Liming is the application of calcium- (Ca) and magnesium (Mg)-rich materials in various forms, including marl, chalk, limestone, burnt lime or hydrated lime to soil.[1] In acid soils, these materials react as a base and neutralize soil acidity. This often improves plant growth and increases the activity of soil bacteria,[1] but oversupply may result in harm to plant life. Modern liming was preceded by marling, a process of spreading raw chalk and lime debris across soil, in an attempt to modify pH or aggregate size.[2] Evidence of these practices dates to the 1200's and the earliest examples are taken from the modern British Isles.[2]
Prepared agricultural lime staged near a field in the UKLiming of a field in Devon
Liming can also improve aggregate stability on clay soils. For this purpose structure lime, products containing calcium oxide (CaO) or hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) in mixes with calcium carbonate (CaCO3), are often used. Structure liming can reduce losses of clay and nutrients from soil aggregates.[3] The degree to which a given amount of lime per unit of soil volume will increase soil pH depends on the buffer capacity of the soil (this is generally related to soil cation exchange capacity or CEC).
Most acid soils are saturated with aluminum rather than hydrogen ions. The acidity of the soil is therefore a result of hydrolysis of aluminum.[4] This concept of "corrected lime potential"[5] to define the degree of base saturation in soils became the basis for procedures now used in soil testing laboratories to determine the "lime requirement" of soils.[6]
Soils with low CEC will usually show a more marked pH increase than soils with high CEC. But the low-CEC soils will witness more rapid leaching of the added bases, and so will see a quicker return to original acidity unless additional liming is done. Over-liming is most likely to occur on soil that has low CEC, such as sand which is deficient in buffering agents such as organic matter and clay.[7]
Effect on soil organic carbonedit
The net effect of soil liming on soil organic carbon is primarily the result of three processes.[8]
Increased plant productivity resulting in larger organic matter inputs. As soil liming ameliorates soil conditions that inhibit plant growth, an increase in plant productivity is expected. The higher yields resulting from lime applications will produce increased returns of organic matter to the soil in the form of dying roots and decaying crop residue.[9]
Increased organic matter mineralization due to a more favorable pH. Lime applications are known to have short-term stimulating effects on soil biological activity, thus favoring organic matter mineralization and very likely accelerating organic matter turnover rates in soil.[10]
Amelioration of soil structure leading to a reduction of mineralization by means of protecting soil organic carbon. Liming is known to ameliorate soil structure, as high Ca2+ concentrations and high ionic strength in the soil solution enhance the flocculation of clay minerals and, in turn, form more stable soil aggregates.[9]
An agricultural study at the Faculty of Forestry in Freising, Germany, that compared tree stocks two and twenty years after liming found that liming promotes nitrate leaching and decreases the phosphorus content of some leaves.[11]
^ abPang, Ziqin; Tayyab, Muhammad; Kong, Chuibao; Hu, Chaohua; Zhu, Zhisheng; Wei, Xin; Yuan, Zhaonian (2019-11-26). "Liming Positively Modulates Microbial Community Composition and Function of Sugarcane Fields". Agronomy. 9 (12): 808. doi:10.3390/agronomy9120808. ISSN 2073-4395.
^ abMathew, W. M. (1993). "Marling in British Agriculture: A Case of Partial Identity". The Agricultural History Review. 41 (2): 97–110. ISSN 0002-1490. JSTOR 40274955.
^ "One Hundred Harvests Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1886-1986". Historical series / Agriculture Canada - Série historique / Agriculture Canada. Government of Canada. Retrieved 2008-12-22. Note this link loads slowly
^Soil Acidity and Liming (Overview) 2007-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
^Paradelo, R.; Virto, I.; Chenu, C. (2015-04-01). "Net effect of liming on soil organic carbon stocks: A review". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 202: 98–107. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2015.01.005. ISSN 0167-8809.
^ abHaynes, R.J.; Naidu, R. (1998). "Influence of lime, fertilizer and manure applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical conditions: a review". Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. 51 (2): 123–137. doi:10.1023/a:1009738307837. ISSN 1385-1314. S2CID 20113235.
^Briedis, Clever; Sá, João Carlos de Moraes; Caires, Eduardo Fávero; Navarro, Jaqueline de Fátima; Inagaki, Thiago Massao; Boer, Adriane; Neto, Caio Quadros; Ferreira, Ademir de Oliveira; Canalli, Lutécia Beatriz; Santos, Josiane Burkner dos (2012-01-15). "Soil organic matter pools and carbon-protection mechanisms in aggregate classes influenced by surface liming in a no-till system". Geoderma. 170: 80–88. doi:10.1016/j.geoderma.2011.10.011. ISSN 0016-7061.
^Huber C, Baier R, Gottlein A, Weis W. Changes in soil, seepage water and needle chemistry between 1984 and 2004 after liming an N-saturated Norway spruce stand at the Höglwald, Germany. Forest Ecology and Management, 2006; 233; 11-20.
Further readingedit
Narendrula-Kotha, Ramya; Nkongolo, Kabwe K. (2017-01-04). Gomes, Newton CM (ed.). "Microbial Response to Soil Liming of Damaged Ecosystems Revealed by Pyrosequencing and Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analyses". PLOS ONE. 12 (1): e0168497. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0168497. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC5215397. PMID 28052072.
Holland, J. E.; White, P. J.; Glendining, M. J.; Goulding, K. W. T.; McGrath, S. P. (2019-04-01). "Yield responses of arable crops to liming – An evaluation of relationships between yields and soil pH from a long-term liming experiment". European Journal of Agronomy. 105: 176–188. doi:10.1016/j.eja.2019.02.016. ISSN 1161-0301. PMC6472519. PMID 31007524.
Further readingedit
"A Study of the Lime Potential, R.C. Turner, Research Branch, Department Of Agriculture, 1965"
January 01, 1970
liming, soil, liming, application, calcium, magnesium, rich, materials, various, forms, including, marl, chalk, limestone, burnt, lime, hydrated, lime, soil, acid, soils, these, materials, react, base, neutralize, soil, acidity, this, often, improves, plant, g. Liming is the application of calcium Ca and magnesium Mg rich materials in various forms including marl chalk limestone burnt lime or hydrated lime to soil 1 In acid soils these materials react as a base and neutralize soil acidity This often improves plant growth and increases the activity of soil bacteria 1 but oversupply may result in harm to plant life Modern liming was preceded by marling a process of spreading raw chalk and lime debris across soil in an attempt to modify pH or aggregate size 2 Evidence of these practices dates to the 1200 s and the earliest examples are taken from the modern British Isles 2 Prepared agricultural lime staged near a field in the UK Liming of a field in Devon Contents 1 Impact on soil properties 1 1 Effect on soil organic carbon 2 See also 3 References 4 Further reading 5 Further readingImpact on soil properties editLiming can also improve aggregate stability on clay soils For this purpose structure lime products containing calcium oxide CaO or hydroxide Ca OH 2 in mixes with calcium carbonate CaCO3 are often used Structure liming can reduce losses of clay and nutrients from soil aggregates 3 The degree to which a given amount of lime per unit of soil volume will increase soil pH depends on the buffer capacity of the soil this is generally related to soil cation exchange capacity or CEC Most acid soils are saturated with aluminum rather than hydrogen ions The acidity of the soil is therefore a result of hydrolysis of aluminum 4 This concept of corrected lime potential 5 to define the degree of base saturation in soils became the basis for procedures now used in soil testing laboratories to determine the lime requirement of soils 6 Soils with low CEC will usually show a more marked pH increase than soils with high CEC But the low CEC soils will witness more rapid leaching of the added bases and so will see a quicker return to original acidity unless additional liming is done Over liming is most likely to occur on soil that has low CEC such as sand which is deficient in buffering agents such as organic matter and clay 7 Effect on soil organic carbon edit The net effect of soil liming on soil organic carbon is primarily the result of three processes 8 Increased plant productivity resulting in larger organic matter inputs As soil liming ameliorates soil conditions that inhibit plant growth an increase in plant productivity is expected The higher yields resulting from lime applications will produce increased returns of organic matter to the soil in the form of dying roots and decaying crop residue 9 Increased organic matter mineralization due to a more favorable pH Lime applications are known to have short term stimulating effects on soil biological activity thus favoring organic matter mineralization and very likely accelerating organic matter turnover rates in soil 10 Amelioration of soil structure leading to a reduction of mineralization by means of protecting soil organic carbon Liming is known to ameliorate soil structure as high Ca2 concentrations and high ionic strength in the soil solution enhance the flocculation of clay minerals and in turn form more stable soil aggregates 9 An agricultural study at the Faculty of Forestry in Freising Germany that compared tree stocks two and twenty years after liming found that liming promotes nitrate leaching and decreases the phosphorus content of some leaves 11 See also editAlkali soils Soil conservation Soil pH Agricultural lime AluminumReferences edit a b Pang Ziqin Tayyab Muhammad Kong Chuibao Hu Chaohua Zhu Zhisheng Wei Xin Yuan Zhaonian 2019 11 26 Liming Positively Modulates Microbial Community Composition and Function of Sugarcane Fields Agronomy 9 12 808 doi 10 3390 agronomy9120808 ISSN 2073 4395 a b Mathew W M 1993 Marling in British Agriculture A Case of Partial Identity The Agricultural History Review 41 2 97 110 ISSN 0002 1490 JSTOR 40274955 Blomquist Jens Simonsson Magnus Etana Ararso Berglund Kerstin 2018 05 19 Structure liming enhances aggregate stability and gives varying crop responses on clayey soils Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B 68 4 311 322 doi 10 1080 09064710 2017 1400096 ISSN 0906 4710 S2CID 90603635 Turner R C and Clark J S 1966 Lime potential in acid clay and soil suspensions Trans Comm II amp IV Int Soc Soil Science pp 208 215 corrected lime potential formula Sis agr gc ca 2008 11 27 Retrieved 2010 05 03 One Hundred Harvests Research Branch Agriculture Canada 1886 1986 Historical series Agriculture Canada Serie historique Agriculture Canada Government of Canada Retrieved 2008 12 22 Note this link loads slowly Soil Acidity and Liming Overview Archived 2007 05 09 at the Wayback Machine Paradelo R Virto I Chenu C 2015 04 01 Net effect of liming on soil organic carbon stocks A review Agriculture Ecosystems amp Environment 202 98 107 doi 10 1016 j agee 2015 01 005 ISSN 0167 8809 a b Haynes R J Naidu R 1998 Influence of lime fertilizer and manure applications on soil organic matter content and soil physical conditions a review Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 51 2 123 137 doi 10 1023 a 1009738307837 ISSN 1385 1314 S2CID 20113235 Briedis Clever Sa Joao Carlos de Moraes Caires Eduardo Favero Navarro Jaqueline de Fatima Inagaki Thiago Massao Boer Adriane Neto Caio Quadros Ferreira Ademir de Oliveira Canalli Lutecia Beatriz Santos Josiane Burkner dos 2012 01 15 Soil organic matter pools and carbon protection mechanisms in aggregate classes influenced by surface liming in a no till system Geoderma 170 80 88 doi 10 1016 j geoderma 2011 10 011 ISSN 0016 7061 Huber C Baier R Gottlein A Weis W Changes in soil seepage water and needle chemistry between 1984 and 2004 after liming an N saturated Norway spruce stand at the Hoglwald Germany Forest Ecology and Management 2006 233 11 20 Further reading editNarendrula Kotha Ramya Nkongolo Kabwe K 2017 01 04 Gomes Newton CM ed Microbial Response to Soil Liming of Damaged Ecosystems Revealed by Pyrosequencing and Phospholipid Fatty Acid Analyses PLOS ONE 12 1 e0168497 doi 10 1371 journal pone 0168497 ISSN 1932 6203 PMC 5215397 PMID 28052072 Holland J E White P J Glendining M J Goulding K W T McGrath S P 2019 04 01 Yield responses of arable crops to liming An evaluation of relationships between yields and soil pH from a long term liming experiment European Journal of Agronomy 105 176 188 doi 10 1016 j eja 2019 02 016 ISSN 1161 0301 PMC 6472519 PMID 31007524 Further reading edit A Study of the Lime Potential R C Turner Research Branch Department Of Agriculture 1965 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Liming soil amp oldid 1204408574, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
