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Northern right whale dolphin

August 24, 2023

The northern right whale dolphin (Lissodelphis borealis) is a small, and slender species of cetacean found in cold/temperate waters of the North Pacific Ocean, that lacks a dorsal fin. It is one of two species of right whale dolphins.

Northern right whale dolphin
Size compared to an average human
CITES Appendix II (CITES)[2]
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Artiodactyla
Infraorder: Cetacea
Family: Delphinidae
Genus: Lissodelphis
Species:
L. borealis
Binomial name
Lissodelphis borealis
Peale, 1848[3]
Range map

Description Edit

This dolphin has a streamlined body with a sloping forehead, being more slender than other delphinids, and lacks any fin or ridge on the smoothly curving back.[4][5] The body is mostly black with a white ventral marking extending forward as a narrow band from the caudal peduncle to the throat region, where this patch widens. In females, this white band is wider in the genital area than in males.[6] In southern right whale dolphins (Lissodelphis peronii), the white patch extends higher on the posterior flanks and head. Newborns, which are initially dark grey or brown, sometimes even cream, attain adult colouring at the age of around one year.[7]

The beak of northern right whale dolphins is short and well defined, characterised by a straight mouthline. The flippers are small, curved, narrow and pointed. The tail flukes are triangular and, like the flippers, pointed.

Adults are 2–3 meters (6.5–10 feet) long and weigh between 60–100 kg (130–220 lb). Females (2.3–2.6 m) are generally smaller than males (around 3 m).[8] Otherwise the sexes appear similar.

Northern right whale dolphins have 37 to 54 thin and sharp teeth per row, which are not externally visible.[6]

Northern right whale dolphins are typically found in groups with average numbers of 110 (eastern North Pacific) to 200 (western North Pacific) individuals, but large groups, containing as many as 3000 individuals, have been reported.[8] They most often associate with Pacific white-sided dolphins, but have also been observed with pilot whales (Globicephala macrorhynchus), Dall’s porpoise (Phocoenoides dalli), Risso’s dolphin (Grampus griseus), Baird’s beaked whale (Berardius bairdii), humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae), sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) and others.[8][9]

Data on growth and reproduction of right whale dolphins is limited. Examination of northern right whale dolphins caught in driftnets allowed the estimation of the average age of sexual maturity: In males it was estimated to be 9.9 and 10.1 years; in females 9.7 and 10.4 years.[10] Average length at sexual maturity was estimated at 215.1 cm and 214.7 cm in males and 201.1 cm and 199.8 cm in females. The mass of mature testis was between 117.4 g to 1300 g. Gestation period was 12.1 to 12.3 months and calving seemed to peak during summer (July/ August). The minimum calving interval was 2 years. An asymptotic length of 265 cm and 210 cm was reached in males and females, respectively.[10]

Geographic range and distribution Edit

Northern right whale dolphins are found in cold to temperate waters, 8 °C to 24 °C (46 °F to 75 °F), of the North Pacific Ocean. They typically inhabit offshore, oceanic regions between 34°N to 55°N and 145°W to 118°E. However, L. borealis has been reported as far south as 29° N, off Baja California (Mexico), during times of anomalously cold water temperatures.[7] Off the US west coast, northern right whale dolphins have been seen primarily in shelf and slope waters.[8]

Migration patterns of northern right whale dolphins are not well understood, but aerial surveys off the US coast suggest seasonal changes in density that may reflect seasonal movements.[6][8][11][12][13] Overall, distributions appear to shift northward in summer and southward in winter. However, contradicting patterns have also been observed[11].

Northern right whale dolphins are encountered fairly often by responsible[14] whale watching companies operating off Monterey.

Behavior Edit

Northern right whale dolphins are fast swimmers. Their average swimming speed is around 26 km/h (16 mph) but they can reach speeds of up to 30–40 km/h (19-25 mph).[7] When travelling fast, a group looks as though they are bouncing along on the water, as they make low, graceful leaps together, sometimes travelling as far as 7 m in one leap. They can dive up to 200 m (660 ft) deep in search of squid and fish, especially lanternfish. Additionally, L. borealis also feeds on other prey items, such as Pacific hake, saury and mesopelagic fish.[6]

Although northern right whale dolphins rarely approach boats, they sometimes engage in bow-riding behaviour. Furthermore, they are occasionally spotted doing acrobatics, such as breaching, belly-flopping, side slapping, and lobtailing.[7]

Unlike most delphinidae, L. borealis vocalise without the use of whistles. Visual and audio surveys have confirmed that vocalisation primarily consists of clicks and burst pulses.[15][16] L. borealis have repetitive burst-pattern pulses that can be categorised and associated to different subgroups of L. borealis. These vocalisations may be used in the communication between individuals, in a similar way to signature whistles in other delphinid species.[15] The evolutionary loss of whistling in L. borealis may have resulted from a number of factors, such as predator avoidance, school size or school species composition.[15]

Taxonomy Edit

The species Lissodelphis borealis was first described by Titian Peale in 1848. The genus Lissodelphis is placed within the Delphinidae, the oceanic dolphin family of cetaceans.[17] The epithet of the genus was derived from Greek lisso, smooth, and delphis; the specific epithet, borealis, indicates the northern distribution. Together with the second species of Lissodelphis, Lissodelphis peronii, they are called right whale dolphins because similar to the right whales (Eubalaena) these dolphins also lack a dorsal fin.

Based on the analysis of complete cytochrome b sequences, LeDuc et al. (1999)[17] suggested placing the northern right whale dolphins (together with Lagenorhynchus spp. and Cephalorhynchus spp.) into the subfamily Lissodelphinae. However, the evolutionary relationships of Delphinidae, especially within and among the Lissodelphinae, have not been resolved unambiguously, yet. This is because the family Delphinidae contains a high number of different species, which radiate fairly rapidly.[18]

Genetically, no statistically significant differences have been found between northern right whale dolphins from the US coast and other regions within the North Pacific.[19]

Population status Edit

It is estimated that a total of around 68,000 northern right whale dolphins inhabit the Pacific Ocean.[8] Of those, around 26,000 (the geometric mean of their abundance estimates in US waters from 2008-2014) are placed into the California/ Oregon/ Washington stock for management purposes.[13] Their minimum population estimate is around 18,600. Their abundances and distributions along the US coast do not only vary seasonally but also interanually, making the identification of population trends difficult.[12][13][20]

Threats Edit

In the 19th century, whalers occasionally took northern right whale dolphins. In the mid-20th century, the largest threat for L. borealis were drift nets used for large-scale squid fishing.[7][8] The bycatches of L. borealis during these activities, which were mainly led by Japan, Taiwan and Korea, amounted to up to 24,000 per year in the 1980s.[5][21] This is thought to have reduced the stock in this area by one- to three-quarters.[7][22]

It is thought that in contrast to coastal areas, the offshore habitat of the northern right whale dolphin is generally less susceptible to human pollution.[7] However, only very few studies have actually investigated the effect of pollution on L. borealis. A study estimating polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in cetaceans of the North Pacific, measured PCBs in one individual of northern right whale dolphins and found high levels of PCBs in its system.[23]

Natural predators of Lissodelphis borealis are unknown, but may include the killer whale (Orcinus orca) and large sharks.[7] Stranding events are uncommon in this species.[7]

Since northern right whale dolphins rely on sound for communication, feeding and orientation, anthropogenic underwater noise pollution, such as vessel or military noise production, disturbs them.[8]

Conservation status Edit

Although the current population trend is unknown, the conservation status according to the IUCN Redlist is Least Concern.[1]

International trade in the species is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) as the dolphin is listed in CITES Appendix II. The International Whaling Commission (IWC) has not yet regulated the taking of these odontocetes.

In Canada, the 1982 Cetacean Protection Regulations of the Fisheries Act of Canada prohibit hunting of L. borealis and other related species. The exception to this rule are aboriginal peoples, who are allowed to take whales for subsistence purposes. In the United States, all cetaceans are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, as well as through the Packwood – Magnuson Amendment of the Fisheries and Conservation Act, and the Pelly Amendment of the Fisherman’s Protective Act.

One of the most effective conservation measures for L. borealis was the U.N. ban on the high-seas driftnet fisheries. The California/Oregon driftnet fishery has been required by law to use pingers (devices that deliver an acoustic warning into the water column) to help reduce the bycatch of other cetaceans, but bycatch reduction for L. borealis was not found to be statistically significant, perhaps due to low sample sizes.[24]

Resources Edit

More information about the northern right whale dolphins of the east Pacific can be found at the websites of NOAA (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)[8] or WDC (whale and dolphin conservation).[25] Furthermore, these youtube videos show the surface behaviour[26] of a superpod of northern right whale dolphins and the typical sounds that they produce.[27]

References Edit

  1. ^ a b Braulik, G.; Jefferson, T.A. (2018). "Lissodelphis borealis". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018. e.T12125A50362415. doi:10.2305/iucn.uk.2018-2.rlts.t12125a50362415.en. Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern.
  2. ^ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
  3. ^ "Lissodelphis borealis (Peale, 1848)". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
  4. ^ Jefferson, Thomas A.; Newcomer, Michael W. (23 April 1993). "Lissodelphis borealis". Mammalian Species (425): 1–6. doi:10.2307/3504154. JSTOR 3504154.
  5. ^ a b Jefferson, Thomas; Newcomer; Leatherwood; Waerebeek (1994). Ridgway and Harrison (ed.). Handbook of Marine Mammals. London: Academic Press. pp. 335–362.
  6. ^ a b c d Leatherwood; Walker (1979). Winn and Olla (ed.). Behaviour of Marine Animals. New York: Plenum Press. pp. 85–141.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g h i Lipsky, Jessica (2009). "Right whale dolphins". Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). Elsevier. pp. 958–962. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373553-9.00219-4. ISBN 9780123735539.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i "Northern Right Whale Dolphin". NOAA Fisheries. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  9. ^ Smultea, Mari A; Bacon, Cathy E; Lomac-MacNair, Kate; Visser, Fleur; Bredvik, Jessica (2014). "Rare Mixed-Species Associations Between Sperm Whales and Risso's and Northern Right Whale Dolphins Off the Southern California Bight: Kleptoparasitism and Social Parasitism?". Northwestern Naturalist. 95 (1): 43–49. doi:10.1898/nwn13-11.1. ISSN 1051-1733. S2CID 86227330.
  10. ^ a b Larese, Jason P.; Chivers, Susan J. (2009). "Growth and reproduction of female eastern and whitebelly spinner dolphins incidentally killed in the eastern tropical Pacific tuna purse-seine fishery". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 87 (6): 537–552. doi:10.1139/Z09-038. ISSN 0008-4301.
  11. ^ a b Green; Brueggeman; Grotefendt; Bowlby; Bonnell; Balcomb (1992). "Cetacean distribution and abundance off Oregon and Washington". Oregon and Washington Marine Mammal and Seabird Surveys.
  12. ^ a b Forney, Karin A.; Barlow, Jay (1998). "Seasonal Patterns in the Abundance and Distribution of California Cetaceans, 1991–1992". Marine Mammal Science. 14 (3): 460–489. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1998.tb00737.x. ISSN 0824-0469.
  13. ^ a b c Barlow, Jay (February 2016). Cetacean abundance in the California current estimated from ship-based line-transect surveys in 1991-2014 (PDF) (Report). NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center. Administrative Report LJ-2016-01. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  14. ^ Ulla Christina Ludewig & Vanessa Williams-Grey (2019). A Guide to Responsible Whale Watching (PDF) (Report). WDC, Whale and Dolphin Conservation.
  15. ^ a b c Rankin, Shannon; Oswald, Julie; Barlow, Jay; Lammers, Marc (2007). "Patterned burst-pulse vocalizations of the northern right whale dolphin, Lissodelphis borealis". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 121 (2): 1213–1218. Bibcode:2007ASAJ..121.1213R. doi:10.1121/1.2404919. ISSN 0001-4966. PMID 17348542.
  16. ^ Oswald, Julie N.; Rankin, Shannon; Barlow, Jay (1 September 2008). "To Whistle or Not to Whistle? Geographic Variation in the Whistling Behavior of Small Odontocetes". Aquatic Mammals. 34 (3): 288–302. doi:10.1578/am.34.3.2008.288. ISSN 0167-5427.
  17. ^ a b Leduc, R. G.; Perrin, W. F.; Dizon, A. E. (1999). "Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Delphinid Cetaceans Based on Full Cytochrome B Sequences". Marine Mammal Science. 15 (3): 619–648. doi:10.1111/j.1748-7692.1999.tb00833.x. ISSN 0824-0469.
  18. ^ Vollmer, Nicole L.; Ashe, Erin; Brownell, Robert L.; Cipriano, Frank; Mead, James G.; Reeves, Randall R.; Soldevilla, Melissa S.; Williams, Rob (2019). "Taxonomic revision of the dolphin genus Lagenorhynchus". Marine Mammal Science. 35 (3): 957–1057. doi:10.1111/mms.12573. S2CID 92421374.
  19. ^ Dizon (1994). "Intraspecific structure of the northern right-whale dolphin (Lissodelphis borealis): The power of an analysis of molecular variation for differentiating genetic stocks". CalCOFI Rep. 35: 61–67.
  20. ^ Elizabeth A. Becker; et al. (October 2012). Predictive modeling of cetacean densities in the California Current ecosystem based on summer/fall ship surveys in 1991-2008 (PDF). NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS (Report). NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-499. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  21. ^ Mangel, Marc (1993). "Effects of High-Seas Driftnet Fisheries on the Northern Right Whale Dolphin Lissodelphis Borealis". Ecological Applications. 3 (2): 221–229. doi:10.2307/1941825. JSTOR 1941825. PMID 27759313.
  22. ^ James V. Carretta; Jeffrey E. Moore; Karin A. Forney (January 2017). Regression tree and ratio estimates of marine mammal, sea turtle, and seabird bycatch in the California drift gillnet fishery:1990-2015 (PDF). NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS (Report). NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFSC-568. Retrieved 8 October 2019.
  23. ^ T. B. Minh; H. Nakata; M. Watanabe; S. Tanabe; N. Miyazaki; T. A. Jefferson; M. Prudente; A. Subramanian (1 September 2000). "Isomer-Specific Accumulation and Toxic Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls, Including Coplanar Congeners, in Cetaceans from the North Pacific and Asian Coastal Waters". Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 39 (3): 398–410. doi:10.1007/s002440010121. ISSN 0090-4341. PMID 10948292. S2CID 20954488.
  24. ^ Carretta, James V.; Barlow, Jay (1 September 2011). "Long-Term Effectiveness, Failure Rates, and "Dinner Bell" Properties of Acoustic Pingers in a Gillnet Fishery". Marine Technology Society Journal. 45 (5): 7–19. doi:10.4031/mtsj.45.5.3. ISSN 0025-3324.
  25. ^ "Northern right whale dolphin - Whale and Dolphin Conservation". Whale & Dolphin Conservation UK. Retrieved 7 October 2019.
  26. ^ "Northern Right Whale Dolphin Superpod 3/29/19". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.
  27. ^ "Northern Right Whale Dolphins at Clayoquot Sound". YouTube. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021.

External links Edit

  • Whale and Dolphin Conservation Society
  • Voices in the Sea – Northern right Whale Dolphin

August 24, 2023
northern, right, whale, dolphin, northern, right, whale, dolphin, lissodelphis, borealis, small, slender, species, cetacean, found, cold, temperate, waters, north, pacific, ocean, that, lacks, dorsal, species, right, whale, dolphins, size, compared, average, h. The northern right whale dolphin Lissodelphis borealis is a small and slender species of cetacean found in cold temperate waters of the North Pacific Ocean that lacks a dorsal fin It is one of two species of right whale dolphins Northern right whale dolphinSize compared to an average humanConservation statusLeast Concern IUCN 3 1 1 CITES Appendix II CITES 2 Scientific classificationDomain EukaryotaKingdom AnimaliaPhylum ChordataClass MammaliaOrder ArtiodactylaInfraorder CetaceaFamily DelphinidaeGenus LissodelphisSpecies L borealisBinomial nameLissodelphis borealisPeale 1848 3 Range map Contents 1 Description 2 Geographic range and distribution 3 Behavior 4 Taxonomy 5 Population status 6 Threats 7 Conservation status 8 Resources 9 References 10 External linksDescription EditThis dolphin has a streamlined body with a sloping forehead being more slender than other delphinids and lacks any fin or ridge on the smoothly curving back 4 5 The body is mostly black with a white ventral marking extending forward as a narrow band from the caudal peduncle to the throat region where this patch widens In females this white band is wider in the genital area than in males 6 In southern right whale dolphins Lissodelphis peronii the white patch extends higher on the posterior flanks and head Newborns which are initially dark grey or brown sometimes even cream attain adult colouring at the age of around one year 7 The beak of northern right whale dolphins is short and well defined characterised by a straight mouthline The flippers are small curved narrow and pointed The tail flukes are triangular and like the flippers pointed Adults are 2 3 meters 6 5 10 feet long and weigh between 60 100 kg 130 220 lb Females 2 3 2 6 m are generally smaller than males around 3 m 8 Otherwise the sexes appear similar Northern right whale dolphins have 37 to 54 thin and sharp teeth per row which are not externally visible 6 Northern right whale dolphins are typically found in groups with average numbers of 110 eastern North Pacific to 200 western North Pacific individuals but large groups containing as many as 3000 individuals have been reported 8 They most often associate with Pacific white sided dolphins but have also been observed with pilot whales Globicephala macrorhynchus Dall s porpoise Phocoenoides dalli Risso s dolphin Grampus griseus Baird s beaked whale Berardius bairdii humpback whale Megaptera novaeangliae sperm whale Physeter macrocephalus and others 8 9 Data on growth and reproduction of right whale dolphins is limited Examination of northern right whale dolphins caught in driftnets allowed the estimation of the average age of sexual maturity In males it was estimated to be 9 9 and 10 1 years in females 9 7 and 10 4 years 10 Average length at sexual maturity was estimated at 215 1 cm and 214 7 cm in males and 201 1 cm and 199 8 cm in females The mass of mature testis was between 117 4 g to 1300 g Gestation period was 12 1 to 12 3 months and calving seemed to peak during summer July August The minimum calving interval was 2 years An asymptotic length of 265 cm and 210 cm was reached in males and females respectively 10 Geographic range and distribution EditNorthern right whale dolphins are found in cold to temperate waters 8 C to 24 C 46 F to 75 F of the North Pacific Ocean They typically inhabit offshore oceanic regions between 34 N to 55 N and 145 W to 118 E However L borealis has been reported as far south as 29 N off Baja California Mexico during times of anomalously cold water temperatures 7 Off the US west coast northern right whale dolphins have been seen primarily in shelf and slope waters 8 Migration patterns of northern right whale dolphins are not well understood but aerial surveys off the US coast suggest seasonal changes in density that may reflect seasonal movements 6 8 11 12 13 Overall distributions appear to shift northward in summer and southward in winter However contradicting patterns have also been observed 11 Northern right whale dolphins are encountered fairly often by responsible 14 whale watching companies operating off Monterey Behavior EditNorthern right whale dolphins are fast swimmers Their average swimming speed is around 26 km h 16 mph but they can reach speeds of up to 30 40 km h 19 25 mph 7 When travelling fast a group looks as though they are bouncing along on the water as they make low graceful leaps together sometimes travelling as far as 7 m in one leap They can dive up to 200 m 660 ft deep in search of squid and fish especially lanternfish Additionally L borealis also feeds on other prey items such as Pacific hake saury and mesopelagic fish 6 Although northern right whale dolphins rarely approach boats they sometimes engage in bow riding behaviour Furthermore they are occasionally spotted doing acrobatics such as breaching belly flopping side slapping and lobtailing 7 Unlike most delphinidae L borealis vocalise without the use of whistles Visual and audio surveys have confirmed that vocalisation primarily consists of clicks and burst pulses 15 16 L borealis have repetitive burst pattern pulses that can be categorised and associated to different subgroups of L borealis These vocalisations may be used in the communication between individuals in a similar way to signature whistles in other delphinid species 15 The evolutionary loss of whistling in L borealis may have resulted from a number of factors such as predator avoidance school size or school species composition 15 Taxonomy EditThe species Lissodelphis borealis was first described by Titian Peale in 1848 The genus Lissodelphis is placed within the Delphinidae the oceanic dolphin family of cetaceans 17 The epithet of the genus was derived from Greek lisso smooth and delphis the specific epithet borealis indicates the northern distribution Together with the second species of Lissodelphis Lissodelphis peronii they are called right whale dolphins because similar to the right whales Eubalaena these dolphins also lack a dorsal fin Based on the analysis of complete cytochrome b sequences LeDuc et al 1999 17 suggested placing the northern right whale dolphins together with Lagenorhynchus spp and Cephalorhynchus spp into the subfamily Lissodelphinae However the evolutionary relationships of Delphinidae especially within and among the Lissodelphinae have not been resolved unambiguously yet This is because the family Delphinidae contains a high number of different species which radiate fairly rapidly 18 Genetically no statistically significant differences have been found between northern right whale dolphins from the US coast and other regions within the North Pacific 19 Population status EditIt is estimated that a total of around 68 000 northern right whale dolphins inhabit the Pacific Ocean 8 Of those around 26 000 the geometric mean of their abundance estimates in US waters from 2008 2014 are placed into the California Oregon Washington stock for management purposes 13 Their minimum population estimate is around 18 600 Their abundances and distributions along the US coast do not only vary seasonally but also interanually making the identification of population trends difficult 12 13 20 Threats EditIn the 19th century whalers occasionally took northern right whale dolphins In the mid 20th century the largest threat for L borealis were drift nets used for large scale squid fishing 7 8 The bycatches of L borealis during these activities which were mainly led by Japan Taiwan and Korea amounted to up to 24 000 per year in the 1980s 5 21 This is thought to have reduced the stock in this area by one to three quarters 7 22 It is thought that in contrast to coastal areas the offshore habitat of the northern right whale dolphin is generally less susceptible to human pollution 7 However only very few studies have actually investigated the effect of pollution on L borealis A study estimating polychlorinated biphenyls PCBs in cetaceans of the North Pacific measured PCBs in one individual of northern right whale dolphins and found high levels of PCBs in its system 23 Natural predators of Lissodelphis borealis are unknown but may include the killer whale Orcinus orca and large sharks 7 Stranding events are uncommon in this species 7 Since northern right whale dolphins rely on sound for communication feeding and orientation anthropogenic underwater noise pollution such as vessel or military noise production disturbs them 8 Conservation status EditAlthough the current population trend is unknown the conservation status according to the IUCN Redlist is Least Concern 1 International trade in the species is regulated by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species CITES as the dolphin is listed in CITES Appendix II The International Whaling Commission IWC has not yet regulated the taking of these odontocetes In Canada the 1982 Cetacean Protection Regulations of the Fisheries Act of Canada prohibit hunting of L borealis and other related species The exception to this rule are aboriginal peoples who are allowed to take whales for subsistence purposes In the United States all cetaceans are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972 as well as through the Packwood Magnuson Amendment of the Fisheries and Conservation Act and the Pelly Amendment of the Fisherman s Protective Act One of the most effective conservation measures for L borealis was the U N ban on the high seas driftnet fisheries The California Oregon driftnet fishery has been required by law to use pingers devices that deliver an acoustic warning into the water column to help reduce the bycatch of other cetaceans but bycatch reduction for L borealis was not found to be statistically significant perhaps due to low sample sizes 24 Resources EditMore information about the northern right whale dolphins of the east Pacific can be found at the websites of NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 8 or WDC whale and dolphin conservation 25 Furthermore these youtube videos show the surface behaviour 26 of a superpod of northern right whale dolphins and the typical sounds that they produce 27 References Edit a b Braulik G Jefferson T A 2018 Lissodelphis borealis The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018 e T12125A50362415 doi 10 2305 iucn uk 2018 2 rlts t12125a50362415 en Database entry includes a brief justification of why this species is of least concern Appendices CITES cites org Retrieved 14 January 2022 Lissodelphis borealis Peale 1848 Integrated Taxonomic Information System Jefferson Thomas A Newcomer Michael W 23 April 1993 Lissodelphis borealis Mammalian Species 425 1 6 doi 10 2307 3504154 JSTOR 3504154 a b Jefferson Thomas Newcomer Leatherwood Waerebeek 1994 Ridgway and Harrison ed Handbook of Marine Mammals London Academic Press pp 335 362 a b c d Leatherwood Walker 1979 Winn and Olla ed Behaviour of Marine Animals New York Plenum Press pp 85 141 a b c d e f g h i Lipsky Jessica 2009 Right whale dolphins Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals Vol 2 Second ed Elsevier pp 958 962 doi 10 1016 b978 0 12 373553 9 00219 4 ISBN 9780123735539 a b c d e f g h i Northern Right Whale Dolphin NOAA Fisheries Retrieved 7 October 2019 Smultea Mari A Bacon Cathy E Lomac MacNair Kate Visser Fleur Bredvik Jessica 2014 Rare Mixed Species Associations Between Sperm Whales and Risso s and Northern Right Whale Dolphins Off the Southern California Bight Kleptoparasitism and Social Parasitism Northwestern Naturalist 95 1 43 49 doi 10 1898 nwn13 11 1 ISSN 1051 1733 S2CID 86227330 a b Larese Jason P Chivers Susan J 2009 Growth and reproduction of female eastern and whitebelly spinner dolphins incidentally killed in the eastern tropical Pacific tuna purse seine fishery Canadian Journal of Zoology 87 6 537 552 doi 10 1139 Z09 038 ISSN 0008 4301 a b Green Brueggeman Grotefendt Bowlby Bonnell Balcomb 1992 Cetacean distribution and abundance off Oregon and Washington Oregon and Washington Marine Mammal and Seabird Surveys a b Forney Karin A Barlow Jay 1998 Seasonal Patterns in the Abundance and Distribution of California Cetaceans 1991 1992 Marine Mammal Science 14 3 460 489 doi 10 1111 j 1748 7692 1998 tb00737 x ISSN 0824 0469 a b c Barlow Jay February 2016 Cetacean abundance in the California current estimated from ship based line transect surveys in 1991 2014 PDF Report NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center Administrative Report LJ 2016 01 Retrieved 8 October 2019 Ulla Christina Ludewig amp Vanessa Williams Grey 2019 A Guide to Responsible Whale Watching PDF Report WDC Whale and Dolphin Conservation a b c Rankin Shannon Oswald Julie Barlow Jay Lammers Marc 2007 Patterned burst pulse vocalizations of the northern right whale dolphin Lissodelphis borealis The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 121 2 1213 1218 Bibcode 2007ASAJ 121 1213R doi 10 1121 1 2404919 ISSN 0001 4966 PMID 17348542 Oswald Julie N Rankin Shannon Barlow Jay 1 September 2008 To Whistle or Not to Whistle Geographic Variation in the Whistling Behavior of Small Odontocetes Aquatic Mammals 34 3 288 302 doi 10 1578 am 34 3 2008 288 ISSN 0167 5427 a b Leduc R G Perrin W F Dizon A E 1999 Phylogenetic Relationships Among the Delphinid Cetaceans Based on Full Cytochrome B Sequences Marine Mammal Science 15 3 619 648 doi 10 1111 j 1748 7692 1999 tb00833 x ISSN 0824 0469 Vollmer Nicole L Ashe Erin Brownell Robert L Cipriano Frank Mead James G Reeves Randall R Soldevilla Melissa S Williams Rob 2019 Taxonomic revision of the dolphin genus Lagenorhynchus Marine Mammal Science 35 3 957 1057 doi 10 1111 mms 12573 S2CID 92421374 Dizon 1994 Intraspecific structure of the northern right whale dolphin Lissodelphis borealis The power of an analysis of molecular variation for differentiating genetic stocks CalCOFI Rep 35 61 67 Elizabeth A Becker et al October 2012 Predictive modeling of cetacean densities in the California Current ecosystem based on summer fall ship surveys in 1991 2008 PDF NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS Report NOAA TM NMFS SWFSC 499 Retrieved 8 October 2019 Mangel Marc 1993 Effects of High Seas Driftnet Fisheries on the Northern Right Whale Dolphin Lissodelphis Borealis Ecological Applications 3 2 221 229 doi 10 2307 1941825 JSTOR 1941825 PMID 27759313 James V Carretta Jeffrey E Moore Karin A Forney January 2017 Regression tree and ratio estimates of marine mammal sea turtle and seabird bycatch in the California drift gillnet fishery 1990 2015 PDF NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS Report NOAA TM NMFS SWFSC 568 Retrieved 8 October 2019 T B Minh H Nakata M Watanabe S Tanabe N Miyazaki T A Jefferson M Prudente A Subramanian 1 September 2000 Isomer Specific Accumulation and Toxic Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls Including Coplanar Congeners in Cetaceans from the North Pacific and Asian Coastal Waters Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 39 3 398 410 doi 10 1007 s002440010121 ISSN 0090 4341 PMID 10948292 S2CID 20954488 Carretta James V Barlow Jay 1 September 2011 Long Term Effectiveness Failure Rates and Dinner Bell Properties of Acoustic Pingers in a Gillnet Fishery Marine Technology Society Journal 45 5 7 19 doi 10 4031 mtsj 45 5 3 ISSN 0025 3324 Northern right whale dolphin Whale and Dolphin Conservation Whale amp Dolphin Conservation UK Retrieved 7 October 2019 Northern Right Whale Dolphin Superpod 3 29 19 YouTube Archived from the original on 12 December 2021 Northern Right Whale Dolphins at Clayoquot Sound YouTube Archived from the original on 12 December 2021 External links EditWhale and Dolphin Conservation Society Voices in the Sea Northern right Whale Dolphin Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Northern right whale dolphin amp oldid 1170149677, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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