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Ligue de la patrie française

April 08, 2024

The Ligue de la patrie française (French Homeland League) was a French nationalist and anti-Dreyfus organization. It was officially founded in 1899, and brought together leading right-wing artists, scientists and intellectuals. The league fielded candidates in the 1902 national elections, but was relatively unsuccessful. After this it gradually became dormant. Its bulletin ceased publication in 1909.

Ligue de la patrie française
1899 caricature by Charles Lucien Léandre depicting Barrès, Coppée and Lemaître as the three heads of the League
FormationDecember 1898
Dissolved1909
TypePolitical organization
Legal statusDefunct
PurposePatriotism, anti-Dreyfus
Region
France
Membership (1902)
40,000
Official language
French
President
Jules Lemaître

History edit

Origins edit

 
Maurice Barrès

The League originated with three young academics, Louis Dausset, Gabriel Syveton and Henri Vaugeois, who wanted to show that Dreyfusism was not accepted by all at the University. They were opposed to the League for the Rights of Man and wanted to show that not all intellectuals supported the Left, and the cause of the homeland was as valid as the cause of Dreyfus and the lay Republic.[1]

After an initial meeting on 25 October 1898 in Paris a section was quickly opened in Lille.[2] They launched a petition that attacked journalist and novelist Émile Zola and what many saw as an internationalist, pacifist left-wing conspiracy.[3] In November 1898 their petition gained signatures in the Parisian schools, and was soon circulated throughout political, intellectual and artistic circles in Paris.[1]

Charles Maurras gained the interest of the writer Maurice Barrès, and the movement gained the support of three eminent personalities: the geographer Marcel Dubois, the poet François Coppée and the critic and literature professor Jules Lemaître.[1] Barrès would provide the inspiration while Lemaitre looked after the organization.[3] Charles Daniélou had been present at the last meeting between Zola and François Coppée during the Dreyfus affair. Zola had decided to publish his article J'accuse…!, in which he proclaimed that Dreyfus was innocent, despite pleas by Coppée. Daniélou sided with Coppée and helped found the League in December 1898.[4] The final decision to create the League was made on 31 December 1898.[1]

Active period edit

 
François Coppée

The Ligue de la patrie française was established on 4 January 1899 with Jules Lemaître as its nominal leader.[5] Lemaître held the organizational meeting on 19 January 1899.[6] Maurice Barrès was in practice the intellectual leader.[7] The League was aligned with the Académie française, the army, the church, the aristocracy and the wealthy classes.[8] It brought together a large number of antidreyfusard intellectuals to show that the great names of letters and science did not support revision of the verdict of the Dreyfus trial.

This conservative group had prestige comparable to that of the signatories of the Manifeste des intellectuels launched by Georges Clemenceau.[5] Many well-known members of the Académie signed on including Léon Daudet, Albert Sorel and Jules Verne. The painters Edgar Degas and Pierre-Auguste Renoir supported the movement. About 30,000 members joined in the first month.[3] Workers, artisans and employees represented at most 4% of the membership, while members of the literary, artistic, legal and medical professions made up almost 70%.[9]

The League did not at first take an anti-Semitic position, although Lemaitre claimed at the January organizational meeting that for the past twenty years Jews, Protestants and Freemasons had conspired to run France.[3] The League refused to engage in a resolute defense of the church. The League was interested in restoring order, but not in establishing an authoritarian regime.[9] Unlike the Ligue des Patriotes and other populist leagues, with Lemaître as president the Ligue de la patrie française rejected violence and avoided abusive language, and thus was more acceptable to the middle classes.[6]

By February 1899 the league claimed 40,000 members.[6] However, despite being well-funded and represented throughout France the organization was weak.[6] The League was divided between Republican moderates like Ferdinand Brunetière who just wanted to end the disruption caused by the Dreyfus affair and anti-Semitic nationalists like Barrès who wanted an excuse to overthrow the Republic.[3] François Coppée had Bonapartist leanings and was in favor of a coup.[10]

In 1899 Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois left the League and established a new movement, Action Française, and a new journal, Revue de l'Action française.[11] Charles Maurras soon joined the Action Française, whose leaders criticized the timid nature of the League and its lack of clear objectives. The Revue de l'Action française expressed more radical views, and was anti-Republican.[12] Maurras thought the Bourbon monarchy should be restored, using violence if needed.[13]

The League had some success in the Paris municipal elections in 1900, but soon began to fall apart. Antidreyfusism proved not to be a sufficiently strong cause to hold together members who had radically different opinions on other subjects.[14] The League's candidates in the 1902 legislative elections did poorly outside of Paris.[6] Most of the League's activists abandoned it in favor of Albert Gauthier de Clagny's[a] Républicains plébiscitaires or Jules Méline's Fédération républicaine.[16] The League's treasurer Gabriel Syveton was elected deputy for the Seine in 1902.[16] A meeting organized on 7 March 1903 in Lille by the League and the Ligue des Patriotes was able to draw 5,000 people including students, young Catholics, clerics and reactionary notables.[2] However, the movement went into rapid decline after being defeated in the 1904 municipal elections.[10]

Later years edit

 
Jules Lemaître

General Louis André, the militantly anticlerical War Minister from 1900 to 1904, used reports by Freemasons to build a huge card index on public officials that detailed those who were Catholic and attended Mass, with a view to preventing their promotions.[17] In 1904, Jean Bidegain, assistant Secretary of Grand Orient de France, sold a selection of the files to Gabriel Syveton for 40,000 francs.[18]

In November 1904 Syveton gained notoriety when he physically attacked General André in the Assembly in a debate over the files.[16] Syveton died on 9 December 1904 the day before he was due to appear before the Court of Assizes. The nationalists claimed that he had not committed suicide but had been assassinated by the Masons.[16] The Affaire Des Fiches scandal led directly to the resignation of prime minister Émile Combes.[18]

After Lemaitre left the League, Louis Dausset assumed the presidency. He in turn resigned in 1905.[16] The Bulletin officiel de la Ligue de la Patrie française appears to have ceased publication in 1909.[19]

Executive edit

The executive of the league included:[20]

Members edit

The first members of the league also included:[20]

Publications edit

Journals edit

  • Almanach de la Patrie Française (in French), Paris, 1900–1901, ISSN 2417-9949{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link) – archives
  • La Grand'garde (in French), Lille, 1901, ISSN 2128-9565{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  • Annales de la Patrie Française (in French), Paris, 1900–1905, ISSN 1149-4190{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)
  • Bulletin Officiel de la Ligue de la Patrie Française (in French), Paris, 1905–1909, ISSN 1149-4220{{citation}}: CS1 maint: untitled periodical (link)

Miscellaneous edit

  • Barrès, Maurice (1899), Ligue de la patrie française (ed.), La terre et les morts sur quelles réalités fonder la conscience française (in French), Paris: bureaux de "La Patrie française", p. 36
  • Ligue de la patrie française (1900), Société anonyme des annales de la patrie française... Statuts (in French), Paris: impr. Maulde : Doumenc, p. 20
  • Barrès, Maurice (1900), Ligue de la patrie française (ed.), L'Alsace et la Lorraine (in French), Paris: bureaux de "La Patrie française", p. 34
  • Lemaître, Jules (1900), Ligue de la patrie française (ed.), Ligue de la "Patrie française" Discours de M. Jules Lemaître à Grenoble (in French), Angers: impr. de Germain et G. Grassin
  • Lemaître, Jules (1900), Ligue de la patrie française (ed.), L'action républicaine et sociale de la Patrie française: discours prononcé à Grenoble le 23 décembre 1900 (in French), Paris: bureaux de "la Patrie française", p. 45
  • Bernard, Charles; Cavaignac, Godefroy; Lemaître, Jules; Mercier, Auguste (1902), Ligue de la patrie française (ed.), Conférence de M. Jules Lemaître,... Nancy, 1er décembre 1901 (in French), Nancy: A. Crépin-Leblond, p. 62
  • Ligue de la patrie française (1903), Fédération des comités de la "Patrie française", de la Ligue des patriotes, Républicain-nationaliste et Républicain-socialiste français de la 2e circonscription du lve arrondissement de Paris. La Candidature Maurice Barrès (in French), Paris: la Fédération, p. 64
  • Barrès, Maurice (1907), Ligue de la patrie française (ed.), Les mauvais instituteurs: conférence prononcée à Paris, le 16 mars 1907 à la grande réunion de la Salle Wagram (in French), Paris: bureaux de "La Patrie française", p. 32

References edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ Albert Gauthier de Clagny (1853–1927) was a Deputy from 1889 to 1910 for the républicaine démocratique – fédération révisionniste alliance. He was vice-president of the Ligue des patriotes.[15]

Citations edit

  1. ^ a b c d Pierrard 1998, p. 180.
  2. ^ a b Condette 1999, p. 209.
  3. ^ a b c d e Conner 2014, p. 160.
  4. ^ Gourlay 1996, p. 102.
  5. ^ a b Sternhell 1972, p. 338.
  6. ^ a b c d e Ligue de la patrie française – Larousse.
  7. ^ Pierrard 1998, p. 121.
  8. ^ Sternhell 1972, p. 274.
  9. ^ a b d'Appollonia 1998, p. 136.
  10. ^ a b Tombs 2003, p. 143.
  11. ^ Rémond 2006, p. 8.
  12. ^ d'Appollonia 1998, p. 145.
  13. ^ d'Appollonia 1998, p. 151.
  14. ^ Pierrard 1998, p. 181.
  15. ^ Jolly 1960–1977.
  16. ^ a b c d e d'Appollonia 1998, p. 138.
  17. ^ Franklin 2006, p. 9.
  18. ^ a b Read 2012, pp. 339–340.
  19. ^ Bulletin officiel de la Ligue ... BnF.
  20. ^ a b Lemaître 1900.

Sources edit

  • Bulletin officiel de la Ligue de la Patrie française (in French), BnF, retrieved 2016-03-07
  • Condette, Jean-François (1999-01-01), La Faculté des lettres de Lille de 1887 à 1945: Une faculté dans l'histoire, Presses Univ. Septentrion, ISBN 978-2-85939-592-6, retrieved 2016-03-07
  • Conner, Tom (2014-04-24), The Dreyfus Affair and the Rise of the French Public Intellectual, McFarland, ISBN 978-0-7864-7862-0, retrieved 2016-03-08
  • d'Appollonia, Ariane Chebel (1998-12-01), L'extrême-droite en France: De Maurras à Le Pen, Editions Complexe, ISBN 978-2-87027-764-5, retrieved 2016-03-08
  • Franklin, James (2006), "Freemasonry in Europe", Catholic Values and Australian Realities, Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd, ISBN 9780975801543
  • Gourlay, Patrick (1996). "Charles Daniélou (1878–1958). La brillante et atypique carrière d'un Finistérien sous la Troisième République" (PDF). Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l'Ouest (in French). 103 (4): 99–121. doi:10.3406/abpo.1996.3888. Retrieved 2015-11-12.
  • Jolly, Jean (1960–1977), "Albert GAUTHIER DE CLAGNY", Dictionnaire des parlementaires français de 1889 à 1940 (in French), ISBN 2-1100-1998-0, retrieved 2016-03-08
  • Lemaître, Jules (1900), Ligue de la patrie française (ed.), L'action républicaine et sociale de la Patrie française : discours prononcé à Grenoble le 23 décembre 1900 par Jules Lemaître (in French), Paris: bureaux de "la Patrie française", retrieved 2016-03-07
  • "Ligue de la patrie française", Dictionnaire de l'Histoire de France (in French), Éditions Larousse, 2005, retrieved 2016-03-07
  • Pierrard, Pierre (1998), Les Chrétiens et l'affaire Dreyfus, Editions de l'Atelier, ISBN 978-2-7082-3390-4, retrieved 2016-03-07
  • Read, Piers Paul (2012), The Dreyfus Affair: The Scandal that Tore France in Two, Bloomsbury Press
  • Rémond, René (2006), "Action française", in Lawrence D. Kritzman (ed.), The Columbia History of Twentieth-Century French Thought, New York: Columbia University Press, ISBN 978-0-231-10790-7
  • Sternhell, Zeev (1972), Maurice Barrès et le nationalisme français, Editions Complexe, ISBN 978-2-87027-164-3, retrieved 2016-03-07
  • Tombs, Robert (2003-09-02), Nationhood and Nationalism in France: From Boulangism to the Great War 1889-1918, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-99796-1, retrieved 2016-03-08

April 08, 2024
ligue, patrie, française, french, homeland, league, french, nationalist, anti, dreyfus, organization, officially, founded, 1899, brought, together, leading, right, wing, artists, scientists, intellectuals, league, fielded, candidates, 1902, national, elections. The Ligue de la patrie francaise French Homeland League was a French nationalist and anti Dreyfus organization It was officially founded in 1899 and brought together leading right wing artists scientists and intellectuals The league fielded candidates in the 1902 national elections but was relatively unsuccessful After this it gradually became dormant Its bulletin ceased publication in 1909 Ligue de la patrie francaise1899 caricature by Charles Lucien Leandre depicting Barres Coppee and Lemaitre as the three heads of the LeagueFormationDecember 1898Dissolved1909TypePolitical organizationLegal statusDefunctPurposePatriotism anti DreyfusRegionFranceMembership 1902 40 000Official languageFrenchPresidentJules Lemaitre Contents 1 History 1 1 Origins 1 2 Active period 1 3 Later years 2 Executive 3 Members 4 Publications 4 1 Journals 4 2 Miscellaneous 5 References 5 1 Notes 5 2 Citations 5 3 SourcesHistory editOrigins edit nbsp Maurice BarresThe League originated with three young academics Louis Dausset Gabriel Syveton and Henri Vaugeois who wanted to show that Dreyfusism was not accepted by all at the University They were opposed to the League for the Rights of Man and wanted to show that not all intellectuals supported the Left and the cause of the homeland was as valid as the cause of Dreyfus and the lay Republic 1 After an initial meeting on 25 October 1898 in Paris a section was quickly opened in Lille 2 They launched a petition that attacked journalist and novelist Emile Zola and what many saw as an internationalist pacifist left wing conspiracy 3 In November 1898 their petition gained signatures in the Parisian schools and was soon circulated throughout political intellectual and artistic circles in Paris 1 Charles Maurras gained the interest of the writer Maurice Barres and the movement gained the support of three eminent personalities the geographer Marcel Dubois the poet Francois Coppee and the critic and literature professor Jules Lemaitre 1 Barres would provide the inspiration while Lemaitre looked after the organization 3 Charles Danielou had been present at the last meeting between Zola and Francois Coppee during the Dreyfus affair Zola had decided to publish his article J accuse in which he proclaimed that Dreyfus was innocent despite pleas by Coppee Danielou sided with Coppee and helped found the League in December 1898 4 The final decision to create the League was made on 31 December 1898 1 Active period edit nbsp Francois CoppeeThe Ligue de la patrie francaise was established on 4 January 1899 with Jules Lemaitre as its nominal leader 5 Lemaitre held the organizational meeting on 19 January 1899 6 Maurice Barres was in practice the intellectual leader 7 The League was aligned with the Academie francaise the army the church the aristocracy and the wealthy classes 8 It brought together a large number of antidreyfusard intellectuals to show that the great names of letters and science did not support revision of the verdict of the Dreyfus trial This conservative group had prestige comparable to that of the signatories of the Manifeste des intellectuels launched by Georges Clemenceau 5 Many well known members of the Academie signed on including Leon Daudet Albert Sorel and Jules Verne The painters Edgar Degas and Pierre Auguste Renoir supported the movement About 30 000 members joined in the first month 3 Workers artisans and employees represented at most 4 of the membership while members of the literary artistic legal and medical professions made up almost 70 9 The League did not at first take an anti Semitic position although Lemaitre claimed at the January organizational meeting that for the past twenty years Jews Protestants and Freemasons had conspired to run France 3 The League refused to engage in a resolute defense of the church The League was interested in restoring order but not in establishing an authoritarian regime 9 Unlike the Ligue des Patriotes and other populist leagues with Lemaitre as president the Ligue de la patrie francaise rejected violence and avoided abusive language and thus was more acceptable to the middle classes 6 By February 1899 the league claimed 40 000 members 6 However despite being well funded and represented throughout France the organization was weak 6 The League was divided between Republican moderates like Ferdinand Brunetiere who just wanted to end the disruption caused by the Dreyfus affair and anti Semitic nationalists like Barres who wanted an excuse to overthrow the Republic 3 Francois Coppee had Bonapartist leanings and was in favor of a coup 10 In 1899 Maurice Pujo and Henri Vaugeois left the League and established a new movement Action Francaise and a new journal Revue de l Action francaise 11 Charles Maurras soon joined the Action Francaise whose leaders criticized the timid nature of the League and its lack of clear objectives The Revue de l Action francaise expressed more radical views and was anti Republican 12 Maurras thought the Bourbon monarchy should be restored using violence if needed 13 The League had some success in the Paris municipal elections in 1900 but soon began to fall apart Antidreyfusism proved not to be a sufficiently strong cause to hold together members who had radically different opinions on other subjects 14 The League s candidates in the 1902 legislative elections did poorly outside of Paris 6 Most of the League s activists abandoned it in favor of Albert Gauthier de Clagny s a Republicains plebiscitaires or Jules Meline s Federation republicaine 16 The League s treasurer Gabriel Syveton was elected deputy for the Seine in 1902 16 A meeting organized on 7 March 1903 in Lille by the League and the Ligue des Patriotes was able to draw 5 000 people including students young Catholics clerics and reactionary notables 2 However the movement went into rapid decline after being defeated in the 1904 municipal elections 10 Later years edit nbsp Jules LemaitreGeneral Louis Andre the militantly anticlerical War Minister from 1900 to 1904 used reports by Freemasons to build a huge card index on public officials that detailed those who were Catholic and attended Mass with a view to preventing their promotions 17 In 1904 Jean Bidegain assistant Secretary of Grand Orient de France sold a selection of the files to Gabriel Syveton for 40 000 francs 18 In November 1904 Syveton gained notoriety when he physically attacked General Andre in the Assembly in a debate over the files 16 Syveton died on 9 December 1904 the day before he was due to appear before the Court of Assizes The nationalists claimed that he had not committed suicide but had been assassinated by the Masons 16 The Affaire Des Fiches scandal led directly to the resignation of prime minister Emile Combes 18 After Lemaitre left the League Louis Dausset assumed the presidency He in turn resigned in 1905 16 The Bulletin officiel de la Ligue de la Patrie francaise appears to have ceased publication in 1909 19 Executive editThe executive of the league included 20 Francois Coppee Honorary President Jules Lemaitre President Gabriel Syveton Treasurer Louis Dausset Secretary general Henri Vaugeois Assistant secretary Alfred Mathieu Giard Delegate Francois de Mahy Delegate Maurice Barres Delegate Ferdinand Brunetiere Delegate Marcel Dubois DelegateMembers editThe first members of the league also included 20 Juliette Adam Paul Allard Gaston Audiffret Pasquier Ernest Babelon Charles Barbier de Meynard Arvede Barine Albert Bartholome Charles Costa de Beauregard Andre Bellessort Jean Beraud Jacques Emile Blanche Marie Louis Antoine Gaston Boissier Robert de Bonnieres Henri de Bornier Theodore Botrel Paul Bourget Joseph Valentin Boussinesq Henri Boutet Pierre de Breville Albert 4th duc de Broglie Charles Jules Edmee Brongniart Caran d Ache Carolus Duran Albert Carre Godefroy Cavaignac Honore Champion Anatole Chauffard Victor Cherbuliez Arthur Chuquet Edouard Collignon Gustave Claude Etienne Courtois Pascal Dagnan Bouveret Leon Daudet Edgar Degas Leon Deschamps Edouard Detaille Leon Dierx Jules Albert de Dion Rene Doumic Guillaume Dubufe Pierre Duhem Emmanuel des Essarts Emile Faguet Jean Louis Forain Paul Foucart Henry Gauthier Villars Emile Gebhart Jean Leon Gerome Georges Goyau Alfred Grandidier Maurice Hauriou Jose Maria de Heredia Charles Hermite Henry Houssaye Henri Huchard Vincent d Indy Jean Antoine Injalbert Ernest de Jonquieres Camille Jordan Pierre Laffitte Albert Auguste Cochon de Lapparent Henri Lavedan Henry Louis Le Chatelier Jean Jules Antoine Lecomte du Nouy Louis Leger Ernest Legouve Emile Lemoine Auguste Longnon Pierre Louys Frederic Masson Charles Maurras Stanislas Etienne Meunier Alfred Mezieres Frederic Mistral Parfait Louis Monteil Georges Montorgueil Adrien Albert Marie de Mun Jacques Normand Philbert Maurice d Ocagne Edmond Perrier Louis Petit de Julleville Emile Picard Maurice Pujo Jean Francois Raffaelli Alfred Nicolas Rambaud Onesime Reclus Sibylle Riqueti de Mirabeau Henri Rouart Eugene Rouche Edmond Rousse Rene de Saint Marceaux Francisque Sarcey Pierre de Segur Paul Armand Silvestre Albert Sorel Andre Theuriet Georges Thiebaud Paul Thureau Dangin Suzanne Valadon Albert Vandal Jules Verne Melchior de Vogue Eugene Melchior de Vogue Charles WolfPublications editJournals edit Almanach de la Patrie Francaise in French Paris 1900 1901 ISSN 2417 9949 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint untitled periodical link archives La Grand garde in French Lille 1901 ISSN 2128 9565 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint untitled periodical link Annales de la Patrie Francaise in French Paris 1900 1905 ISSN 1149 4190 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint untitled periodical link Bulletin Officiel de la Ligue de la Patrie Francaise in French Paris 1905 1909 ISSN 1149 4220 a href Template Citation html title Template Citation citation a CS1 maint untitled periodical link Miscellaneous edit Barres Maurice 1899 Ligue de la patrie francaise ed La terre et les morts sur quelles realites fonder la conscience francaise in French Paris bureaux de La Patrie francaise p 36 Ligue de la patrie francaise 1900 Societe anonyme des annales de la patrie francaise Statuts in French Paris impr Maulde Doumenc p 20 Barres Maurice 1900 Ligue de la patrie francaise ed L Alsace et la Lorraine in French Paris bureaux de La Patrie francaise p 34 Lemaitre Jules 1900 Ligue de la patrie francaise ed Ligue de la Patrie francaise Discours de M Jules Lemaitre a Grenoble in French Angers impr de Germain et G Grassin Lemaitre Jules 1900 Ligue de la patrie francaise ed L action republicaine et sociale de la Patrie francaise discours prononce a Grenoble le 23 decembre 1900 in French Paris bureaux de la Patrie francaise p 45 Bernard Charles Cavaignac Godefroy Lemaitre Jules Mercier Auguste 1902 Ligue de la patrie francaise ed Conference de M Jules Lemaitre Nancy 1er decembre 1901 in French Nancy A Crepin Leblond p 62 Ligue de la patrie francaise 1903 Federation des comites de la Patrie francaise de la Ligue des patriotes Republicain nationaliste et Republicain socialiste francais de la 2e circonscription du lve arrondissement de Paris La Candidature Maurice Barres in French Paris la Federation p 64 Barres Maurice 1907 Ligue de la patrie francaise ed Les mauvais instituteurs conference prononcee a Paris le 16 mars 1907 a la grande reunion de la Salle Wagram in French Paris bureaux de La Patrie francaise p 32References editNotes edit Albert Gauthier de Clagny 1853 1927 was a Deputy from 1889 to 1910 for the republicaine democratique federation revisionniste alliance He was vice president of the Ligue des patriotes 15 Citations edit a b c d Pierrard 1998 p 180 a b Condette 1999 p 209 a b c d e Conner 2014 p 160 Gourlay 1996 p 102 a b Sternhell 1972 p 338 a b c d e Ligue de la patrie francaise Larousse Pierrard 1998 p 121 Sternhell 1972 p 274 a b d Appollonia 1998 p 136 a b Tombs 2003 p 143 Remond 2006 p 8 d Appollonia 1998 p 145 d Appollonia 1998 p 151 Pierrard 1998 p 181 Jolly 1960 1977 a b c d e d Appollonia 1998 p 138 Franklin 2006 p 9 a b Read 2012 pp 339 340 Bulletin officiel de la Ligue BnF a b Lemaitre 1900 Sources edit Bulletin officiel de la Ligue de la Patrie francaise in French BnF retrieved 2016 03 07 Condette Jean Francois 1999 01 01 La Faculte des lettres de Lille de 1887 a 1945 Une faculte dans l histoire Presses Univ Septentrion ISBN 978 2 85939 592 6 retrieved 2016 03 07 Conner Tom 2014 04 24 The Dreyfus Affair and the Rise of the French Public Intellectual McFarland ISBN 978 0 7864 7862 0 retrieved 2016 03 08 d Appollonia Ariane Chebel 1998 12 01 L extreme droite en France De Maurras a Le Pen Editions Complexe ISBN 978 2 87027 764 5 retrieved 2016 03 08 Franklin James 2006 Freemasonry in Europe Catholic Values and Australian Realities Connor Court Publishing Pty Ltd ISBN 9780975801543 Gourlay Patrick 1996 Charles Danielou 1878 1958 La brillante et atypique carriere d un Finisterien sous la Troisieme Republique PDF Annales de Bretagne et des Pays de l Ouest in French 103 4 99 121 doi 10 3406 abpo 1996 3888 Retrieved 2015 11 12 Jolly Jean 1960 1977 Albert GAUTHIER DE CLAGNY Dictionnaire des parlementaires francais de 1889 a 1940 in French ISBN 2 1100 1998 0 retrieved 2016 03 08 Lemaitre Jules 1900 Ligue de la patrie francaise ed L action republicaine et sociale de la Patrie francaise discours prononce a Grenoble le 23 decembre 1900 par Jules Lemaitre in French Paris bureaux de la Patrie francaise retrieved 2016 03 07 Ligue de la patrie francaise Dictionnaire de l Histoire de France in French Editions Larousse 2005 retrieved 2016 03 07 Pierrard Pierre 1998 Les Chretiens et l affaire Dreyfus Editions de l Atelier ISBN 978 2 7082 3390 4 retrieved 2016 03 07 Read Piers Paul 2012 The Dreyfus Affair The Scandal that Tore France in Two Bloomsbury Press Remond Rene 2006 Action francaise in Lawrence D Kritzman ed The Columbia History of Twentieth Century French Thought New York Columbia University Press ISBN 978 0 231 10790 7 Sternhell Zeev 1972 Maurice Barres et le nationalisme francais Editions Complexe ISBN 978 2 87027 164 3 retrieved 2016 03 07 Tombs Robert 2003 09 02 Nationhood and Nationalism in France From Boulangism to the Great War 1889 1918 Routledge ISBN 978 1 134 99796 1 retrieved 2016 03 08 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Ligue de la patrie francaise amp oldid 1193683139, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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