman, Clive; Williams, Jonathan (2000). Rebels, Pretenders and Imposters. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN978-0312238667.
Chindriș, Ioan; Iacob, Niculina (2015). O diplomă privilegială inedită a episcopului Inochentie Micu-Klein [An unprecedented privileged diploma of Bishop Inochentie Micu-Klein] (PDF) (in Romanian). Bucharest: National Library of Romania. ISBN978-6066903264.
Gastgeber, Christian (2018). "Wien und das neu begründete imperium Romano-Byzantinum (1720-1738). Der selbst ernannte Großmeister des Konstantinischen Ritterordens des Heiligen GeorgIohannes IX. Antonius I. Flavius, Angelus, Comnenus, (Ducas), Lascaris, Paleologus" [Vienna and the re-founded imperium Romano-Byzantium (1720-1738). The self-proclaimed grand master of the Constantinian Order of knights of Saint George Iohannes IX Antonius I Flavius, Angelus, Comnenus, (Ducas), Lascaris, Paleologus]. In Daim, Falko; Gastgeber, Christian; Heher, Dominik; Rapp, Claudia (eds.). Menschen, Bilder, Sprache, Dinge: Wege der Kommunikation zwischen Byzanz und dem Westen 2: Menschen und Worte. Mainz: Verlag des Römisch-Germanischen Zentralmuseums. ISBN978-3795433161.
Hall, John (2015). An Elizabethan Assassin: Theodore Paleologus: Seducer, Spy and Killer. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN978-0750962612.
Hassiotis, Ioannis (1982–1983). "George Heracleus Basilicos, a Greek Pretender to a Balkan Principality (End of the XVI – Beginning of the XVII century)" (PDF). Balcanica (XIII–XIV): 85–96. ISSN 0350-7653.
Jahn, Regina (2016). Die Bibliothek des Demetrios Rhodokanakis: Untersuchungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Auktionskatalog der Büchersammlung (Rom 1904)(PDF) (Master's thesis). Universität Wien.
Kolditz, Sebastian (2012). "Nur Decline and Fall? Zum Bild der späten Palaiologenherrschaft in Schriften des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts" [Only Decline and Fall? On the image of the late Palaiologan rule in writings of the eighteenth century]. In Kolovou, Foteini (ed.). Byzanzrezeption in Europa: Spurensuche über das Mittelalter und die Renaissance bis in die Gegenwart. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN978-3110272062.
Olar, Ovidiu (2014). "Intrigi politice, strategii de ascensiune socială și genealogii fabuloase. Episcopul Inochentie Micu, Cavaler și Prefect Suprem pentru Dacia al Ordinului "Constantinian" al Sf. Gheorghe" [Political Intrigues, Strategies to Achieving a Higher Social Status and Fabulous Genealogies. Bishop Inochentie Micu, Knight and Supreme Prefect for Dacia of the "Constantinian" Order of St. George]. Apulum (in Romanian). 51 (2): 129–161. ISSN 1013-428X.
Opfell, Olga S. (2001). Royalty Who Wait: The 21 Heads of Formerly Regnant Houses of Europe. McFarland & Company. ISBN978-0786409013.
Rhodocanakis, Demetrius (1870). The Imperial Constantinian Order of St. George: A Review of Modern Impostures and a Sketch of Its True History. Longmans, Green, and Co.
Sainty, Guy Stair (2018). The Constantinian Order of Saint George: and the Angeli, Farnese and Bourbon families which governed it. Boletín Oficial del Estado. ISBN978-8434025066.
Web sourcesedit
Familienverband der Freiherren von Quast. "Marziano Lavarello – Nobiliary law – Adelsrecht – Droit nobiliaire". Nobiliary law - Adelsrecht - Droit nobiliaire (in Dutch). Retrieved 2021-09-18.
"Legal Documents". The Constantinian Order of St. George. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
"The Grand Magistry of the Bourbon Two Sicilies". Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
"The Great Seal of the Lascaris Comnenus". www.new-byzantium.org. Retrieved 2020-03-02.
"Ordine Costantiniano di San Giorgio". www.borboneparma.it. Retrieved 2021-10-06.
December 15, 2023
list, grand, masters, constantinian, order, saint, george, this, list, grand, masters, constantinian, order, saint, george, dynastic, order, knighthood, catholic, church, although, founded, albanian, nobles, claiming, descent, from, byzantine, angelos, dynasty. This is a list of grand masters of the Constantinian Order of Saint George a dynastic order of knighthood of the Catholic Church Although it was founded by Albanian nobles claiming descent from the Byzantine Angelos dynasty in the 16th century the order has throughout its existence maintained that it has its origin in Ancient Roman times supposedly founded by Constantine the Great in the 4th century 1 Such an origin is otherwise regarded as being impossible as there are no Roman or Byzantine records of such an institution ever existing and chivalric orders being completely unknown in the Byzantine world 2 3 Cross of the Constantinian Order of Saint GeorgeThe founders of the order the Angeli family provided forged genealogies tracing their descent back to the 4th century with grand masters covering the period from the Constantinian dynasty to the 16th century These grand masters maintained in modern official lists of grand masters are mostly entirely invented though some were real historical figures albeit with no connection to the chivalric order 4 In 1698 the position of grand master passed to the House of Farnese and in 1732 it passed to the House of Bourbon Two Sicilies once rulers of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies to which the office still belongs The line of grand masters within the House of Bourbon is divided today with three separate claimants to the position The Parmese branch of the Constantinian order split from the legitimate order in 1816 and is still maintained by the House of Bourbon Parma The legitimate order has itself been the subject of a succession dispute since 1960 which has in effect produced separate Spanish and Neapolitan orders though neither recognizes the other as legitimate In addition to these succession disputes claims to be the legitimate grand master of the Constantinian Order have also been forwarded by many impostors and pretenders to Byzantine titles and descent on account of the order s invented Byzantine origins and its form of hereditary succession As such forgers who have claimed to represent rightful Byzantine emperors or dynasts have also often claimed the position of grand master Several such grand masters remain active today Contents 1 Legendary grand masters 313 1570 2 Historical grand masters 1545 present 2 1 House of Angeli 1545 1623 2 2 House of Caracciolo 1623 1627 2 3 House of Angeli 1627 1698 2 4 House of Farnese 1698 1731 2 5 House of Bourbon Two Sicilies 1732 present 2 5 1 Disputed succession 1960 present 3 Claimants and pretenders 3 1 Parmese Constantinian order 1816 present 3 1 1 House of Habsburg Lorraine 1816 1847 3 1 2 House of Bourbon Parma 1848 present 3 2 Other claimants 3 3 Forgers 4 See also 5 References 5 1 Bibliography 5 2 Web sourcesLegendary grand masters 313 1570 editThe founding family of the Constantinian Order the Angeli made great genealogies that traced their descent back to the 4th century as supposed descendants of Constantine the Great with grand masters covering this period up until the 16th century These grand masters are maintained in modern official lists of grand masters but they are almost entirely invented figures A handful of individuals are genuine historical figures but they have no connection to the later chivalric order 4 Constantine the Great Roman emperor 306 337 allegedly founded the order in 313 Constantine II Flavius Roman emperor 337 340 Constans I Flavius Roman emperor 337 350 Constantius II Flavius Roman emperor 337 361 Constans Gallus Angelos Flavius Prince of Macedonia grand master 361 362 Michael I Gallus Angelos Flavius Prince of Macedonia grand master 362 428 Alexios I Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Macedonia grand master 428 458 Alexios II Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 458 514 Michael II Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 514 548 Alexios Michael Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 548 586 Angelo Michael III Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 586 617 Philipp Basilius Pippin Angelos Flavius Comnenos Duke of Drivasto and Durazzo Despot of the Pelopponesus grand master 617 625 Isaac I Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 625 667 Alexios III Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 667 719 Constantine III Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 719 781 Michael IV Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 781 820 Constantine IV Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 820 905 Alexios IV Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 905 953 Michael V Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 953 984 Emanuel Michael Angelos Flavius Comnenos Prince of Cilicia and Macedonia grand master 984 1021 Isaac II Angelos Flavius Comnenos Byzantine emperor grand master 1021 1061 Alexios V Angelos Flavius Comnenos Byzantine emperor grand master 1061 1118 John Angelos Flavius Comnenos Byzantine emperor grand master 1118 1143 Isaac III Angelos Flavius Comnenos grand master 1143 1152 Andronikos Doukas Angelos Flavius Comnenos grand master 1152 1186 Isaac IV Angelos Flavius Comnenos Byzantine emperor grand master 1186 1204 Alexios VI Angelos Flavius Comnenos Byzantine emperor grand master 1195 1204 Alexios Andreas Angelos Flavius Comnenos Count and Duke of Drivasto grand master 1204 1260 Michael VI Angelos Flavius Comnenos Count and Duke of Drivasto Despot of Epirus grand master 1260 1318 Andreas I Nicephorus Andreas Angelos Flavius Comnenos Despot of Epirus grand master 1318 1366 Michael VII Andreas Angelos Flavius Comnenos Despot of Epirus grand master 1366 1410 Paul I Angelos Flavius Comnenos Duke of Drivasto and Durazzo grand master 1410 1453 Andreas II Angelos Flavius Comnenos Duke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo grand master 1453 1457 1470 Paul II Angelos Flavius Comnenos Duke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo grand master 1447 1468 1469 Pietro Angelo Flavio Comneno Duke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo grand master 1469 1511 1512 Giovanni Demetrio Angelo Flavio Comneno Prince of Cilicia grand master 1511 1512 1570Historical grand masters 1545 present editHouse of Angeli 1545 1623 edit See also Angelo Flavio Comneno No Portrait Name Tenure Succession and Notes Ref37 Andrea AngeliPrince of MacedoniaDuke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo c 1545 1580 c 35 years First historically verified grand master presumably the founder of the order Recognized as grand master among other titles in 1545 by Pope Paul III 5 38 Girolamo I AngeliPrince of Thessaly c 1570 1591 21 years with Andrea and then Pietro Brother of Andrea Angeli joint or rival grand master Recognized in modern lists 6 39 Pietro AngeliPrince of MacedoniaDuke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo 1580 1592 12 years Nephew and designated successor of Andrea Angeli 7 40 nbsp Giovanni Andrea I AngeliPrince of MacedoniaDuke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo 1592 14 August 1623 31 years first tenure Son and designated successor of Pietro Angeli 7 House of Caracciolo 1623 1627 edit See also House of Caracciolo No Portrait Name Tenure Succession and Notes Ref41 nbsp Marino CaraccioloPrince of Avellino 14 August 1623 1627 4 years Prominent Neapolitan noble and distant family relation purchased the position of grand master from Giovanni Andrea I Angeli who had considerable debts at the time 8 House of Angeli 1627 1698 edit See also Angelo Flavio Comneno No Portrait Name Tenure Succession and Notes Ref40 nbsp Giovanni Andrea I AngeliPrince of MacedoniaDuke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo 1627 December 1634 7 years second tenure Marino Caracciolo s succession was not recognized by other members of the Angeli family and faced with a lack of widespread recognition and legal challenges he gave back the position to Giovanni Andrea I Angeli 9 nbsp Majolino BisaccioniCount of Megaridi 1632 1656 24 years Previously grand chancellor appointed as vice grand master grand master vicar by Giovanni Andrea I Angeli in 1632 retaining this position after Giovanni Andrea I Angeli s death two years later despite the two having fallen out Recognized Angelo Maria Angeli s succession but did not relinquish his power until 1656 10 42 nbsp Angelo Maria AngeliPrince of Macedonia and ThessalyDuke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo December 1634 1678 44 years Second cousin and designated successor of Giovanni Andrea I Angeli Did not gain de facto control over the order until Majolino Bisaccioni relinquished his position in 1656 11 43 Marco AngeliPrince of Macedonia and ThessalyDuke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo 1678 1679 1 year Brother of Angelo Maria Angeli Counted in official lists but the historicity of his tenure is uncertain as he may have died before his brother 11 44 Girolamo II AngeliPrince of MacedoniaDuke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo 1679 1687 8 years Cousin and designated successor of Angelo Maria Angeli or Marco Angeli 12 45 nbsp Giovanni Andrea II AngeliPrince of MacedoniaDuke and Count of Drivasto and Durazzo 1687 11 January 1698 11 years Brother of Girolamo II Angeli Last male member of his family 13 House of Farnese 1698 1731 edit See also House of Farnese No Portrait Name Tenure Succession and Notes Ref46 nbsp Francesco FarneseDuke of Parma and Piacenza 11 January 1698 26 February 1727 29 years 1 month and 15 days Purchased the position of grand master from Giovanni Andrea II Angeli Documents of the sale specify that the order s hereditary succession from then on followed the descendants of Francesco Farnese Further justified his claim to the order through matrilineal female line descent from Isaac II Angelos Rights confirmed by Pope Innocent XII and Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I 14 47 nbsp Antonio FarneseDuke of Parma and Piacenza 26 February 1727 20 January 1731 3 years 10 months and 25 days Brother of Francesco Farnese Last male member of his family 15 House of Bourbon Two Sicilies 1732 present edit See also House of Bourbon Two Sicilies No Portrait Name Tenure Arms Succession and Notes Ref48 nbsp Charles III of SpainKing of SpainKing of Naples and SicilyDuke of Parma and Piacenza 6 April 1732 16 October 1759 27 years 6 months and 10 days nbsp Son of Elisabeth Farnese niece of Francesco Farnese and Antonio Farnese Legitimate senior heir of Antonio Farnese Formally invested as grand master by a group of Constantinian knights on 6 April 1732 Confirmed as grand master by Pope Clement XII on 12 May 1739 16 49 nbsp Ferdinand I of the Two SiciliesKing of the Two Sicilies 16 October 1759 4 January 1825 65 years 2 months and 19 days nbsp Charles III became king of Spain in 1759 and due to agreements prohibiting the unification of the Spanish and Sicilian crowns designated his third son Ferdinand as heir to his Italian possessions and as the new Constantinian grand master as First Born Legitimate Farnese heir Ferdinand s succession as grand master was confirmed by Pope Clement XIII on 18 December 1763 17 50 nbsp Francis I of the Two SiciliesKing of the Two Sicilies 4 January 1825 8 November 1830 5 years 10 months and 4 days nbsp Son of Ferdinand I 18 51 nbsp Ferdinand II of the Two SiciliesKing of the Two Sicilies 8 November 1830 22 May 1859 28 years 6 months and 14 days nbsp Son of Francis I 18 52 nbsp Francis II of the Two SiciliesKing of the Two Sicilies 22 May 1859 27 December 1894 35 years 7 months and 5 days nbsp Son of Ferdinand II Francis II was the last king of the Two Sicilies being deposed in 1861 during the unification of Italy Francis II retained his position as grand master after his deposition 19 53 nbsp Prince AlfonsoCount of Caserta 27 December 1894 26 May 1934 39 years 4 months and 29 days nbsp Brother of Francis II and heir to his claims and prerogatives 20 54 nbsp Prince Ferdinand PiusDuke of CastroDuke of Calabria 26 May 1934 7 January 1960 25 years 7 months and 12 days nbsp Son of Alfonso 21 Disputed succession 1960 present edit The leadership of the Constantinian Order has been disputed since the death of Ferdinand Pius in 1960 The immediate male primogeniture heir of Ferdinand Pius was Infante Alfonso the son of Pius eldest younger brother Carlos 22 Carlos married Maria de las Mercedes Princess of Asturias the heir presumptive of Spain in 1901 As a result of the marriage the Spanish government forced Carlos to renounce his eventual succession to the crown of the Two Sicilies in line with the centuries old agreement that the crowns of Spain and Two Sicilies were not to unify 23 Although this renunciation was interpreted by many as removing Carlos and his descendants from the line of succession of the Two Sicilies supporters of Alfonso argued that the renouciation would only have applied if Carlos wife or an eventual son had actually become the sovereign of Spain which did not happen Nevertheless Ferdinand Pius and Carlos younger brother Ranieri began to regard himself as Pius heir 23 24 In Naples the base of operations of the order there was significant opposition towards the idea of Alfonso succeeding Pius as it was feared that he would introduce Spanish elements into what was otherwise viewed as a distinctly Neapolitan institution Not only was Ranieri supported by many of the Constantinian Order s members but Ferdinand Pius also made it clear that he wished Ranieri and not Alfonso to succeed him Many of the order s knights felt obliged to respect Pius wishes At the same time as Ranieri was proclaimed grand master in Naples after Pius death Alfonso was proclaimed grand master in Madrid Alfonso had at no point doubted his own rights and had not even been informed by his father that they had been renounced given that Carlos himself considered his supposed renunciation irrelevant 25 Whereas the claim of Ranieri and his descendants was supported by those in the senior ranks of the Constantinian Order 26 as well as most royal houses in Europe the claim of Alfonso and his descendants is supported by the Spanish Royal House 24 Other supporters of Alfonso s claim included the exiled royals Robert of Parma also grand master of his branch of the order and Duarte Nuno de Braganca head of the former royal house of Portugal Noteworthy royal supporters of Ranieri s claim included Umberto II the former king of Italy Henri of Orleans claimant to the throne of France Archduke Gottfried of Austria titular Grand Duke of Tuscany Albrecht titular Duke of Bavaria Philipp Albrecht titular Duke of Wurttemberg Prince Amadeo titular Duke of Aosta Filiberto titular Duke of Genoa and Prince Michael of Greece and Denmark among others 27 Though the Italian government previously did not recognize the claims of Alfonso s descendants and forbade the use of titles and honors granted by their order in favor of recognizing Ranieri s line since the 1980s awards granted by both lines of grand masters have had the same legal recognition The two sides of the family briefly reached the beginning stages of a resolution between 2014 and 2016 briefly recognizing the claimed noble titles of each other before Prince Carlo heir to Ranieri s claim renounced his recognition of Prince Pedro s the heir to Alfonso s claim titles 28 Neapolitan branch Ranieri s descendants No Portrait Name Tenure Arms Succession and Notes Ref55 nbsp Prince RanieriDuke of Castro 7 January 1960 13 January 1973 13 years and 6 days nbsp Brother and intended heir of Ferdinand Pius 25 29 56 Prince FerdinandDuke of Castro 13 January 1973 20 March 2008 35 years 2 months and 7 days nbsp Son of Ranieri 29 57 nbsp Prince CarloDuke of Castro 20 March 2008 present 15 years 8 months and 21 days nbsp Son of Ferdinand 29 Spanish branch Alfonso s descendants No Portrait Name Tenure Arms Succession and Notes Ref55 nbsp Infante AlfonsoDuke of CalabriaCount of Caserta 7 January 1960 3 February 1964 4 years and 27 days nbsp Nephew of Ferdinand Pius 30 56 nbsp Infante CarlosDuke of Calabria 3 February 1964 5 October 2015 51 years 8 months and 2 days nbsp Son of Alfonso 31 57 Prince PedroDuke of Calabria 5 October 2015 present 8 years 2 months and 6 days nbsp Son of Carlos 32 Claimants and pretenders editParmese Constantinian order 1816 present edit nbsp nbsp The crosses of the main Two Sicilies order left and the Parmese version of the order right can be distinguished by the uppercase omega W of the Two Sicilies cross and the lowercase omega w of the Parmese crossAfter the defeat of Napoleon the Congress of Vienna accorded his former wife Marie Louise of the House of Habsburg Lorraine the duchies of Parma Piacenza and Guastalla and shortly thereafter also Lucca though she only held Lucca briefly as the owner of those territories the Kingdom of Etruria had been a Napoleonic ally Before she even reached her new territories Maria Louise s advisor companion and lover Adam Albert von Neipperg recognized that she would require the support of the local nobility in Parma in order to rule efficiently and thus advised Marie Louise to found her own Constantinian Order envisioned as a re establishment of the original institution 33 Claiming that the grand mastership of the order was tied to the duchies of Parma and Piacenza and descent from the Farnese family Marie Louise proclaimed herself grand master of the Constantinian Order on 26 February 1816 She was descended from the Farnese family through her grandfather Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies who was still alive and still legitimately claimed the position of grand master himself Although her claim to the position was immediately met with protest from Ferdinand Maria Louise had the powerful support of her father Emperor Francis I of Austria Though Ferdinand protested to Pope Pius VII there was little Pius could do other than refusing to recognize Maria Louise especially in the face of Francis support of her Trying to reach a position of agreement the official position of the court of the Two Sicilies was that Ferdinand s right to the order could not be diminished as it was based on primogeniture but that Maria Louise was also in her right to found an order in imitation of the Constantinian Order given that she governed Parma however due to the changes introduced by her such as introductions of new classes the order could not be considered a continuation of the ancient order There was never any formal accord between Parma and Naples but the two orders continued to maintain a status quo by refusing requests for awards by the other s subjects and by the Parma order adding the adjectives Imperial and Angelic to the order s full name 34 House of Habsburg Lorraine 1816 1847 edit See also House of Habsburg Lorraine No Portrait Name Tenure Arms Succession and Notes Ref 50 nbsp Marie LouiseDuchess of Parma Piacenza and Guastalla 26 February 1816 17 December 1847 31 years 9 months and 21 days nbsp Granddaughter of Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies Claimed the position against Ferdinand I by virtue of being a descendant of the Farnese family in possession of Parma 34 House of Bourbon Parma 1848 present edit See also House of Bourbon Parma No Portrait Name Tenure Arms Succession and Notes Ref 51 nbsp Charles IIDuke of Parma and Piacenza 17 January 1848 17 May 1849 1 year and 4 months nbsp Succeeded Marie Louise as Duke of Parma per the Congress of Vienna Assumed the position of grand master on 17 January 1848 35 52 nbsp Charles IIIDuke of Parma and Piacenza 8 October 1849 27 March 1854 4 years 5 months and 19 days nbsp Son of Charles II who abdicated in his favor in 1849 Formally took the position of grand master on 8 October 1849 after a period of exile 36 53 nbsp Robert IDuke of Parma and Piacenza 27 March 1854 16 November 1907 53 years 7 months and 20 days nbsp Son of Charles III Deposed as Duke after only four years ending the Duchy of Parma Robert thereafter lived in exile in Rome and then Vienna continuing to claim the position of grand master 37 54 nbsp HenryDuke of Parma and Piacenza 16 November 1907 16 November 1939 32 years nbsp Son of Robert I 38 55 nbsp JosephDuke of Parma and Piacenza 16 November 1939 7 January 1950 10 years 1 month and 22 days nbsp Son of Robert I 38 56 nbsp EliasDuke of Parma and Piacenza 7 January 1950 27 June 1959 9 years 5 months and 20 days nbsp Son of Robert I 38 57 nbsp Robert HugoDuke of Parma and Piacenza 27 June 1959 15 November 1974 15 years 4 months and 19 days nbsp Son of Elias 38 58 nbsp Prince XavierDuke of Parma and Piacenza 15 November 1974 7 May 1977 2 years 5 months and 22 days nbsp Son of Robert I 38 59 nbsp Carlos HugoDuke of Parma and Piacenza 7 May 1977 18 August 2010 33 years 3 months and 11 days nbsp Son of Xavier 38 60 nbsp Prince CarlosDuke of Parma and Piacenza 18 August 2010 present 13 years 3 months and 23 days nbsp Son of Carlos Hugo 38 Other claimants edit Andrea Angeli claimant 1634 1644 the youngest son of grand master Girolamo I Angeli Disputed the succession of Angelo Maria Angeli in 1634 on account of Angelo Maria s father Michele Angeli having been born illegitimate 39 Girolamo II Angeli claimant 1644 1678 1679 the eldest son of Andrea Girolamo II continued his father s lack of recognition of Angelo Maria as grand master Upon the death of Angelo Maria in 1678 or Marco in 1679 Girolamo II succeeded as the legitimate grand master of the order 40 Ferdinand Duke of Parma claimant 1778 1802 a member of the House of Bourbon Ferdinand claimed the position of grand master in opposition to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies on the erroneous argument that the office was tied to the Duchy of Parma which Ferdinand held rather than hereditary succession similar to Marie Louis s later claim 41 Forgers edit nbsp Gian Antonio Lazier an 18th century forger who claimed the grand mastership viewing the sale to Farnese as being of questionable legalityBecause the position of grand master within the Constantinian Order is hereditary numerous forgers and self styled princes have either claimed relations to the Angeli family or claimed entirely alternate lines of imperial descent so as to produce a superior claim to the position For the most part such claimants can easily be dismissed as forgers and opportunists typically without genuine links to Greek or Albanian families 42 Many later pretenders have purported to be either part of the order or its legitimate grand master 43 John George Heracleus Basilicos claimant c 1566 1593 a claimant to Byzantine heritage just like the Angeli family John George and Andrea Angeli grand master c 1545 1580 recognized each other as Byzantine descendants and relatives out of mutual benefit In the 1560s John George proclaimed himself grand master a claim he maintained until he was imprisoned in 1593 after the papacy favored the claims of grand master Giovanni Andrea I Angeli over his 44 42 Gian Antonio Lazier claimant c 1720 1738 forged relations with the Angeli family and the Palaiologos dynasty of Byzantine emperors and thus challenged Francesco Farnese s assumption of the position of grand master arguing that his line of Byzantine descent was superior to that of Farnese and that the sale of the position was of questionable legality 45 46 Seen by some contemporaries as having an equally valid claim to the position as Farnese 47 Lazier was officially supported by Charles VI Holy Roman Emperor until around the time his forgeries were exposed by Farnese in 1725 48 Radu Cantacuzino claimant c 1735 1761 descendant of the Byzantine Kantakouzenos family and son of Ștefan Cantacuzino Prince of Wallachia r 1714 1716 49 Inventing a line of descent directly from Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos Cantacuzino claimed the grand mastership as a rival to both Francesco Farnese and Gian Antonio Lazier perhaps with recognition from Charles VI Holy Roman Emperor 50 51 Ioannis Rhodocanakis claimant c 1860 1895 father of Demetrius Rhodocanakis proclaimed as the legitimate grand master in the writings of his son 52 nbsp Demetrius Rhodocanakis who claimed to be the legitimate grand master in the late 19th and early 20th century through forged connections to the Palaiologos dynastyDemetrius Rhodocanakis claimant 1895 1902 forged descent from the Palaiologos dynasty of Byzantine emperors claiming female line descent from Theodore Paleologus c 1560 1636 53 Claimed the position of grand master and the title of emperor after his father s death in 1895 54 In 1871 Rhodocanakis claims were recognized by the papacy after an audience with Pope Pius IX 54 43 His claims had been thoroughly exposed and debunked by the early 20th century 55 Eugenio Lascorz claimant c 1906 1962 forged descent from the Laskaris dynasty of Byzantine emperors claiming the position of titular emperor as well as claiming to be the rightful grand master of the Constantinian Order as well as of a self styled order the Order of Saint Eugene of Trebizond 56 Paul Crivez claimant 1945 1984 claimed to be the rightful senior heir of the Palaiologos dynasty through adoption by Alexandrine Paleologue born Boutcoulesco the widow of a man named Gregoire Paleologue Crivez forged a genealogy that made Gregoire out to be a descendant of Manuel Palaiologos 57 Marziano Lavarello claimant c 1948 1992 forged descent from the Laskaris and Palaiologos dynasties claiming to be the rightful emperor as well as the rightful grand master of the Constantinian Order Lavarello s claims were recognized by a court in Rome in 1948 58 Peter Mills claimant 1960s 1988 forged descent from the Palaiologos dynasty through Manuel Palaiologos claiming to be the rightful emperor as well as the rightful grand master of the Constantinian Order 59 Enrico de Vigo Paleologo claimant 1961 2010 forged connections to the Laskaris and Palaiologos dynasty and even as far back as Emperor Nero r 54 68 Claimed to be the rightful emperor and grand master of both the Constantinian Order and his own Order of the Cross of Constantinople 60 Teodoro Lascaris claimant 1962 2006 son and heir of Eugenio Lascorz 56 Pietro Paleologo Mastrogiovanni claimant 1966 2017 forged descent from Thomas Palaiologos claimed to be the rightful emperor and grand master 61 Patricia Palaeologina claimant 1988 present widow of Peter Mills and continuator of his claims his children by his first wife having renounced his pretensions as a utter sham 62 Arcadia Luigi Maria Picco claimant 1992 present questionably claims to have been willed the claims and titles of Marziano Lavarello presenting himself as Lavarello s successor as titular emperor and grand master of the Constantinian Order 63 Eugenio Lascaris claimant 2006 present son and heir of Teodoro Lascaris 56 Francoise Paleologo claimant 2010 present widow and designated heir to the position of grand master of Enrico Constantino de Vigo Aleramico Lascaris Paleologo 64 Giovanni Angelo Paleologo Mastrogiovanni claimant 2017 present son and heir of Pietro Paleologo Mastriogiovanni 65 See also editSuccession to the Byzantine EmpireReferences edit Sainty 2018 p 41 Sainty 2018 p 42 Nicol 1992 p 121 a b Sainty 2018 pp 409 411 Sainty 2018 pp 58 410 Sainty 2018 pp 76 410 a b Sainty 2018 pp 73 410 Sainty 2018 pp 89 90 410 Sainty 2018 pp 90 410 Sainty 2018 pp 87 94 104 208 411 a b Sainty 2018 pp 93 95 411 Sainty 2018 pp 98 106 411 Sainty 2018 pp 98 127 411 Sainty 2018 pp 12 127 129 411 Sainty 2018 pp 163 164 411 Sainty 2018 pp 163 164 167 172 411 Sainty 2018 pp 183 186 411 a b Sainty 2018 pp 203 411 Sainty 2018 pp 245 249 265 411 Sainty 2018 pp 279 411 Sainty 2018 pp 339 340 343 411 Sainty 2018 p 347 a b Sainty 2018 p 288 a b Opfell 2001 pp 37 38 a b Sainty 2018 pp 347 350 Sainty 2018 p 349 Sainty 2018 pp 359 360 Sainty 2018 pp 392 399 a b c Constantinian Order Sainty 2018 pp 347 350 411 Sainty 2018 pp 371 411 Sainty 2018 pp 389 411 Sainty 2018 p 225 a b Sainty 2018 pp 225 229 Sainty 2018 p 229 Sainty 2018 pp 229 230 Sainty 2018 p 230 a b c d e f g borboneparma it Sainty 2018 pp 82 417 Sainty 2018 pp 82 106 Sainty 2018 pp 175 177 a b Sainty 2018 p 73 a b Nicol 1992 p 120 Hassiotis 1982 1983 p 86 89 91 93 95 Sainty 2018 p 146 Olar 2014 p 130 Kolditz 2012 p 192 Olar 2014 p 138 Chindriș amp Iacob 2015 pp 10 11 Gastgeber 2018 p 366 Chindriș amp Iacob 2015 p 16 Rhodocanakis 1870 p 30 Hall 2015 p 52 a b Jahn 2016 p 9 Hall 2015 p 53 a b c new byzantium org Cheesman amp Williams 2000 p 126 Campagnano 2001 p 3 Nicol 1992 p 125 Hall 2015 p 223 Fondazione Imperiale Bisanzio SAIR il Principe Giovanni Paleologo di Bisanzio Fondazione Imperiale Bisanzio 29 December 2019 Retrieved 2021 10 12 Nicol 1992 p 127 Adelsrecht byzantine ws Fondazione Imperiale Bisanzio SAIR il Principe Giovanni Paleologo di Bisanzio Fondazione Imperiale Bisanzio 29 December 2019 Retrieved 2021 10 12 Bibliography edit Campagnano Anna Rosa June 2001 O Conde Raphael Mayer um benfeitor quase esquecido Geracoes Brasil Boletim da Sociedade Genealogica Judaica do Brasil Vol 10 Cheesman Clive Williams Jonathan 2000 Rebels Pretenders and Imposters New York St Martin s Press ISBN 978 0312238667 Chindriș Ioan Iacob Niculina 2015 O diplomă privilegială inedită a episcopului Inochentie Micu Klein An unprecedented privileged diploma of Bishop Inochentie Micu Klein PDF in Romanian Bucharest National Library of Romania ISBN 978 6066903264 Gastgeber Christian 2018 Wien und das neu begrundete imperium Romano Byzantinum 1720 1738 Der selbst ernannte Grossmeister des Konstantinischen Ritterordens des Heiligen GeorgIohannes IX Antonius I Flavius Angelus Comnenus Ducas Lascaris Paleologus Vienna and the re founded imperium Romano Byzantium 1720 1738 The self proclaimed grand master of the Constantinian Order of knights of Saint George Iohannes IX Antonius I Flavius Angelus Comnenus Ducas Lascaris Paleologus In Daim Falko Gastgeber Christian Heher Dominik Rapp Claudia eds Menschen Bilder Sprache Dinge Wege der Kommunikation zwischen Byzanz und dem Westen 2 Menschen und Worte Mainz Verlag des Romisch Germanischen Zentralmuseums ISBN 978 3795433161 Hall John 2015 An Elizabethan Assassin Theodore Paleologus Seducer Spy and Killer Stroud The History Press ISBN 978 0750962612 Hassiotis Ioannis 1982 1983 George Heracleus Basilicos a Greek Pretender to a Balkan Principality End of the XVI Beginning of the XVII century PDF Balcanica XIII XIV 85 96 ISSN 0350 7653 Jahn Regina 2016 Die Bibliothek des Demetrios Rhodokanakis Untersuchungen im Zusammenhang mit dem Auktionskatalog der Buchersammlung Rom 1904 PDF Master s thesis Universitat Wien Kolditz Sebastian 2012 Nur Decline and Fall Zum Bild der spaten Palaiologenherrschaft in Schriften des achtzehnten Jahrhunderts Only Decline and Fall On the image of the late Palaiologan rule in writings of the eighteenth century In Kolovou Foteini ed Byzanzrezeption in Europa Spurensuche uber das Mittelalter und die Renaissance bis in die Gegenwart Berlin Walter de Gruyter ISBN 978 3110272062 Nicol Donald M 1992 The Immortal Emperor The Life and Legend of Constantine Palaiologos Last Emperor of the Romans Cambridge Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 511 58369 8 Olar Ovidiu 2014 Intrigi politice strategii de ascensiune socială și genealogii fabuloase Episcopul Inochentie Micu Cavaler și Prefect Suprem pentru Dacia al Ordinului Constantinian al Sf Gheorghe Political Intrigues Strategies to Achieving a Higher Social Status and Fabulous Genealogies Bishop Inochentie Micu Knight and Supreme Prefect for Dacia of the Constantinian Order of St George Apulum in Romanian 51 2 129 161 ISSN 1013 428X Opfell Olga S 2001 Royalty Who Wait The 21 Heads of Formerly Regnant Houses of Europe McFarland amp Company ISBN 978 0786409013 Rhodocanakis Demetrius 1870 The Imperial Constantinian Order of St George A Review of Modern Impostures and a Sketch of Its True History Longmans Green and Co Sainty Guy Stair 2018 The Constantinian Order of Saint George and the Angeli Farnese and Bourbon families which governed it Boletin Oficial del Estado ISBN 978 8434025066 Web sources edit Familienverband der Freiherren von Quast Marziano Lavarello Nobiliary law Adelsrecht Droit nobiliaire Nobiliary law Adelsrecht Droit nobiliaire in Dutch Retrieved 2021 09 18 Legal Documents The Constantinian Order of St George Retrieved 6 October 2021 The Grand Magistry of the Bourbon Two Sicilies Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George Retrieved 6 October 2021 The Great Seal of the Lascaris Comnenus www new byzantium org Retrieved 2020 03 02 Ordine Costantiniano di San Giorgio www borboneparma it Retrieved 2021 10 06 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of grand masters of the Constantinian Order of Saint George amp oldid 1185417101, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
