Lax-Kwʼalaams derives from Laxłguʼalaams, also formerly spelled Lach Goo Alams, which means "place of the wild roses,"[4] It is an ancient camping spot of the Gispaxloʼots tribe. In 1834 the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) set up a trading post there called Fort Simpson, then Port Simpson. The facility was named after Capt. Aemilius Simpson, superintendent of the HBC's Marine Department, who in 1830 had established the first, short-lived, Fort Simpson, on the nearby Nass River with Peter Skene Ogden. The HBC set up Fort Simpson in order to undermine American dominance of the Maritime Fur Trade along the Pacific Coast. The first HBC factor at the new Fort Simpson was Dr. John Frederick Kennedy. He married the daughter of chief Ligeex of the Gispaxloʼots, as part of the diplomacy which established the fort on Gispaxloʼots territory. Kennedy served at Fort Simpson until 1856.
In 1857 an Anglican lay missionary named William Duncan brought Christianity to Lax Kwʼalaams. But, feeling that the dissipated fort atmosphere was bad for the souls of his Tsimshian followers, he relocated with more than 800 of his flock to Metlakatla, at Metlakatla Pass just to the south. They later moved to Annette Island, Alaska, where he gained authority from the US Congress for an Indian reservation.
Lax Kwʼalaams was without missionaries until 1874, when Rev. Thomas Crosby of the Methodist church arrived. The community is still predominantly Methodist (i.e. United Church of Canada). Crosby's wife, Emma Crosby, founded the Methodist-affiliated Crosby Girls' Home in the community in the 1880s. It became part of B.C.'s Indian residential school system in 1893 and operated until 1948.
Duncan estimated the population of Lax Kwʼalaams in 1857 as 2,300, living in 140 houses. Approximately 500 died shortly after Duncan's departure during the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic. Today Lax Kwʼalaams is the largest of the seven Tsimshian village communities in Canada. Its population in 1983 was 882. As of 2009 the Lax-kwʼalaams First Nation has 3,219 members.[5] In 2011, there were 678 individuals living on the reserve.[6] There are about 10,000 Tsimshian in British Columbia; they are the most numerous indigenous people in the province.
The legal and political interests of the people of Lax Kwʼalaams vis à vis the provincial and federal governments are represented by the Allied Tsimshian Tribes Association, which represents the hereditary chiefs of the Nine Tribes. The Tsimshian have a matrilinealkinship system, with property and descent passed through the maternal lines. Hereditary chiefs come from the maternal lines.
In November 2016, a study published in Nature Communications linked the genome of 25 Indigenous people who inhabited modern-day Prince Rupert, British Columbia 1000 to 6000 years ago with their descendants in the Lax-Kwʼalaams community.[7][8]
Until it was renamed, Port Simpson was named for Captain Aemilius Simpson a distant relative of Sir George Simpson.[9]: 212
Bolt, Clarence (1992) Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian: Small Shoes for Feet Too Large. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Garfield, Viola (1939) "Tsimshian Clan and Society," University of Washington Publications in Anthropology, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 167–340.
Hare, Jan, and Jean Barman (2006) Good Intentions Gone Awry: Emma Crosby and the Methodist Mission on the Northwest Coast. Afterword by Caroline Dudoward. Vancouver: UBC Press.
Inglis, Gordon B., et al. (1990) "Tsimshians of British Columbia since 1900." In Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast, pp. 285–293. Washington: Smithsonian Institution.
Large, R. Geddes (1957; reprinted, 1981) The Skeena: River of Destiny. Sidney, B.C.: Gray's Publishing.
Meilleur, Helen (2001) A Pour of Rain: Stories from a West Coast Fort. Vancouver: Raincoast Books.
Neylan, Susan (2001) The Heavens Are Changing: Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press.
Calvin Helin - Tsimshian Lax Kw'alaams (2008) "Dancing with dependency," (2010) "Out of poverty through self-reliance"
References
^ abGovernment of Canada, Statistics Canada (2017-02-08). "Census Profile, 2016 Census - Lax Kwʼalaams 1, Indian reserve [Census subdivision], British Columbia and Skeena-Queen Charlotte, Regional district [Census division], British Columbia". www12.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2020-09-21.
^. British Columbia Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation. Archived from the original on 18 February 2010. Retrieved 8 September 2010.
^Mortillaro, Nicole (November 22, 2016). "Science is finally backing up what First Nations oral tradition has been saying for centuries". CBC News. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
^Lindo, John; Huerta-Sánchez, Emilia; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Morten; Petzelt, Barbara; Mitchell, Joycelynn; Cybulski, Jerome S.; Willerslev, Eske; DeGiorgio, Michael (2016-11-15). "A time transect of exomes from a Native American population before and after European contact". Nature Communications. 7: 13175. doi:10.1038/ncomms13175. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC5116069. PMID 27845766.
^Akrigg, G.P.V.; Akrigg, Helen B. (1986), British Columbia Place Names (3rd, 1997 ed.), Vancouver: UBC Press, ISBN0-7748-0636-2
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lax-Kw'alaams.
kwʼalaams, port, simpson, redirects, here, coastal, town, labrador, port, hope, simpson, kwʼalaams, ɑː, previously, called, port, simpson, until, 1986, indigenous, village, community, british, columbia, canada, from, city, prince, rupert, located, port, simpso. Port Simpson redirects here For the coastal town in Labrador see Port Hope Simpson Lax Kwʼalaams l e k w e ˈ l ɑː m s 2 previously called Port Simpson until 1986 is an Indigenous village community in British Columbia Canada not far from the city of Prince Rupert It is located on Port Simpson Indian Reserve No 1 3 which is shared with other residential communities of the Tsimshian Nation The Nine Allied Tribes are Gilutsʼaaw Ginadoiks Ginaxangiik Gispaxloʼots Gitando Gitlaan Gitsʼiis Gitwilgyoots and Gitzaxlaal Lax KwʼalaamsDistrict municipalityLax Kwʼalaams backdropped by Mount McNeil of the Kitimat RangesLax KwʼalaamsLocation of Lax Kwʼalaams in British ColumbiaCoordinates 54 33 00 N 130 25 01 W 54 550 N 130 417 W 54 550 130 417 Coordinates 54 33 00 N 130 25 01 W 54 550 N 130 417 W 54 550 130 417CountryCanadaProvinceBritish ColumbiaRegional districtNorth CoastEstablished1834Area 1 Total109 3 km2 42 2 sq mi Population 2016 1 Total646 Density5 9 km2 15 sq mi Websitelaxkwalaams wbr caLocation of Gitxaala Nation Contents 1 History 2 Notable residents 3 Bibliography 4 References 5 External linksHistory EditLax Kwʼalaams derives from Laxlguʼalaams also formerly spelled Lach Goo Alams which means place of the wild roses 4 It is an ancient camping spot of the Gispaxloʼots tribe In 1834 the Hudson s Bay Company HBC set up a trading post there called Fort Simpson then Port Simpson The facility was named after Capt Aemilius Simpson superintendent of the HBC s Marine Department who in 1830 had established the first short lived Fort Simpson on the nearby Nass River with Peter Skene Ogden The HBC set up Fort Simpson in order to undermine American dominance of the Maritime Fur Trade along the Pacific Coast The first HBC factor at the new Fort Simpson was Dr John Frederick Kennedy He married the daughter of chief Ligeex of the Gispaxloʼots as part of the diplomacy which established the fort on Gispaxloʼots territory Kennedy served at Fort Simpson until 1856 In 1857 an Anglican lay missionary named William Duncan brought Christianity to Lax Kwʼalaams But feeling that the dissipated fort atmosphere was bad for the souls of his Tsimshian followers he relocated with more than 800 of his flock to Metlakatla at Metlakatla Pass just to the south They later moved to Annette Island Alaska where he gained authority from the US Congress for an Indian reservation Lax Kwʼalaams was without missionaries until 1874 when Rev Thomas Crosby of the Methodist church arrived The community is still predominantly Methodist i e United Church of Canada Crosby s wife Emma Crosby founded the Methodist affiliated Crosby Girls Home in the community in the 1880s It became part of B C s Indian residential school system in 1893 and operated until 1948 In 1931 the Native Brotherhood of British Columbia was founded in Port Simpson as the province s first Native run rights organization Its four founders included the Tsimshian ethnologist William Beynon and hereditary Chief William Jeffrey Duncan estimated the population of Lax Kwʼalaams in 1857 as 2 300 living in 140 houses Approximately 500 died shortly after Duncan s departure during the 1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic Today Lax Kwʼalaams is the largest of the seven Tsimshian village communities in Canada Its population in 1983 was 882 As of 2009 the Lax kwʼalaams First Nation has 3 219 members 5 In 2011 there were 678 individuals living on the reserve 6 There are about 10 000 Tsimshian in British Columbia they are the most numerous indigenous people in the province The legal and political interests of the people of Lax Kwʼalaams vis a vis the provincial and federal governments are represented by the Allied Tsimshian Tribes Association which represents the hereditary chiefs of the Nine Tribes The Tsimshian have a matrilineal kinship system with property and descent passed through the maternal lines Hereditary chiefs come from the maternal lines In November 2016 a study published in Nature Communications linked the genome of 25 Indigenous people who inhabited modern day Prince Rupert British Columbia 1000 to 6000 years ago with their descendants in the Lax Kwʼalaams community 7 8 Until it was renamed Port Simpson was named for Captain Aemilius Simpson a distant relative of Sir George Simpson 9 212 Fort Simpson in 1857 Old Hudson s Bay Co trading post early 1900sNotable residents EditFrederick Alexcee artist William Beynon hereditary chief and ethnologist Alfred Dudoward hereditary chief Bill Helin artist Chief William Jeffrey hereditary chief carver and activist Odille Morison linguist and artifact collector Rev William Henry Pierce missionary and memoirist Terry Starr artist Henry W Tate oral historian Arthur Wellington Clah hereditary chief and diaristBibliography EditBolt Clarence 1992 Thomas Crosby and the Tsimshian Small Shoes for Feet Too Large Vancouver UBC Press Garfield Viola 1939 Tsimshian Clan and Society University of Washington Publications in Anthropology vol 7 no 3 pp 167 340 Hare Jan and Jean Barman 2006 Good Intentions Gone Awry Emma Crosby and the Methodist Mission on the Northwest Coast Afterword by Caroline Dudoward Vancouver UBC Press Inglis Gordon B et al 1990 Tsimshians of British Columbia since 1900 In Handbook of North American Indians Volume 7 Northwest Coast pp 285 293 Washington Smithsonian Institution Large R Geddes 1957 reprinted 1981 The Skeena River of Destiny Sidney B C Gray s Publishing Meilleur Helen 2001 A Pour of Rain Stories from a West Coast Fort Vancouver Raincoast Books Neylan Susan 2001 The Heavens Are Changing Nineteenth Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity Montreal McGill Queen s University Press Calvin Helin Tsimshian Lax Kw alaams 2008 Dancing with dependency 2010 Out of poverty through self reliance References Edit a b Government of Canada Statistics Canada 2017 02 08 Census Profile 2016 Census Lax Kwʼalaams 1 Indian reserve Census subdivision British Columbia and Skeena Queen Charlotte Regional district Census division British Columbia www12 statcan gc ca Retrieved 2020 09 21 Guide to Pronunciation of B C First Nations British Columbia Ministry of Aboriginal Relations and Reconciliation Archived from the original on 18 February 2010 Retrieved 8 September 2010 BC Names GeoBC entry Port Simpson 1 Indian reserve BC Names entry Lax Kwaʼalaams community St Mary s Government of Canada Indian and Northern Affairs Canada 2009 Archived from the original on March 2 2012 Retrieved July 26 2009 Census Subdivisions Statistics Canada 2012 10 24 Mortillaro Nicole November 22 2016 Science is finally backing up what First Nations oral tradition has been saying for centuries CBC News Retrieved November 22 2016 Lindo John Huerta Sanchez Emilia Nakagome Shigeki Rasmussen Morten Petzelt Barbara Mitchell Joycelynn Cybulski Jerome S Willerslev Eske DeGiorgio Michael 2016 11 15 A time transect of exomes from a Native American population before and after European contact Nature Communications 7 13175 doi 10 1038 ncomms13175 ISSN 2041 1723 PMC 5116069 PMID 27845766 Akrigg G P V Akrigg Helen B 1986 British Columbia Place Names 3rd 1997 ed Vancouver UBC Press ISBN 0 7748 0636 2External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lax Kw alaams Photos Lax Kw alaams BC Geographical Names Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Lax Kwʼalaams amp oldid 1124388755, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
