Elector of Mainz

The Elector of Mainz^[1] was one of the seven Prince-electors of the Holy Roman Empire. As both the Archbishop of Mainz and the ruling prince of the Electorate of Mainz, the Elector of Mainz held a powerful position during the Middle Ages. The Archbishop-Elector was president of the electoral college, archchancellor of the empire, and the Primate of Germany as the papal legate north of the Alps, until the dissolution of the empire in 1806.

Coat of arms of Mainz

Albert, Cardinal Elector of Mainz at the foot of the Cross

The origin of the title dates back to 747, when the city of Mainz was made the seat of an archbishop, and a succession of able and ambitious prelates made the district under their rule a strong and vigorous state. Among these men were important figures in the history of Germany such as Hatto I, Adalbert of Mainz, Siegfried III, Peter of Aspelt and Albert of Brandenburg. There were several violent contests between rivals for the archbishopric, and their power struggles occasionally moved the citizens of Mainz to revolt. The lands of the elector lay around the city of Mainz on both banks of the Rhine; their area reached 3200 sq. miles by the end of the Empire. The last elector was Karl Theodor von Dalberg, who lost his temporal power when the archbishopric was secularized in 1803.

Elector of Mainz (1356–1803)

The Archbishop of Mainz was an influential ecclesiastic and secular prince in the Holy Roman Empire between 780–782 and 1802. In Church hierarchy, the Archbishop of Mainz was the primas Germaniae, the substitute for the Pope north of the Alps. Aside from Rome, the See of Mainz is the only other see referred to as a "Holy See", although this usage became rather less common.

This archbishopric was a substantial ecclesiastical principality of the Holy Roman Empire. The ecclesiastical principality included lands near Mainz on both the left and right banks of the Rhine, as well as territory along the Main above Frankfurt (including the district of Aschaffenburg), the Eichsfeld region in Lower Saxony and Thuringia, and the territory around Erfurt in Thuringia. The archbishop was also, traditionally, one of the Imperial Prince-Electors, the Arch-chancellor of Germany, and presiding officer of the electoral college technically from 1251 and permanently from 1263 until 1803.

The see was established in ancient Roman times, in the city of Mainz, which had been a Roman provincial capital called Moguntiacum, but the office really came to prominence upon its elevation to an archdiocese in 780/82. The first bishops before the 4th century have legendary names, beginning with Crescens. The first verifiable Bishop of Mainz was Martinus in 343. The ecclesiastical and secular importance of Mainz dates from the accession of St. Boniface to the see in 747. Boniface was previously an archbishop, but the honor did not immediately devolve upon the see itself until his successor Lullus.

In 1802, Mainz lost its archiepiscopal character. In the secularizations that accompanied the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss ("German mediatization") of 1803, the seat of the elector, Karl Theodor von Dalberg, was moved to Regensburg, and the electorate lost its left bank territories to France, its right bank areas along the Main below Frankfurt to Hesse-Darmstadt and the Nassau princes, and Eichsfeld and Erfurt to Prussia. Dalberg retained the Aschaffenburg area however, and when the Holy Roman Empire finally came to an end in 1806, this became the core of Dalberg's new Grand Duchy of Frankfurt. Dalberg resigned in 1813 and in 1815 the Congress of Vienna divided his territories between the King of Bavaria, the Elector of Hesse, the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt and the Free City of Frankfurt.

The modern Diocese of Mainz was founded in 1802, within the territory of France and in 1814 its jurisdiction was extended over the territory of Hesse-Darmstadt. Since then it has had two cardinals and via various concordats was allowed to retain the mediæval tradition of the cathedral chapter electing a successor to the bishop.

Bishops and archbishops

Bishops of Moguntiacum, 80–745

• Crescens c. 80–103
• Marinus c. 103–109
• St. Crescentius c. 109–127
• Cyriacus c. 127–141
• Hilarius c. 141–161
• Martin I c. 161–175
• Celsus c. 175–197
• Lucius c. 197–207
• Gotthard c. 207–222
• Sophron c. 222–230
• Heriger I c. 230–234
• Ruther c. 234–254
• Avitus c. 254–276
• Ignatius c. 276–289
• Dionysius c. 289–309
• Ruprecht I c. 309–321
• Adalhard c. 320s
• Lucius Annaeus c. 330s
• Martin II c. 330s – c. 360s
• Sidonius I c. late 360s – c. 386
• Sigismund c. 386 – c. 392
• Theonistus or Thaumastus^[2]
• Maximus
• Lupold c. 392 – c. 409
• Nicetas c. 409 – c. 417
• Marianus c. 417 – c. 427
• Aureus c. 427 – c. 443
• Eutropius c. 443 – c. 467
• Adalbald
• Nather
• Adalbert (I)
• Lantfried
• Sidonius II  ? – c. 589
• Siegbert I c. 589–610
• Ludegast c. 610–615
• Rudwald c. 615
• Lubald ? fl. c. 625
• Rigibert 708-724
• Gerold 724–743
• Gewilip c. 744 – c. 745

Archbishops of Mainz, 745–1251

• Saint Boniface 745–754^[3]
• Lullus 754–786 (First archbishop)
• Richholf 787–813
• Adolf 813–826
• Odgar 826–847
• Rabanus Maurus 848–856
• Karl 856–863
• Ludbert 863–889
• Sunderhold 889–891
• Hatto I 891–913
• Herigar 913–927
• Hildebert 927-937
• Frederick 937–954
• William 954–968
• Hatto II 968–970
• Rudbrecht 970–975
• Willigis 975–1011
• Erkanbald 1011–1021
• Aribo 1021–1031
• Bardo 1031–1051
• Luitpold 1051–1059
• Siegfried I 1060–1084
• Wezilo 1084–1088
• Rudhart 1088–1109
• Adalbert I von Saarbrücken 1111–1137
• Adalbert II von Saarbrücken 1138–1141
• Markholf 1141–1142
• Henry I 1142–1153
• Arnold von Selenhofen 1153–1160
• Christian I 1160–1161
  • Rudolf of Zähringen 1160–1161 (opposing)
• Conrad I of Wittelsbach 1161–1165
• Christian I 1165–1183
• Conrad I of Wittelsbach (restored) 1183–1200
• Luitpold von Scheinfeld 1200–1208
• Sigfried II von Eppstein 1200–1230 (in opposition until 1208)
• Sigfried III von Eppstein 1230–1249
• Christian III von Weisenau 1249–1251

Archbishops-Electors of Mainz, 1251–1803

 

Lothar Franz Schönborn, Elector of Mainz (1695-1729)

 

Old boundary stone showing the Wheel of Mainz (Mainzer Rad), the coat of arms of the Electorate

• Gerhard I von Daun-Kirberg 1251–1259
• Werner II von Eppstein 1260–1284
• Heinrich II von Isny 1286–1288
• Gerhard II von Eppstein 1286–1305
• Peter of Aspelt 1306–1320
• Matthias von Bucheck 1321–1328
• Heinrich III von Virneberg 1328–1337
  • Baldwin of Luxembourg 1328–1336, administrator
• Gerlach von Nassau 1346–1371
• Johann I von Luxemburg-Ligny 1371–1373
• Louis of Meissen 1374–1379
• Adolf I von Nassau 1379–1390
• Konrad II von Weinsberg 1390–1396
• Joffrid von Leiningen 1396–1397
• Johann II von Nassau 1397–1419
• Conrad III of Dhaun, Wild- and Rhinegrave zum Stein 1419–1434
• Dietrich Schenk von Erbach 1434–1459
• Dieter von Isenburg 1459–1461
• Adolf II von Nassau (or Adolf III) 1461–1475
• Dieter von Isenburg (restored) 1476–1482
• Adalbert III of Saxony 1482–1484
• Bertold von Henneberg-Römhild 1484–1504
• Jakob von Liebenstein 1504-1508
• Uriel von Gemmingen 1508–1514
• Albert III of Brandenburg 1514–1545
• Sebastian von Heusenstamm 1545–1555
• Daniel Brendel von Homburg 1555–1582
• Wolfgang von Dalberg 1582–1601
• Johann Adam von Bicken 1601–1604
• Johann Schweikhard von Kronberg 1604–1626
• Georg Friedrich von Greiffenklau 1626–1629
• Anselm Casimir Wambold von Umstadt 1629–1647
• Johann Philipp von Schönborn 1647–1673
• Lothar Friedrich von Metternich-Burscheid 1673–1675
• Damian Hartard von der Leyen-Hohengeroldseck 1675–1678
• Karl Heinrich von Metternich-Winneburg 1679
• Anselm Franz von Ingelheim 1679–1695
• Lothar Franz von Schönborn 1695–1729
• Franz Ludwig von Pfalz-Neuburg 1729–1732
• Philipp Karl von Eltz-Kempenich 1732–1743
• Johann Friedrich Karl von Ostein 1743–1763
• Emmerich Joseph von Breidbach zu Bürresheim 1763–1774
• Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal 1774–1802
• Karl Theodor von Dalberg 1802–1803^[4]

Notes

1. Albert. 2012. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Retrieved 01 September, 2012, from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/12669/Albert
2. "Theomastus (or Thaumastus) was bishop of Mainz in the early fifth century."(Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors: Glory of the Confessors. Translated by Raymond Van Dam (Liverpool University Press, 1988), 40n). This figure is mentioned by Gregory of Tours: “Theomastus was noted for his holiness in accordance with the meaning of his name, and he is said to have been bishop of Mainz. For some unknown reason, he was expelled from Mainz and went to Poitiers. There he ended his present life by remaining in a pure confession.”(Gregory of Tours, Glory of the Confessors: Glory of the Confessors. Translated by Raymond Van Dam (Liverpool University Press, 1988), 39).
3. At this time, Mainz did not have the status of an archdiocese. Bonifacius had been titular archbishop
4. Karl Theodor von Dalberg died in 1817 and was Archbishop of Regensburg 1803–1810, Prince of Frankfurt 1806–1810 and Grand Duke of Frankfurt 1810–1813.