The Leh–Manali Highway is a 428 km (266 mi) long highway in northernmost India connecting Leh, the capital of the Union Territory of Ladakh, to Manali in the state of Himachal Pradesh. It connects the Kullu Valley of the upper Beas river to the Chandra and Bhaga river valleys of Lahaul via the Atal tunnel in Himachal Pradesh, then crosses over a series of high Himalayan passes into the Indus river valley in Ladakh. It is usually open for about six months a year from the first week of May when the snow is cleared from the highway to October when snowfall again blocks the high passes on the highway. Before the construction of the Atal tunnel, the highway used to remain closed beyond the Rohtang Pass during winter. With the completion of the proposed Shingo La Tunnel on an alternate route through Zanskar valley, targeted to be completed by 2025, the whole Leh-Manali route will become an all-weather road.[1]
The Leh–Manali Highway acts as a trunk route for various India-China Border Roads in Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh. It has been designed, built, and maintained by the Border Roads Organisation (BRO) of the Indian army. It supports the heaviest army vehicles.
The work on the Leh-Manali road was started in 1964 and its construction was taken up from both ends. In 1989, the 473-km Manali-Leh road began serving as the second land approach to Ladakh.[2]
Geographical features
The average elevation of the Leh-Manali highway is more than 4,000 m (13,000 feet)[3] and its highest elevation is 5,328 m (17,480 ft) at the Taglang La mountain pass. It is flanked by mountain ranges on both sides, featuring stunning sand and natural rock formations. The landscape changes after getting past the Atal tunnel and the greenery starts receding upon entering the Chandra river valley in the Lahaul region that lies in the rain-shadow. After crossing Darcha, the greenery completely disappears and the mountain slopes on the leeward side become brown and arid. Most of the mountain peaks and highway Pass north of Darcha remain covered by snow even in summer and shine brightly in the sun. Adjacent glaciers melt (more so as the day wears on) and water overruns the highway in many places. This water is ice-cold and travelers should avoid situations where they might have to wade through it.
The road between Leh-Manali in Ladakh.
Road surface
Fast-flowing water eroded the highway on the More plains.
The Leh-Manali highway is generally two lanes wide (one lane in each direction) without a road divider but has only one or one and a half lanes at some stretches. Snow and rain can make the highway slushy or too slippery to travel. Past precipitation can also create travel hazards. It has over a dozen Bailey bridges and all of them are now being upgraded to two-lane steel bridges. The highway crosses many streams of ice-cold water from snow-capped mountains and glacial melts without a bridge and it requires driving skill to negotiate fast-flowing streams. The highway has many damaged stretches and under-maintained portions, where even a little rainfall can trigger dangerous landslides. The road quality is poor from Zingzingbar to Pang and one has to drive carefully as high speed can cause discomfort.
Climate
Yaks in More plains
Ladakh is a cold semi-arid desert. It is cold along the highway even in summer (May onwards); the days are warm in bright sunshine but the nights are very cold. Light woolens are required during the day and thick woolens are required at night. There is scanty rainfall between Darcha and Leh even during the monsoon season in July–September as the entire region lies in rain shadow.
Length of highway
The total length of the highway is about 428 km (266 mi). It has 178 km (111 mi) in Himachal Pradesh as the length in Himachal Pradesh is shortened by about 45 km (28 mi) after the opening of the Atal Tunnel avoiding the Rohtang Pass , and 250 km (156 mi) in Ladakh.[4] The state line is at Sarchu.[5]
New Barsi Bridge, highway to Manali on right, Darcha, LahaulBaralacha La, 4,850 m (15,910 ft), LahaulUpshi has a Customs and Excise taxation check post where vehicles are inspected.
The route from Manali to Sissu runs via Palchan-Solang Valley road, then through Atal Tunnel bypassing the Rohtang pass. Further, the distance from Manali to Gramphu via Atal Tunnel is only 47 km for Spiti valley bound travelers. There is a helipad at Sissu with service to Manali during the winter.
Tandi is at the bottom of a river valley, where the Chandra River and the Bhaga River (flowing from the north) merge to form the Chandra-Bhaga river (which becomes the Chenab downstream in Jammu region). Cross the Bhaga river over the bridge towards the right, take the right turn at the fork, and the road again starts climbing.
It is a steady climb. A stream (from a glacial melt) flows across the highway just before Zingzingbar. It is advisable to cross the stream before noon because the flow of ice-cold water increases as the temperature rises. If the flow of water is too powerful for a vehicle to cross, or if the weather worsens en route to Baralacha La, turn back to Zingzingbar or Darcha, and seek accommodation before trying on the next day.
The 130 km drive from Zingzingbar to Pang is the toughest part of the journey on the highway and a nightmare at times. During the best of the season, without any blockades and traffic jams, it can take up to 5-7 hrs to cover this stretch with at least one halt en route.
It is a steady descent. Killing Sarai is the North Portal for the proposed Baralacha La tunnel. The Bhaga river and the Chandra river originate from melting snow at opposite sides of Baralacha La, the former flowing southwest and the latter flowing first southeast and then northwest to merge at Tandi.
It involves climbing 500 m through the Gata loops (21 hairpin bends) at 4,190 m (13,750 ft) elevation and traversing through Nakee La at 4,739 m (15,547 ft) and Lachulung La at 5,065 m (16,616 ft) elevations.
This stretch crosses a plateau at 4,700 m (15,400 ft) called the More plains or Morey plains. A flat stretch of 40 km on Morey plain is a driving paradise at such elevation and comes as a huge relief for motorists.
The 175 km long road from Pang to Leh via Morey plains and Taglang La, is in excellent condition and generally takes less than 5 hours to cover. Visiting some locations beyond Leh requires special permission, which can be obtained at Leh.
After crossing the Indus river at Upshi, the highway bears left for Karu. The right turn is an ancient trading road heading east toward Pangong Lake and Tibet. There is a helipad on this road.
Staying to the left and following the Indus River leads toward Leh. There is another turn-off to the right that goes to Shyok, Pangong Lake, and Tibet.
Earlier Route
In Himachal Pradesh:
The Rohtang Pass becomes impassable during winter.
1: Manali (altitude 1,950 m (6,400 ft)) to Marhi at 3,300 m (10,800 ft) elevation 33 km (21 mi). It is a steady climb. [6]
2: Marhi to Rohtang Pass at 3,980 m (13,060 ft) elevation 18 km (11 mi). It is a steady climb.
3: Rohtang to Gramphu at 3,200 m (10,500 ft) elevation 15 km (9.3 mi). It is a steady descent. The right turn (towards east) at Gramphu leads to Spiti valley, Batal, Kunzum La and Kaza on a road along Chandra river that is unpaved until Kunzum Pass and beyond.
4: Gramphu to Koksar, the first village north of Rohtang Pass 5 km (3.1 mi). Foreign nationals have to show their passports with a valid visas at the police check post here.
5: Koksar to Sissu at 3,130 m (10,270 ft) elevation 15 km (9.3 mi). The highway runs along the left (south) bank of the Chandra River, with a beautiful waterfall on the other side of the river.
After this, there is the main route from Sissu as mentioned above.
Travel time
After the opening of the Atal Tunnel, the journey from Manali to Leh normally requires one overnight stay en route (Overnight accommodations are described below). Travel time is unpredictable since the weather and road conditions can change suddenly. However, it is now possible to cover the entire journey from Manali to Leh in 14-16 hours in a single day, if there are no road blockades and traffic jams en route.
The peak travel season is during May-June and September-October when tourists visit Atal tunnel, Rohtang pass, and Lahaul valley. Most of the domestic tourists return to Manali on the same day. Himachal Road Transport Corporation (HRTC) and Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation (HPTDC) operate buses that travel the entire highway in two days.[7] Buses start from Manali at 4 am until 6 pm. The travel time from Manali to Keylong is now approximately 2 hours via the Atal tunnel. Private four-wheel drive taxis are available. Shared taxis are cheap as they charge per person, but they may be full of local residents. The tourist cannot stop either a bus or a shared taxi for sightseeing. Many bikers travel from Manali to Leh and other places in Ladakh on motorcycles, generally in a group.
Fuel stations
Earlier, there was no fuel station for 330 kilometres (210 mi) between Tandi and Karu. Now, a new fuel station at Keylong has become operational since September 2021. Motorists and bikers should fill up at the start of this stretch. Motorcycles and vehicles with small tanks should carry additional fuel in cans. In an emergency, fuel may be available at villages and campsites en route (Jispa, Zingzingbar, Sarchu, Pang, etc.), but this fuel may be adulterated and costly.
Altitude sickness
At high altitudes, the air is thin and contains less oxygen. Acute mountain sickness is possible, whose symptoms include headache, nausea, dizziness, and vomiting. It can be fatal. A traveler arriving by air from lower terrain should acclimate to the high altitude by staying at least one night at the starting point (say, Manali), and plan to stay over at either Keylong, Jispa or Darcha before ascending to the highway's highest passes and plains after Darcha. Travelers should minimize the time spent at high altitudes and therefore not stay over at Sarchu or Pang. They should carry chocolates, glucose, or other high-energy food on the journey.
Accommodation
Dhabas (roadside eateries) near the Rohtang Pass
There are a variety of hotels to suit all budgets at the highway's two ends - Manali and Leh. There are also hotels and PWD rest houses at Sissu and at Keylong (a district headquarter). There is one luxury hotel at Jispa.
Tents at Sarchu
Guesthouses are available at Sissu, Keylong, Jispa, Rumtse, Upshi, and Karu.
The remaining option is to sleep in a tent which is generally basic and inexpensive. Luxury and comfortable tents (Swiss-cottage tents) are available in Jispa and Sarchu. Tent accommodations are also available in Darcha, Zingzingbar, Bharatpur (below Baralacha La pass, inhabited only during tourist season), and Pang. In India, a dhaba is a roadside eatery with low prices and no frills. These are found at some otherwise uninhabited places along the highway. A dhaba is not a motel but many dhabas let the customers lie down and rest, and some can provide an inexpensive dormitory bed (without a private toilet).
^Defence ministry clears the BRO tunnel under Shinkun La in Ladakh, Hindustan Times, 19 May 2021.
^Wangchuk, Rinchen Norbu (5 February 2018). "Here's the history behind one of the Jaitley's biggest budget announcements". The Better India. Retrieved 5 September 2021.
^Series U502, U.S. Army Map Service, map of quadrant ni-43-12
^. The Hindu. 23 September 2008. Archived from the original on 26 September 2008.
^Other. "Atal Tunnel opens". The Tribune. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
^"All you need to know about Atal Tunnel: Manali to Leh by road, 365 days a year". auto.hindustantimes.com. 2 October 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.
^Dheeraj Sharma (15 July 2019). "Manali to Leh Bus Service - Timings, Rates & FAQs". DevilOnWheels.com. Retrieved 22 July 2019.
External links
Leh–Manali Highway on OpenStreetMap
Mountain Passes along the route
Riding on the Manali-Leh route
Leh-Manali Highway
Photos of a bike tour along the Highway from 1996.
Ladakh detailed map
U.S. Army Map Service
Manali to leh motorcycle tour map
55 Spectacular Pictures of Leh Manali Highway
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leh–Manali Highway.
August 20, 2023
manali, highway, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, november, . This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Leh Manali Highway news newspapers books scholar JSTOR November 2018 Learn how and when to remove this template message 32 14 58 N 77 11 26 E 32 2495793 N 77 1905049 E 32 2495793 77 1905049Leh Manali HighwayTaglang La pass Elevation 5359 m 17 582 ft Route informationLength428 km 266 mi Major junctionsNorth endLeh LadakhSouth endManali Himachal PradeshLocationCountryIndiaStatesHimachal Pradesh LadakhPrimarydestinationsLeh Shey Karu Upshi Gya Sarchu state border Zingzingbar Patseo Darcha Jispa Keylong Tandi Sissu Koksar Gramphu Rohtang ManaliHighway systemRoads in IndiaExpressways National State AsianThe Leh Manali Highway is a 428 km 266 mi long highway in northernmost India connecting Leh the capital of the Union Territory of Ladakh to Manali in the state of Himachal Pradesh It connects the Kullu Valley of the upper Beas river to the Chandra and Bhaga river valleys of Lahaul via the Atal tunnel in Himachal Pradesh then crosses over a series of high Himalayan passes into the Indus river valley in Ladakh It is usually open for about six months a year from the first week of May when the snow is cleared from the highway to October when snowfall again blocks the high passes on the highway Before the construction of the Atal tunnel the highway used to remain closed beyond the Rohtang Pass during winter With the completion of the proposed Shingo La Tunnel on an alternate route through Zanskar valley targeted to be completed by 2025 the whole Leh Manali route will become an all weather road 1 The Leh Manali Highway acts as a trunk route for various India China Border Roads in Ladakh and Himachal Pradesh It has been designed built and maintained by the Border Roads Organisation BRO of the Indian army It supports the heaviest army vehicles Contents 1 History 2 Geographical features 2 1 Road surface 2 2 Climate 3 Length of highway 3 1 Earlier Route 4 Travel time 4 1 Fuel stations 4 2 Altitude sickness 5 Accommodation 6 See also 7 References 8 External linksHistory EditThe work on the Leh Manali road was started in 1964 and its construction was taken up from both ends In 1989 the 473 km Manali Leh road began serving as the second land approach to Ladakh 2 Geographical features EditThe average elevation of the Leh Manali highway is more than 4 000 m 13 000 feet 3 and its highest elevation is 5 328 m 17 480 ft at the Taglang La mountain pass It is flanked by mountain ranges on both sides featuring stunning sand and natural rock formations The landscape changes after getting past the Atal tunnel and the greenery starts receding upon entering the Chandra river valley in the Lahaul region that lies in the rain shadow After crossing Darcha the greenery completely disappears and the mountain slopes on the leeward side become brown and arid Most of the mountain peaks and highway Pass north of Darcha remain covered by snow even in summer and shine brightly in the sun Adjacent glaciers melt more so as the day wears on and water overruns the highway in many places This water is ice cold and travelers should avoid situations where they might have to wade through it The road between Leh Manali in Ladakh Road surface Edit Fast flowing water eroded the highway on the More plains The Leh Manali highway is generally two lanes wide one lane in each direction without a road divider but has only one or one and a half lanes at some stretches Snow and rain can make the highway slushy or too slippery to travel Past precipitation can also create travel hazards It has over a dozen Bailey bridges and all of them are now being upgraded to two lane steel bridges The highway crosses many streams of ice cold water from snow capped mountains and glacial melts without a bridge and it requires driving skill to negotiate fast flowing streams The highway has many damaged stretches and under maintained portions where even a little rainfall can trigger dangerous landslides The road quality is poor from Zingzingbar to Pang and one has to drive carefully as high speed can cause discomfort Climate Edit Yaks in More plainsLadakh is a cold semi arid desert It is cold along the highway even in summer May onwards the days are warm in bright sunshine but the nights are very cold Light woolens are required during the day and thick woolens are required at night There is scanty rainfall between Darcha and Leh even during the monsoon season in July September as the entire region lies in rain shadow Length of highway EditThe total length of the highway is about 428 km 266 mi It has 178 km 111 mi in Himachal Pradesh as the length in Himachal Pradesh is shortened by about 45 km 28 mi after the opening of the Atal Tunnel avoiding the Rohtang Pass and 250 km 156 mi in Ladakh 4 The state line is at Sarchu 5 New Barsi Bridge highway to Manali on right Darcha Lahaul Baralacha La 4 850 m 15 910 ft Lahaul Upshi has a Customs and Excise taxation check post where vehicles are inspected Route of Leh Manali Highway Location State Altitude Distance RemarksManali Himachal Pradesh 1 950 metres 6 400 ft 0 kilometres 0 mi It is the starting point of route Sissu Himachal Pradesh 3 130 m 10 270 ft 41 km 25 mi The route from Manali to Sissu runs via Palchan Solang Valley road then through Atal Tunnel bypassing the Rohtang pass Further the distance from Manali to Gramphu via Atal Tunnel is only 47 km for Spiti valley bound travelers There is a helipad at Sissu with service to Manali during the winter Tandi Himachal Pradesh 2 570 m 8 430 ft 22 km 14 mi Tandi is at the bottom of a river valley where the Chandra River and the Bhaga River flowing from the north merge to form the Chandra Bhaga river which becomes the Chenab downstream in Jammu region Cross the Bhaga river over the bridge towards the right take the right turn at the fork and the road again starts climbing Keylong Himachal Pradesh 3 080 m 10 100 ft 8 km 5 0 mi Keylong is District HQ of Lahaul and Spiti district Jispa Himachal Pradesh 3 310 m 10 860 ft 22 km 14 mi Jispa is a village where two nullahs small streams join the Bhaga River Darcha Himachal Pradesh 3 360 m 11 020 ft 6 km 3 7 mi All tourists have to register at the police check post here Zingzingbar Himachal Pradesh 4 270 m 14 010 ft 25 km 16 mi Zingzingbar is the South Portal for the proposed Baralacha La Tunnel The steep ascent to Baralacha La starts at Zingzingbar Bara lacha la Himachal Pradesh 4 850 m 15 910 ft 22 km 14 mi It is a steady climb A stream from a glacial melt flows across the highway just before Zingzingbar It is advisable to cross the stream before noon because the flow of ice cold water increases as the temperature rises If the flow of water is too powerful for a vehicle to cross or if the weather worsens en route to Baralacha La turn back to Zingzingbar or Darcha and seek accommodation before trying on the next day The 130 km drive from Zingzingbar to Pang is the toughest part of the journey on the highway and a nightmare at times During the best of the season without any blockades and traffic jams it can take up to 5 7 hrs to cover this stretch with at least one halt en route Killing Sarai Himachal Pradesh 13 km 8 1 mi It is a steady descent Killing Sarai is the North Portal for the proposed Baralacha La tunnel The Bhaga river and the Chandra river originate from melting snow at opposite sides of Baralacha La the former flowing southwest and the latter flowing first southeast and then northwest to merge at Tandi Sarchu Himachal Pradesh 4 200 m 13 800 ft 20 km 12 mi Sarchu is a military base and has a police check post It is the border between Himachal Pradesh and Ladakh Register at the police check post here Pang Ladakh 4 650 m 15 260 ft 76 km 47 mi It involves climbing 500 m through the Gata loops 21 hairpin bends at 4 190 m 13 750 ft elevation and traversing through Nakee La at 4 739 m 15 547 ft and Lachulung La at 5 065 m 16 616 ft elevations Tanglang La Ladakh 5 328 m 17 480 ft 66 km 41 mi This stretch crosses a plateau at 4 700 m 15 400 ft called the More plains or Morey plains A flat stretch of 40 km on Morey plain is a driving paradise at such elevation and comes as a huge relief for motorists The 175 km long road from Pang to Leh via Morey plains and Taglang La is in excellent condition and generally takes less than 5 hours to cover Visiting some locations beyond Leh requires special permission which can be obtained at Leh Upshi Ladakh 61 km 38 mi The highway crosses the Indus river to reach Upshi village on the north Karu Ladakh 14 km 8 7 mi After crossing the Indus river at Upshi the highway bears left for Karu The right turn is an ancient trading road heading east toward Pangong Lake and Tibet There is a helipad on this road Leh Ladakh 3 500 m 11 500 ft 34 km 21 mi Staying to the left and following the Indus River leads toward Leh There is another turn off to the right that goes to Shyok Pangong Lake and Tibet Earlier Route Edit In Himachal Pradesh The Rohtang Pass becomes impassable during winter 1 Manali altitude 1 950 m 6 400 ft to Marhi at 3 300 m 10 800 ft elevation 33 km 21 mi It is a steady climb 6 2 Marhi to Rohtang Pass at 3 980 m 13 060 ft elevation 18 km 11 mi It is a steady climb 3 Rohtang to Gramphu at 3 200 m 10 500 ft elevation 15 km 9 3 mi It is a steady descent The right turn towards east at Gramphu leads to Spiti valley Batal Kunzum La and Kaza on a road along Chandra river that is unpaved until Kunzum Pass and beyond 4 Gramphu to Koksar the first village north of Rohtang Pass 5 km 3 1 mi Foreign nationals have to show their passports with a valid visas at the police check post here 5 Koksar to Sissu at 3 130 m 10 270 ft elevation 15 km 9 3 mi The highway runs along the left south bank of the Chandra River with a beautiful waterfall on the other side of the river After this there is the main route from Sissu as mentioned above Travel time EditAfter the opening of the Atal Tunnel the journey from Manali to Leh normally requires one overnight stay en route Overnight accommodations are described below Travel time is unpredictable since the weather and road conditions can change suddenly However it is now possible to cover the entire journey from Manali to Leh in 14 16 hours in a single day if there are no road blockades and traffic jams en route The peak travel season is during May June and September October when tourists visit Atal tunnel Rohtang pass and Lahaul valley Most of the domestic tourists return to Manali on the same day Himachal Road Transport Corporation HRTC and Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation HPTDC operate buses that travel the entire highway in two days 7 Buses start from Manali at 4 am until 6 pm The travel time from Manali to Keylong is now approximately 2 hours via the Atal tunnel Private four wheel drive taxis are available Shared taxis are cheap as they charge per person but they may be full of local residents The tourist cannot stop either a bus or a shared taxi for sightseeing Many bikers travel from Manali to Leh and other places in Ladakh on motorcycles generally in a group Fuel stations Edit Earlier there was no fuel station for 330 kilometres 210 mi between Tandi and Karu Now a new fuel station at Keylong has become operational since September 2021 Motorists and bikers should fill up at the start of this stretch Motorcycles and vehicles with small tanks should carry additional fuel in cans In an emergency fuel may be available at villages and campsites en route Jispa Zingzingbar Sarchu Pang etc but this fuel may be adulterated and costly Altitude sickness Edit At high altitudes the air is thin and contains less oxygen Acute mountain sickness is possible whose symptoms include headache nausea dizziness and vomiting It can be fatal A traveler arriving by air from lower terrain should acclimate to the high altitude by staying at least one night at the starting point say Manali and plan to stay over at either Keylong Jispa or Darcha before ascending to the highway s highest passes and plains after Darcha Travelers should minimize the time spent at high altitudes and therefore not stay over at Sarchu or Pang They should carry chocolates glucose or other high energy food on the journey Accommodation Edit Dhabas roadside eateries near the Rohtang PassThere are a variety of hotels to suit all budgets at the highway s two ends Manali and Leh There are also hotels and PWD rest houses at Sissu and at Keylong a district headquarter There is one luxury hotel at Jispa Tents at SarchuGuesthouses are available at Sissu Keylong Jispa Rumtse Upshi and Karu The remaining option is to sleep in a tent which is generally basic and inexpensive Luxury and comfortable tents Swiss cottage tents are available in Jispa and Sarchu Tent accommodations are also available in Darcha Zingzingbar Bharatpur below Baralacha La pass inhabited only during tourist season and Pang In India a dhaba is a roadside eatery with low prices and no frills These are found at some otherwise uninhabited places along the highway A dhaba is not a motel but many dhabas let the customers lie down and rest and some can provide an inexpensive dormitory bed without a private toilet See also EditNational Highway 3 India More plains Atal Tunnel Nimmu Padam Darcha road Bilaspur Leh railwayReferences Edit Defence ministry clears the BRO tunnel under Shinkun La in Ladakh Hindustan Times 19 May 2021 Wangchuk Rinchen Norbu 5 February 2018 Here s the history behind one of the Jaitley s biggest budget announcements The Better India Retrieved 5 September 2021 Series U502 U S Army Map Service map of quadrant ni 43 12 Hundreds stranded on Manali Leh highway The Hindu 23 September 2008 Archived from the original on 26 September 2008 Other Atal Tunnel opens The Tribune Retrieved 5 October 2020 All you need to know about Atal Tunnel Manali to Leh by road 365 days a year auto hindustantimes com 2 October 2020 Retrieved 5 October 2020 Dheeraj Sharma 15 July 2019 Manali to Leh Bus Service Timings Rates amp FAQs DevilOnWheels com Retrieved 22 July 2019 External links EditLeh Manali Highway on OpenStreetMap Mountain Passes along the route Riding on the Manali Leh route Leh Manali Highway Manali Leh Highway on Bikemap with GPS track Photos of a bike tour along the Highway from 1996 Ladakh detailed map U S Army Map Service Manali to leh motorcycle tour map 55 Spectacular Pictures of Leh Manali Highway Wikimedia Commons has media related to Leh Manali Highway Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Leh Manali Highway amp oldid 1167537748, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
