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List of Foreign Archaeological Institutes in Greece

January 31, 2023

There are 19 Foreign Archaeological Institutes in Greece, also known as "schools," all based in Athens. Seventeen of them are officially accredited. In addition to conducting their share of government-authorized research projects, they issue reports and other publications, support specialised archaeological/classical libraries, conduct regular lecture programmes, award scholarships/bursaries and provide accommodation for a fee. They do not offer degrees, nor are their courses part of any regular, gradated curriculum.

Foreign Archaeological Institutes
Greek: Ξένες Αρχαιολογικές Σχολές
The present quarters of the French School at Athens, the first of the Foreign Archaeological Schools.
Founder(s)Foundation committees in the various nations
Established1846 – 1989
MissionTo research, document, and preserve Hellenic cultural objects in Greece, especially antiquities, and especially employing the method of archaeological excavation.
FocusCompliance with Hellenic Law No. 3028/2002 and all associated governmental orders and policies
ChairThe chair of the Board of Trustees in various languages. The Board meets periodically to make final authorizations and decide strategic policy
"Director" in various languagesThe person elected or appointed to authorize and direct daily operations from the top of the administrative hierarchy
BudgetComes from endowments, contributions, fees, and funding by the various foreign governments or universities.
OwnerVarious owners according to the national laws and the chosen structures. They are all equally recognized in Hellenic law as non-profit organizations.
Location
Athens
,
Hellenic Republic

The "students" are not regular students as they are known in the countries of initiation; in fact, some schools, such as the British School, now avoid the term, in favor of "member." The members, or students, are often already degreed professionals in archaeology or related fields. They take courses to prepare themselves for the research conducted by the school, which is typically archaeological. Undergraduate or graduate students present are enrolled in degree programs in their own countries.

The "foreign archaeological schools" are research institutes. Some have associated laboratories. Some of the institutes also maintain specific site facilities or study centres outside Athens. Additionally there is one separate foreign-run Archaeological library in Athens, as well as one foreign research institution elsewhere in Greece.

Compliance with Hellenic Law 3028/2002

From the Hellenic point of view, the foreign archaeological schools exist to assist in the professional recovery and protection of overwhelming numbers of antiquities within and below the country's topography. All of ancient Greece, the oldest civilization of Europe, lies hidden under the soil (unless already excavated). Antiquities have always been a prey to treasure-hunters, collectors, dealers of all sorts, and the thefts and counterfeits of unscrupulous men. In the 19th century the native Hellenic cultural establishment were desperate for any professional assistance they could obtain. They found it in the zeal of like-minded classicists of the other nations of Europe, who hastened to found the initial foreign archaeological schools. These now semi-legendary archaeologists and schools dominated the culture scene, excavating places such as Delphi, Olympia, Mycenae, Knossos, and Troy in Turkey. There was little restriction on the removal of antiquities from the country, or on their private ownership. Permits were relatively easy to obtain.

Today a long period of peace and stability under the Hellenic Republic has enabled the Hellenes to recapture a much higher level of control over the processing and preservation of their antiquities and monuments. Hellenic institutions have come to the fore and Hellenic archaeologists dominate the culture scene. The keystone of this new arc of protection is Hellenic Law No. 3028/2002 "on the Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in General," passed by the Hellenic Parliament in 2002, and implemented by the President. In a single sweeping injunction it declares all antiquities the property of the state and establishes criminal penalties for mishandling them.[1] A network of archaeological councils is set up over localities and regions of the entire country, which must be advised of the presence of antiquities and consulted as to their disposition.[2] They take precedence over any other consideration. This is the framework into which the foreign archaeological institutes now fit. They take their marching orders, so to speak, from the councils of government. They must accept oversight and advice. Without their accreditation can be no authorization to excavate, survey, or experiment.

Law 3028/2002 labels what English speakers know as an archaeological excavation, or in slang, "a dig," as "archaeological research in situ." It is defined as "the exploration of the ground, the subsoil, the seabed, or the bed of lakes and rivers for the purpose of locating or discovering ancient monuments ...."[3] These researches are divided into two types. The first is "systematic excavations." These are not undertaken as part of any emergency activity to rescue threatened antiquities, but are assigned to excavating institutions in due process by the Minister of Culture. These institutions can be the Greek Archaeological Service, "domestic ... institutions," or "foreign archaeological missions or schools established in Greece." This is the only type allowed to the foreign schools. The second type, "rescue excavations," is reserved to the Greek Archaeological Service. It may involve intervention in Greek business operations or property ownership."[4]

The law allows to each accredited school "a Maximum of three excavations or other archaeological research per annum." They can have another three in cooperation with the Greek Archaeological Service.[5] "Other archaeological research" applies to the surface, and must be non-destructive. In this category are surface surveys. Permission is required for the use of metal detectors. All permissions are granted by the Minister of Culture. To simplify the procedures and investigations required, the ministry has adopted a policy of only accepting foreign applications that have been processed through the appropriate accredited foreign school.[6] Exclusive though it may seem, this requirement excludes excessive or trivial excavations, and screens archaeologists for suitability. The Greek Archaeological Service is free to spend most of its resources on rescue archaeology.

Law 3028 represents an ideal, but it must be applied to real people in specific circumstances. The numerous books on the topic recount many exceptions in actual practice, which must be cleared by the archaeological councils; for example, foreign archaeologists may be asked to help with rescue archaeology, or the schools may be asked to provide resources to the Hellenic Archaeological Service. Also, many of the personnel of the earlier schools found themselves entangled in historical events, typically not as members of the schools, but because they had intimate knowledge of the society and its history. The schools are not per se political. David George Hogarth, for example, a Director for a term of the British School, was an intelligence officer in the British Navy. The school had no use for him in that capacity. Along with Arthur Evans and Duncan Mackenzie, he worked very hard at archaeology in Phylakopi and Crete. John Pendlebury, Curator of the museum at Knossos, gave his life for Greece in the Battle of Crete in 1941, but not in any capacity as Curator or member of the school. He had returned home, only to be recruited into the British Army and sent back to Crete to work as an operative because of his knowledge of the locality and the people. He was caught and shot there by German paratroopers.

Foreign archaeological institutes ("schools") in Athens

Foreign-managed archaeological libraries in Athens

Foreign-managed site facilities or study centres outside Athens

Foreign archaeological research institutions based outside Athens

Notes

  1. ^ The President of the Hellenic Republic 2002, pp. 9, 27
  2. ^ The President of the Hellenic Republic 2002, pp. 4, 69–77
  3. ^ The President of the Hellenic Republic 2002, p. 48
  4. ^ The President of the Hellenic Republic 2002, p. 52
  5. ^ The President of the Hellenic Republic 2002, p. 49
  6. ^ Shanks, Michael (2003) [1996]. The Classical Archaeology of Greece: Experiences of the Discipline. London and New York: Routledge. p. 15. Most foreign archaeologists use the schools in Athens; they are legally required to be attached to a foreign school if they are to do any serious work beyond intelligent tourism.
  7. ^ "RAIA inaugural conference programme" (PDF).

References

  • The President of the Hellenic Republic (2002). "Law No. 3028" (PDF). Hellenic Society for Law and Archaeology.

January 31, 2023
list, foreign, archaeological, institutes, greece, there, foreign, archaeological, institutes, greece, also, known, schools, based, athens, seventeen, them, officially, accredited, addition, conducting, their, share, government, authorized, research, projects,. There are 19 Foreign Archaeological Institutes in Greece also known as schools all based in Athens Seventeen of them are officially accredited In addition to conducting their share of government authorized research projects they issue reports and other publications support specialised archaeological classical libraries conduct regular lecture programmes award scholarships bursaries and provide accommodation for a fee They do not offer degrees nor are their courses part of any regular gradated curriculum Foreign Archaeological InstitutesGreek 3enes Arxaiologikes SxolesThe present quarters of the French School at Athens the first of the Foreign Archaeological Schools Founder s Foundation committees in the various nationsEstablished1846 1989MissionTo research document and preserve Hellenic cultural objects in Greece especially antiquities and especially employing the method of archaeological excavation FocusCompliance with Hellenic Law No 3028 2002 and all associated governmental orders and policiesChairThe chair of the Board of Trustees in various languages The Board meets periodically to make final authorizations and decide strategic policy Director in various languagesThe person elected or appointed to authorize and direct daily operations from the top of the administrative hierarchyBudgetComes from endowments contributions fees and funding by the various foreign governments or universities OwnerVarious owners according to the national laws and the chosen structures They are all equally recognized in Hellenic law as non profit organizations LocationAthens Hellenic RepublicThe students are not regular students as they are known in the countries of initiation in fact some schools such as the British School now avoid the term in favor of member The members or students are often already degreed professionals in archaeology or related fields They take courses to prepare themselves for the research conducted by the school which is typically archaeological Undergraduate or graduate students present are enrolled in degree programs in their own countries The foreign archaeological schools are research institutes Some have associated laboratories Some of the institutes also maintain specific site facilities or study centres outside Athens Additionally there is one separate foreign run Archaeological library in Athens as well as one foreign research institution elsewhere in Greece Contents 1 Compliance with Hellenic Law 3028 2002 2 Foreign archaeological institutes schools in Athens 3 Foreign managed archaeological libraries in Athens 4 Foreign managed site facilities or study centres outside Athens 5 Foreign archaeological research institutions based outside Athens 6 Notes 7 ReferencesCompliance with Hellenic Law 3028 2002 EditFrom the Hellenic point of view the foreign archaeological schools exist to assist in the professional recovery and protection of overwhelming numbers of antiquities within and below the country s topography All of ancient Greece the oldest civilization of Europe lies hidden under the soil unless already excavated Antiquities have always been a prey to treasure hunters collectors dealers of all sorts and the thefts and counterfeits of unscrupulous men In the 19th century the native Hellenic cultural establishment were desperate for any professional assistance they could obtain They found it in the zeal of like minded classicists of the other nations of Europe who hastened to found the initial foreign archaeological schools These now semi legendary archaeologists and schools dominated the culture scene excavating places such as Delphi Olympia Mycenae Knossos and Troy in Turkey There was little restriction on the removal of antiquities from the country or on their private ownership Permits were relatively easy to obtain Today a long period of peace and stability under the Hellenic Republic has enabled the Hellenes to recapture a much higher level of control over the processing and preservation of their antiquities and monuments Hellenic institutions have come to the fore and Hellenic archaeologists dominate the culture scene The keystone of this new arc of protection is Hellenic Law No 3028 2002 on the Protection of Antiquities and Cultural Heritage in General passed by the Hellenic Parliament in 2002 and implemented by the President In a single sweeping injunction it declares all antiquities the property of the state and establishes criminal penalties for mishandling them 1 A network of archaeological councils is set up over localities and regions of the entire country which must be advised of the presence of antiquities and consulted as to their disposition 2 They take precedence over any other consideration This is the framework into which the foreign archaeological institutes now fit They take their marching orders so to speak from the councils of government They must accept oversight and advice Without their accreditation can be no authorization to excavate survey or experiment Law 3028 2002 labels what English speakers know as an archaeological excavation or in slang a dig as archaeological research in situ It is defined as the exploration of the ground the subsoil the seabed or the bed of lakes and rivers for the purpose of locating or discovering ancient monuments 3 These researches are divided into two types The first is systematic excavations These are not undertaken as part of any emergency activity to rescue threatened antiquities but are assigned to excavating institutions in due process by the Minister of Culture These institutions can be the Greek Archaeological Service domestic institutions or foreign archaeological missions or schools established in Greece This is the only type allowed to the foreign schools The second type rescue excavations is reserved to the Greek Archaeological Service It may involve intervention in Greek business operations or property ownership 4 The law allows to each accredited school a Maximum of three excavations or other archaeological research per annum They can have another three in cooperation with the Greek Archaeological Service 5 Other archaeological research applies to the surface and must be non destructive In this category are surface surveys Permission is required for the use of metal detectors All permissions are granted by the Minister of Culture To simplify the procedures and investigations required the ministry has adopted a policy of only accepting foreign applications that have been processed through the appropriate accredited foreign school 6 Exclusive though it may seem this requirement excludes excessive or trivial excavations and screens archaeologists for suitability The Greek Archaeological Service is free to spend most of its resources on rescue archaeology Law 3028 represents an ideal but it must be applied to real people in specific circumstances The numerous books on the topic recount many exceptions in actual practice which must be cleared by the archaeological councils for example foreign archaeologists may be asked to help with rescue archaeology or the schools may be asked to provide resources to the Hellenic Archaeological Service Also many of the personnel of the earlier schools found themselves entangled in historical events typically not as members of the schools but because they had intimate knowledge of the society and its history The schools are not per se political David George Hogarth for example a Director for a term of the British School was an intelligence officer in the British Navy The school had no use for him in that capacity Along with Arthur Evans and Duncan Mackenzie he worked very hard at archaeology in Phylakopi and Crete John Pendlebury Curator of the museum at Knossos gave his life for Greece in the Battle of Crete in 1941 but not in any capacity as Curator or member of the school He had returned home only to be recruited into the British Army and sent back to Crete to work as an operative because of his knowledge of the locality and the people He was caught and shot there by German paratroopers Foreign archaeological institutes schools in Athens Edit American School of Classical Studies at Athens ASCSA Australian Archaeological Institute at Athens AAIA Austrian Archaeological Institute at Athens OAI Athens Belgian School at Athens EBSA British School at Athens BSA Canadian Institute in Greece CIG ICG Danish Institute at Athens DIA Finnish Institute at Athens FIA French School at Athens EfA Georgian Institute at Athens German Archaeological Institute at Athens DAI Athens Irish Institute of Hellenic Studies at Athens IIHSA Italian School of Archaeology at Athens SAIA Netherlands Institute in Athens NIA see below Norwegian Institute at Athens also NIA see above The Polish Archaeological Institute at Athens PAIA Romanian Archaeological Institute in Athens RAIA 7 Swedish Institute at Athens SIA Swiss School of Archaeology in Greece ESAG SASG SEAG Foreign managed archaeological libraries in Athens EditNordic Library at AthensForeign managed site facilities or study centres outside Athens EditAigeira Achaea Austrian School Corinth Corinthia American School Delos Cyclades French School Delphi Phocis French School Eretria Euboia Swiss School Knossos Crete British School Malia Crete French School Nafplio Tiryns Argolid German School Nafplio Argolid Swedish School Olympia Elis German School Palaikastro Crete British School Phaistos Crete Italian School Gortyn Crete Italian SchoolForeign archaeological research institutions based outside Athens EditInstitute for Aegean Prehistory Study Center for East Crete INSTAP SCEG based in Pacheia Ammos CreteNotes Edit The President of the Hellenic Republic 2002 pp 9 27 The President of the Hellenic Republic 2002 pp 4 69 77 The President of the Hellenic Republic 2002 p 48 The President of the Hellenic Republic 2002 p 52 The President of the Hellenic Republic 2002 p 49 Shanks Michael 2003 1996 The Classical Archaeology of Greece Experiences of the Discipline London and New York Routledge p 15 Most foreign archaeologists use the schools in Athens they are legally required to be attached to a foreign school if they are to do any serious work beyond intelligent tourism RAIA inaugural conference programme PDF References EditThe President of the Hellenic Republic 2002 Law No 3028 PDF Hellenic Society for Law and Archaeology Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title List of Foreign Archaeological Institutes in Greece amp oldid 1095436445, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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