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Léger-Félicité Sonthonax

April 12, 2024

Léger-Félicité Sonthonax (7 March 1763 – 23 July 1813) was a French abolitionist and Jacobin before joining the Girondist party, which emerged in 1791. During the French Revolution, he controlled 7,000 French troops in Saint-Domingue during part of the Haitian Revolution.[2] His official title was Civil Commissioner. From September 1792, he and Polverel became the de facto rulers of Saint-Domingue's non-slave population. Because they were associated with Brissot’s party, they were put in accusation by the convention on July 16, 1793, but a ship to bring them back in France didn’t arrive in the colony until June 1794, and they arrived in France in the time of the downfall of Robespierre. They had a fair trial in 1795 and were acquitted of the charges the white colonists brought against them.[3] Sonthonax believed that Saint-Domingue's whites were royalists or separatists, so he attacked the military power of the white settlers and by doing so alienated the colonial settlers from their government. Many gens de couleur (mixed-race residents of the colony) asserted that they could form the military backbone of Saint-Domingue if they were given rights, but Sonthonax rejected this view as outdated in the wake of the August 1791 slave uprising. He believed that Saint-Domingue would need ex-slave soldiers among the ranks of the colonial army if it was to survive. On August 1793, he proclaimed freedom for all slaves in the north province. His critics allege that he was forced into ending slavery in order to maintain his own power.[4]

Léger-Félicité Sonthonax
Late 18th-century oil painting portrait of Sonthonax
Commissioner of Saint-Domingue (North)
In office
18 September 1792 – 24 August 1797
Governor of Saint-Domingue
In office
2 January 1793 – 7 May 1793
Preceded byVicomte de Rochambeau
Succeeded byFrançois-Thomas Galbaud du Fort
In office
11 May 1796 – 24 August 1797
Preceded byÉtienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de Laveaux
Succeeded byToussaint Louverture
Deputy in the Council of Five Hundred
In office
14 October 1795 – 19 May 1799[1]
ConstituencySaint-Domingue
Personal details
Born(1763-03-07)March 7, 1763
Oyonnax, France
DiedJuly 23, 1813(1813-07-23) (aged 50)
Oyonnax, France
OccupationAbolitionist

Early life edit

Born in Oyonnax, France on March 7, 1763, the son of a prosperous merchant, Sonthonax was a lawyer in the Parlement of Paris who rose in the ranks during the French Revolution. Sonthonax's wealth was due to his father's business, which employed many people from the region, and had made his father the richest man of the village.[5] Sonthonax finished his studies at the University of Dijon, becoming a well-known lawyer with the help of his wealthy father.[5] A member of the Society of the Friends of the Blacks, he became connected with Jacques Pierre Brissot and subsequently aligned himself with the Girondists.

Mission edit

In August 1791, a slave rebellion (the Haitian Revolution) broke out in the northern part of Saint-Domingue, the heart of the island's sugar plantation economy. Saint-Domingue was also wracked by conflict between the white colonists and free people of colour (many of whom were of mixed race), and also between those supportive of the French Revolution and those for a re-establishment of the Ancien Régime — or failing that, for Saint-Domingue's independence.

In 1792, Sonthonax, Étienne Polverel and Jean-Antoine Ailhaud were sent to the colony of Saint-Domingue (now Haïti) as part of the Revolutionary Commission. They were accompanied by Jean-Jacques d'Esparbes, who had been appointed governor of Saint-Domingue.[6] He was to replace governor Philibert François Rouxel de Blanchelande.[7] The expedition included 6,000 soldiers.[8] The commissioners found that many of the white planters were hostile to the increasingly radical revolutionary movement and were joining the royalist opposition. They announced that they did not intend to abolish slavery, but had come to ensure that free men had equal rights whatever their color.[9] D'Esparbes worked against the commissioners and became popular with the royalist planters.[8] On 21 October 1792, the commissioners dismissed d'Esparbès and named the vicomte de Rochambeau governor general of Saint-Domingue.[6]

Their main goal was to maintain French control of Saint-Domingue and enforce the social equality recently granted to free gens de couleur by the French National Convention as part of the decree of 4 April 1792. The legislation re-established French control of Saint-Domingue, granted full citizenship and political equality to free male blacks and free male mulattoes, but did not emancipate the slaves. Instead, he was tasked to defeat slave rebellions and induce the slaves to return to the plantations. Sonthonax had initially decried the abolition of slavery to gain the support of the whites on the island. Upon his arrival, he found that some whites and free people of color were already cooperating against the slave rebels. He did exile many radical whites who would not accept free coloreds as equals and managed to contain the slave insurgency outside of the North.

Sonthonax and Polverel were sent to Saint-Domingue, as they proclaimed when they arrived, not to abolish slavery but to give to the free men, regardless of the color of their skin, equality of rights, granted to them by the decree of April 4, 1792. But ultimately, all slaves in the north province were granted freedom on August 29, 1793, by Sonthonax, and in the west and south provinces, from August 27 to 31 October, 1793, by Polverel.[10] [11] Following the proclamation, Sonthonax wrote a reply to those that were opposed to his and Polverel's decision in 1793 to grant these select slaves this new freedom. He declares his never ending belief that civil rights should be granted to these Africans and defends his decision to free the slaves was not erroneous to do.[12] Sonthonax's Proclamation Au nom de la République explained his role in the Revolution. He was committed to make drastic decisions to prevent Britain and Spain from succeeding in their attempts to assume control over Saint-Domingue.

Emancipation and conflict edit

In February 1793, France declared war on Great Britain, which presented a new problem for Sonthonax. All those he had alienated in trying to uphold the French Revolution in Saint-Domingue proceeded to try and flee to the British West Indies (primarily Jamaica), where the colonial authorities gave shelter to the French counter-revolutionary émigrés. The white population in the colony declined significantly until only 6,000 remained after June 1793.

On 20 June 1793 a failed attempt to take control of the capital by a new military governor sympathetic to whites, François-Thomas Galbaud, led to the bombardment and burning of Cap-Français (now Cap-Haïtien). The burning was likely done by the roughly 1,000 non-native sailors among Galbaud's forces. Sonthonax made General Étienne Laveaux governor and expelled Galbaud from the colony after a promise of freedom for ex-slaves who agreed to fight on behalf of the commissioners and the French republican regime they represented. Up to this point the commissioners had still been pursuing the fight against the black slaves, whose insurrection had begun in August 1791. Their emancipation was a momentous victory for all slave forces, and oral histories suggest a boost in their morale. On June 24, 1793, 60% of the white population left Saint-Domingue with Galbaud, most never to return. On August 29, 1793, with rumors of emancipation rampant, Sonthonax took the radical step of proclaiming the freedom of the slaves in the north province (with severe limits on their freedom). From August 27 to October 31, 1793, on his side, Polverel progressively emancipated the slaves in the west and south provinces.[13]

It was during this time, and due to the new trend of conceding rights to blacks, that Toussaint Louverture began reforming his political philosophy to embrace France rather than Spain; however, he was cautious and awaited French ratification of emancipation before officially changing sides. On February 4, 1794, the French National Convention ratified this act, applying it to all French colonies, including Guadeloupe. Due to the fact that they were under a decree of accusation, on that day, Sonthonax and Polverel’s names were not pronounced in the convention, not even by Dufay, the deputy of Saint-Domingue sent by Sonthonax to explain to the deputies of the convention why slavery had been abolished in the colony.[14]

The enslaved population of Saint-Domingue did not flock to Sonthonax's side as he had anticipated, while white planters continued to resist him. They were joined by many of the free men of color who opposed the abolition of slavery in the colony, many of them being planters themselves. It was not until word of the ratification of emancipation by the French government arrived back in the colony that Toussaint Louverture and his corps of well-disciplined, battle-hardened former slaves came over to the French Republican side in early May 1794.

A change in the political winds back home caused Sonthonax to be recalled to France to defend his actions. Upon his arrival in the summer of 1794, he argued that the free people of colour, whom he had been originally sent to defend, were no longer loyal to France, and that the Republic should place its faith in the freed slaves. Vindicated, Sonthonax returned to Saint-Domingue a second time. The Comte d'Hédouville was sent by France to be governor of the island, but was eventually forced to flee.[15]

Return to France edit

Toussaint, in the meantime, was consolidating his own position. The black general arranged for Sonthonax to leave Saint-Domingue as one of its elected representatives in 1797. When Sonthonax showed himself to be hesitant, Toussaint placed him under armed escort onto a ship bound for France on August 24. He died in his home town of Oyonnax on July 23, 1813, after sixteen years back in France.

Bibliography edit

  • 1793 - Proclamation nous, Étienne Polverel & Léger Félicité Sonthonax, commissaires civils, que nation française voyé dans pays-ci, pour mettre l'ordre et la tranquillité tout par-tout
  • 1793 - Proclamation. Au nom de la République. : Nous Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, commissaire civil de la République, délégué aux Iles françaises de l'Amérique sous le vent, pour y rétablir l'ordre & la tranquillité publique
  • 1793 - Copies des lettres écrites au Ministre de la Marine, par le citoyen Santhonax, commissaire civil délégué à St Domingue, en date du Cap-Français, le 11 février 1793, l'an I de la République
  • 1793 - Sonthonax, commissaire-civil de la République française à Saint-Domingue a la société des amis de la liberté & de l'égalité ...
  • 1798 - Motion d'ordre faite par Sonthonax, sur la résolution du 27 thermidor dernier, relative aux domaines engagés
  • 1799 - Sonthonax, représentant du peuple, à ses collègues du Corps législatif

Notes edit

  1. ^ "Léger, Félicité Sonthonax". Assemblée nationale (in French). Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  2. ^ Stein, Robert (1985). Leger Felicite Sonthonax: The Lost Sentinel of the Republic. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press. ISBN 0-8386-3218-1.
  3. ^ https://independent.academia.edu/HOELWA Hoel, La Révolution française, Saint-Domingue et l’esclavage
  4. ^ Rogozinski, Jan (1999). A Brief History of the Caribbean (Revised ed.). New York: Facts on File, Inc. pp. 167–168. ISBN 0-8160-3811-2.
  5. ^ a b "G.H.C. Bulletin 20 : Octobre 1990 Page 204". www.ghcaraibe.org. Retrieved 2017-02-26.
  6. ^ a b Poublan.
  7. ^ Popkin 2010, p. 156.
  8. ^ a b Klooster 2018, p. 109.
  9. ^ Dubois 2009, p. 144.
  10. ^ Hoel, La Révolution française, Saint-Domingue et l’esclavage
  11. ^ "Proclamation. In the Name of the Republic. We, Etienne Polverel and Léger-Félicité Sonthonax, Civil Officers of the Republic, Whom the French Nation Sent to this Country to Establish Law and Order". 1793-05-05. Retrieved 2017-02-21.
  12. ^ Abidor, Mitch (2004). "Sonthonax Broadside (1793)" (PDF). marxists.org.
  13. ^ https://independent.academia.edu/HOELWA Hoel, La Révolution française, Saint-Domingue et l’esclavage
  14. ^ https://independent.academia.edu/HOELWA Hoel, La Révolution française, Saint-Domingue et l’esclavage
  15. ^ . Archived from the original on 2007-07-03.

Sources edit

  • Dubois, Laurent (30 June 2009), Avengers of the New World: The Story of the Haitian Revolution, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03436-5, retrieved 31 October 2019
  • Klooster, Wim (23 January 2018), Revolutions in the Atlantic World, New Edition: A Comparative History, NYU Press, ISBN 978-1-4798-8240-3, retrieved 2 November 2019
  • Popkin, Jeremy D. (15 February 2010), Facing Racial Revolution: Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 978-0-226-67585-5, retrieved 2 November 2019
  • Poublan, Danièle, Esparbès, Jean Jacques d' (1720-1810) (in French), Centre de recherches historiques EHESS, retrieved 2019-11-02

External links edit

  • The Louverture Project: Léger Félicité Sonthonax
  • Sonthonax, Léger-Félicité. Motion d'ordre prononcée au Conseil des cinq-cents par Sonthonax, député de St. Domingue, sur le sort des colons restés fidèles à la République dans la séance du 12 Germinal, An VI, [s.l. ; s.n.], 1798. [1]
  • Réveillère, Paul-Emile-Marie. Polvérel et Santhonax, Paris, Librairie militaire de L. Baudoin, 1891. [2]
  • Castonnet des Fossés, Henri. La perte d'une colonie : la révolution de Saint-Domingue, Paris, A. Faivre, 1893. [3]
  • Clausson L. J. et Millet, Thomas. Impostures de Sonthonax et Polverel dévoilées à la Convention nationale, [s.l. ; s.n.], 1794. [4]

Further reading edit

  • Koekkoek, René (2020). (PDF). Studies in the History of Political Thought. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 July 2021.

April 12, 2024
léger, félicité, sonthonax, march, 1763, july, 1813, french, abolitionist, jacobin, before, joining, girondist, party, which, emerged, 1791, during, french, revolution, controlled, french, troops, saint, domingue, during, part, haitian, revolution, official, t. Leger Felicite Sonthonax 7 March 1763 23 July 1813 was a French abolitionist and Jacobin before joining the Girondist party which emerged in 1791 During the French Revolution he controlled 7 000 French troops in Saint Domingue during part of the Haitian Revolution 2 His official title was Civil Commissioner From September 1792 he and Polverel became the de facto rulers of Saint Domingue s non slave population Because they were associated with Brissot s party they were put in accusation by the convention on July 16 1793 but a ship to bring them back in France didn t arrive in the colony until June 1794 and they arrived in France in the time of the downfall of Robespierre They had a fair trial in 1795 and were acquitted of the charges the white colonists brought against them 3 Sonthonax believed that Saint Domingue s whites were royalists or separatists so he attacked the military power of the white settlers and by doing so alienated the colonial settlers from their government Many gens de couleur mixed race residents of the colony asserted that they could form the military backbone of Saint Domingue if they were given rights but Sonthonax rejected this view as outdated in the wake of the August 1791 slave uprising He believed that Saint Domingue would need ex slave soldiers among the ranks of the colonial army if it was to survive On August 1793 he proclaimed freedom for all slaves in the north province His critics allege that he was forced into ending slavery in order to maintain his own power 4 Leger Felicite SonthonaxLate 18th century oil painting portrait of SonthonaxCommissioner of Saint Domingue North In office 18 September 1792 24 August 1797Governor of Saint DomingueIn office 2 January 1793 7 May 1793Preceded byVicomte de RochambeauSucceeded byFrancois Thomas Galbaud du FortIn office 11 May 1796 24 August 1797Preceded byEtienne Maynaud de Bizefranc de LaveauxSucceeded byToussaint LouvertureDeputy in the Council of Five HundredIn office 14 October 1795 19 May 1799 1 ConstituencySaint DominguePersonal detailsBorn 1763 03 07 March 7 1763Oyonnax FranceDiedJuly 23 1813 1813 07 23 aged 50 Oyonnax FranceOccupationAbolitionist Contents 1 Early life 2 Mission 3 Emancipation and conflict 4 Return to France 5 Bibliography 6 Notes 7 Sources 8 External links 9 Further readingEarly life editBorn in Oyonnax France on March 7 1763 the son of a prosperous merchant Sonthonax was a lawyer in the Parlement of Paris who rose in the ranks during the French Revolution Sonthonax s wealth was due to his father s business which employed many people from the region and had made his father the richest man of the village 5 Sonthonax finished his studies at the University of Dijon becoming a well known lawyer with the help of his wealthy father 5 A member of the Society of the Friends of the Blacks he became connected with Jacques Pierre Brissot and subsequently aligned himself with the Girondists Mission editIn August 1791 a slave rebellion the Haitian Revolution broke out in the northern part of Saint Domingue the heart of the island s sugar plantation economy Saint Domingue was also wracked by conflict between the white colonists and free people of colour many of whom were of mixed race and also between those supportive of the French Revolution and those for a re establishment of the Ancien Regime or failing that for Saint Domingue s independence In 1792 Sonthonax Etienne Polverel and Jean Antoine Ailhaud were sent to the colony of Saint Domingue now Haiti as part of the Revolutionary Commission They were accompanied by Jean Jacques d Esparbes who had been appointed governor of Saint Domingue 6 He was to replace governor Philibert Francois Rouxel de Blanchelande 7 The expedition included 6 000 soldiers 8 The commissioners found that many of the white planters were hostile to the increasingly radical revolutionary movement and were joining the royalist opposition They announced that they did not intend to abolish slavery but had come to ensure that free men had equal rights whatever their color 9 D Esparbes worked against the commissioners and became popular with the royalist planters 8 On 21 October 1792 the commissioners dismissed d Esparbes and named the vicomte de Rochambeau governor general of Saint Domingue 6 Their main goal was to maintain French control of Saint Domingue and enforce the social equality recently granted to free gens de couleur by the French National Convention as part of the decree of 4 April 1792 The legislation re established French control of Saint Domingue granted full citizenship and political equality to free male blacks and free male mulattoes but did not emancipate the slaves Instead he was tasked to defeat slave rebellions and induce the slaves to return to the plantations Sonthonax had initially decried the abolition of slavery to gain the support of the whites on the island Upon his arrival he found that some whites and free people of color were already cooperating against the slave rebels He did exile many radical whites who would not accept free coloreds as equals and managed to contain the slave insurgency outside of the North Sonthonax and Polverel were sent to Saint Domingue as they proclaimed when they arrived not to abolish slavery but to give to the free men regardless of the color of their skin equality of rights granted to them by the decree of April 4 1792 But ultimately all slaves in the north province were granted freedom on August 29 1793 by Sonthonax and in the west and south provinces from August 27 to 31 October 1793 by Polverel 10 11 Following the proclamation Sonthonax wrote a reply to those that were opposed to his and Polverel s decision in 1793 to grant these select slaves this new freedom He declares his never ending belief that civil rights should be granted to these Africans and defends his decision to free the slaves was not erroneous to do 12 Sonthonax s Proclamation Au nom de la Republique explained his role in the Revolution He was committed to make drastic decisions to prevent Britain and Spain from succeeding in their attempts to assume control over Saint Domingue Emancipation and conflict editIn February 1793 France declared war on Great Britain which presented a new problem for Sonthonax All those he had alienated in trying to uphold the French Revolution in Saint Domingue proceeded to try and flee to the British West Indies primarily Jamaica where the colonial authorities gave shelter to the French counter revolutionary emigres The white population in the colony declined significantly until only 6 000 remained after June 1793 On 20 June 1793 a failed attempt to take control of the capital by a new military governor sympathetic to whites Francois Thomas Galbaud led to the bombardment and burning of Cap Francais now Cap Haitien The burning was likely done by the roughly 1 000 non native sailors among Galbaud s forces Sonthonax made General Etienne Laveaux governor and expelled Galbaud from the colony after a promise of freedom for ex slaves who agreed to fight on behalf of the commissioners and the French republican regime they represented Up to this point the commissioners had still been pursuing the fight against the black slaves whose insurrection had begun in August 1791 Their emancipation was a momentous victory for all slave forces and oral histories suggest a boost in their morale On June 24 1793 60 of the white population left Saint Domingue with Galbaud most never to return On August 29 1793 with rumors of emancipation rampant Sonthonax took the radical step of proclaiming the freedom of the slaves in the north province with severe limits on their freedom From August 27 to October 31 1793 on his side Polverel progressively emancipated the slaves in the west and south provinces 13 It was during this time and due to the new trend of conceding rights to blacks that Toussaint Louverture began reforming his political philosophy to embrace France rather than Spain however he was cautious and awaited French ratification of emancipation before officially changing sides On February 4 1794 the French National Convention ratified this act applying it to all French colonies including Guadeloupe Due to the fact that they were under a decree of accusation on that day Sonthonax and Polverel s names were not pronounced in the convention not even by Dufay the deputy of Saint Domingue sent by Sonthonax to explain to the deputies of the convention why slavery had been abolished in the colony 14 The enslaved population of Saint Domingue did not flock to Sonthonax s side as he had anticipated while white planters continued to resist him They were joined by many of the free men of color who opposed the abolition of slavery in the colony many of them being planters themselves It was not until word of the ratification of emancipation by the French government arrived back in the colony that Toussaint Louverture and his corps of well disciplined battle hardened former slaves came over to the French Republican side in early May 1794 A change in the political winds back home caused Sonthonax to be recalled to France to defend his actions Upon his arrival in the summer of 1794 he argued that the free people of colour whom he had been originally sent to defend were no longer loyal to France and that the Republic should place its faith in the freed slaves Vindicated Sonthonax returned to Saint Domingue a second time The Comte d Hedouville was sent by France to be governor of the island but was eventually forced to flee 15 Return to France editToussaint in the meantime was consolidating his own position The black general arranged for Sonthonax to leave Saint Domingue as one of its elected representatives in 1797 When Sonthonax showed himself to be hesitant Toussaint placed him under armed escort onto a ship bound for France on August 24 He died in his home town of Oyonnax on July 23 1813 after sixteen years back in France Bibliography edit1793 Proclamation nous Etienne Polverel amp Leger Felicite Sonthonax commissaires civils que nation francaise voye dans pays ci pour mettre l ordre et la tranquillite tout par tout 1793 Proclamation Au nom de la Republique Nous Leger Felicite Sonthonax commissaire civil de la Republique delegue aux Iles francaises de l Amerique sous le vent pour y retablir l ordre amp la tranquillite publique 1793 Copies des lettres ecrites au Ministre de la Marine par le citoyen Santhonax commissaire civil delegue a St Domingue en date du Cap Francais le 11 fevrier 1793 l an I de la Republique 1793 Sonthonax commissaire civil de la Republique francaise a Saint Domingue a la societe des amis de la liberte amp de l egalite 1798 Motion d ordre faite par Sonthonax sur la resolution du 27 thermidor dernier relative aux domaines engages 1799 Sonthonax representant du peuple a ses collegues du Corps legislatifNotes edit Leger Felicite Sonthonax Assemblee nationale in French Retrieved 13 June 2021 Stein Robert 1985 Leger Felicite Sonthonax The Lost Sentinel of the Republic Rutherford Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press ISBN 0 8386 3218 1 https independent academia edu HOELWA Hoel La Revolution francaise Saint Domingue et l esclavage Rogozinski Jan 1999 A Brief History of the Caribbean Revised ed New York Facts on File Inc pp 167 168 ISBN 0 8160 3811 2 a b G H C Bulletin 20 Octobre 1990 Page 204 www ghcaraibe org Retrieved 2017 02 26 a b Poublan Popkin 2010 p 156 a b Klooster 2018 p 109 Dubois 2009 p 144 Hoel La Revolution francaise Saint Domingue et l esclavage Proclamation In the Name of the Republic We Etienne Polverel and Leger Felicite Sonthonax Civil Officers of the Republic Whom the French Nation Sent to this Country to Establish Law and Order 1793 05 05 Retrieved 2017 02 21 Abidor Mitch 2004 Sonthonax Broadside 1793 PDF marxists org https independent academia edu HOELWA Hoel La Revolution francaise Saint Domingue et l esclavage https independent academia edu HOELWA Hoel La Revolution francaise Saint Domingue et l esclavage The Haitian Revolution Part III Archived from the original on 2007 07 03 Sources editDubois Laurent 30 June 2009 Avengers of the New World The Story of the Haitian Revolution Harvard University Press ISBN 978 0 674 03436 5 retrieved 31 October 2019 Klooster Wim 23 January 2018 Revolutions in the Atlantic World New Edition A Comparative History NYU Press ISBN 978 1 4798 8240 3 retrieved 2 November 2019 Popkin Jeremy D 15 February 2010 Facing Racial Revolution Eyewitness Accounts of the Haitian Insurrection University of Chicago Press ISBN 978 0 226 67585 5 retrieved 2 November 2019 Poublan Daniele Esparbes Jean Jacques d 1720 1810 in French Centre de recherches historiques EHESS retrieved 2019 11 02External links editThe Louverture Project Leger Felicite Sonthonax Sonthonax Leger Felicite Motion d ordre prononcee au Conseil des cinq cents par Sonthonax depute de St Domingue sur le sort des colons restes fideles a la Republique dans la seance du 12 Germinal An VI s l s n 1798 1 Reveillere Paul Emile Marie Polverel et Santhonax Paris Librairie militaire de L Baudoin 1891 2 Castonnet des Fosses Henri La perte d une colonie la revolution de Saint Domingue Paris A Faivre 1893 3 Clausson L J et Millet Thomas Impostures de Sonthonax et Polverel devoilees a la Convention nationale s l s n 1794 4 Further reading editKoekkoek Rene 2020 The Citizenship Experiment Contesting the Limits of Civic Equality and Participation in the Age of Revolutions PDF Studies in the History of Political Thought 15 Archived from the original PDF on 18 July 2021 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Leger Felicite Sonthonax amp oldid 1205779027, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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