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Law on the status of Jews

January 01, 1970

The Law of 3 October 1940 on the status of Jews was a law enacted by Vichy France. It provided a legal definition of the expression Jewish race, which was used during the Nazi occupation for the implementation of Vichy's ideological policy of "National Revolution" comprising corporatist and antisemitic racial policies. It also listed the occupations forbidden to Jews meeting the definition.[1][2][3] The law was signed by Marshall Philippe Pétain and the main members of his government.[4][5]

Law on the status of Jews
Draft of page 1 with annotations by Pétain
  • Law of 3 October 1940 on the status of Jews
    Loi du 3 octobre 1940 portant statut des Juifs
Territorial extentZone libre of France
Signed byPhilippe Pétain
Signed3 October 1940
Effective3 October 1940
Amends
2 June 1941
Amended by
Second law on the status of Jews (June 1941)
Related legislation
numerous regulations
Summary
enumerates occupations prohibited to Jews, and defines who is a Jew
Status: Void ab initio

The Vichy regime was nominally independent, unlike the northern, Occupied zone, which was under direct occupation by Nazi Germany. The Pétain regime didn't wait to be ordered to draw up antisemitic measures by the Nazis, but took them on their own initiative.[4] Antisemitic measures began to be drawn up almost immediately after Pétain signed the Armistice of 22 June 1940,[6] ending hostilities and establishing the terms of France's surrender to the Germans, including the division of France into the occupied and free zones.

The law was signed one day before the Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race which authorized and organized the internment of foreign Jews and marked the beginning of the policy of collaboration of the Vichy regime with Nazi Germany's plans for the extermination of the Jews of Europe. These two laws were published simultaneously in the Journal officiel de la République française on 18 October 1940.

This "law of exception" [fr][a] was enacted in defiance of the positions of the Council of State. The Council of State was still in place since the National Assembly was no longer in power after 11 July 1940 when it granted full powers to Philippe Pétain.

The law was replaced on 14 June 1941 by the Second law on the status of Jews.[3][7][8]

See also edit

References edit

Notes
  1. ^ A "law of exception" [fr] in France, is a law which is exempt from the normal constraints of common law, due to exceptional or momentary circumstances.
Footnotes
  1. ^ Geddes & Favell 1999, p. 79.
  2. ^ Rémy 1992, p. 87.
  3. ^ a b Klarsfeld 1983, p. xiii.
  4. ^ a b Fresco 2021, p. 20-21.
  5. ^ Rayski 2005, p. 12.
  6. ^ Epstein 1942, p. xxxv.
  7. ^ Bruttmann 2008, p. 11-24.
  8. ^ Joly 2008, p. 25-40.

Works cited edit

  • Bruttmann, Tal [in French] (2008). [Implementation of the law on Jews of 3 October 1940]. Archives Juives. Revue d'histoire des juifs de France (in French). 41 (1). Les Belles Lettres: 11–24. doi:10.3917/aj.411.0011. ISSN 0003-9837. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015.
  • Epstein, Mortimer (1942). "The Statesman's Year-Book : Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1942". The Statesman's Year-Book. 79. Palgrave Macmillan. OCLC 1086492287. Legal position of Jews in Vichy France.—Almost immediately after the armistice, the Vichy government proclaimed its intention to deprive of their civil rights French people who are of Jewish faith or origin, and to place the Jews in the position of legal inferiority in which they find themselves in all other German-dominated countries. On October 3, 1940 (Journel Officiel of October 18), a law was published fixing the conditions under which a person is considered as being of Jewish origin. Access to all public offices, professions, journalism, executive positions in the film industry, etc. was prohibited to all such persons.
  • Fresco, Nadine (4 March 2021) [1st pub. La mort des juifs. Paris : Seuil, 2008]. On the Death of Jews: Photographs and History. Translated by Clift, Sarah. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-78920-882-5. OCLC 1226797554. On the preceding page, the law from the day before (3 October 1940), signed by Marshall Philip Pétain and nine of his ministers, is the 'law on the status of the Jews.' We know that those in charge of Vichy, 'complicit even before having understood the inevitable extent of their own compromise', did not wait for it to be imposed by the occupying power before enacting it.73 We also know that whereas the German ordinance of the preceding month defined Jews by 'religion', the French statute of 3 October defined them by race.74
  • Geddes, Andrew; Favell, Adrian (1999). The Politics of Belonging: Migrants and Minorities in Contemporary Europe (government pub.). Contemporary trends in European social sciences. Aldershot: Ashgate. ISBN 978-1-84014-177-1. OCLC 470276345. The laws of October 1940 organized and entrenched discrimination towards Jews and foreigners (law of October 3 1940 concerning the status of Jews; law of October 4 1940 concerning ' alien residents of the Jewish race'.
  • Joly, Laurent (2008). [French administration and the law of 2 June 1941]. Archives Juives. Revue d'histoire des juifs de France. 41 (1). Paris: fr:Les Belles Lettres: 25–40. doi:10.3917/aj.411.0025. ISSN 1965-0531. OCLC 793455446. Archived from the original on 21 March 2015. This ... was reflected in the drafting of the law of 2 June. In close collaboration and in perfect symbiosis with Admiral Darlan's services and the ministries concerned, the General Commission for Jewish Questions tightened the definition of a Jew (in order to escape the increased strictures of the law, "demi-Jews" had to have belonged to some religion other than Judaism before 25 June 1940) and extended the scope of prohibited occupations. Ce ... se ressent dans la rédaction de la loi du 2 juin. En étroite collaboration et en parfaite symbiose avec les services de l'amiral Darlan et les ministères concernés, le commissariat général aux Questions juives aggrave la définition du Juif (les « demi-juifs » doivent obligatoirement avoir adhéré à une religion autre que la religion juive avant le 25 juin 1940 pour échapper aux rigueurs de la loi) et étend le champ des interdictions professionnelles.
  • Klarsfeld, Serge (1983). Memorial to the Jews Deported from France, 1942-1944: Documentation of the Deportation of the Victims of the Final Solution in France. B. Klarsfeld Foundation. OCLC 970847660. 3) A law of October 3, 1940, on the status of Jews excluded them from most public and private professions and defined Jews on the basis of racial criteria.
  • Rayski, Adam; Bédarida, François; Sayers, Will; United States Holocaust Memorial Museum (2005). The Choice of the Jews Under Vichy: Between Submission and Resistance. University of Notre Dame Press. ISBN 978-0-268-04021-5. OCLC 954784575. "on 3 October, Vichy promulgated the 'Law Concerning the Status of Jews,' signed by Pétain and the principal members of his government.
  • Rémy, Dominique (1992). Les lois de Vichy: actes dits 'lois' de l'autorité de fait se prétendant 'gouvernement de l'Etat français' [The Vichy laws: acts called 'laws' of the de facto authority claiming to be the 'government of the French state'] (in French). Editions Romillat. ISBN 978-2-87894-026-8. OCLC 1038535440.

Further reading edit

  • Boiron, Stéphane (2008). "Antisémites sans remords" [Antisemites without remorse]. Cités. 36 (36). Paris: Presses universitaires de France: 37–50. doi:10.3917/cite.036.0037..
  • Broussolle, Denis (1996). "L'élaboration du statut des Juifs de 1940" [Development of the 1940 law on the Jews]. Genre humain (30–31). Paris: Éditions du Seuil: 115–139. doi:10.3917/lgh.030.0115. ISBN 978-2-02029-366-2. ISSN 0293-0277. S2CID 165787174..
  • Cotillon, Jérôme (2009). Raphaël Alibert, juriste engagé et homme d'influence à Vichy v [Raphaël Alibert, a committed lawyer and man of influence in Vichy]. Histoire (in French). Paris: Economica. ISBN 978-2-7178-5683-5..
  • Gros, Dominique (1993). "Le « statut des juifs » et les manuels en usage dans les facultés de droit (1940-44)" [The "status of the Jews" and the textbooks used in law schools (1940-44)]. Cultures et Conflits (in French) (9/10). Paris: L'Harmattan: 139–174. JSTOR 23698834..
  • Joly, Laurent [in French] (2010). "Tradition nationale et « emprunts doctrinaux » dans l'antisémitisme de Vichy" [National tradition and "doctrinal borrowings" in the anti-Semitism of Vichy]. In Battini, Michele; Matard-Bonucci (dir.), Marie-Anne (eds.). Antisemitismi a confronto : Francia e Italia. Ideologie, retoriche, politiche (in French). Pisa: Edizioni Plus / Pisa University Press. pp. 139–154. ISBN 978-8-88492-675-3..
  • Joly, Laurent [in French] (2013). "The Genesis of Vichy's Jewish Statute of October 1940". Holocaust and Genocide Studies. 27 (2): 276–298. doi:10.1093/hgs/dct027. ISSN 8756-6583..
  • Laffitte, Michel (2010). "La question des « aménagements » du statut des juifs sous Vichy". In Battini, Michele; Matard-Bonucci (dir.), Marie-Anne (eds.). Antisemitismi a confronto : Francia e Italia. Ideologie, retoriche, politiche [Comparing anti-Semitism : France and Italy. Ideologies, rhetoric, policies] (proceedings) (in Italian). Pisa: Edizioni Plus / Pisa University Press. pp. 179–194. ISBN 978-8-88492-675-3. OCLC 705739140..

External links edit

 
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Loi du 3 octobre 1940 portant statut des Juifs

January 01, 1970
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French May 2021 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the French article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at fr Loi portant statut des Juifs see its history for attribution You may also add the template Translated fr Loi portant statut des Juifs to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation The Law of 3 October 1940 on the status of Jews was a law enacted by Vichy France It provided a legal definition of the expression Jewish race which was used during the Nazi occupation for the implementation of Vichy s ideological policy of National Revolution comprising corporatist and antisemitic racial policies It also listed the occupations forbidden to Jews meeting the definition 1 2 3 The law was signed by Marshall Philippe Petain and the main members of his government 4 5 Law on the status of JewsDraft of page 1 with annotations by PetainLong title Law of 3 October 1940 on the status of JewsLoi du 3 octobre 1940 portant statut des JuifsTerritorial extentZone libre of FranceSigned byPhilippe PetainSigned3 October 1940Effective3 October 1940Amends2 June 1941Amended bySecond law on the status of Jews June 1941 Related legislationnumerous regulationsSummaryenumerates occupations prohibited to Jews and defines who is a JewStatus Void ab initio The Vichy regime was nominally independent unlike the northern Occupied zone which was under direct occupation by Nazi Germany The Petain regime didn t wait to be ordered to draw up antisemitic measures by the Nazis but took them on their own initiative 4 Antisemitic measures began to be drawn up almost immediately after Petain signed the Armistice of 22 June 1940 6 ending hostilities and establishing the terms of France s surrender to the Germans including the division of France into the occupied and free zones The law was signed one day before the Law regarding foreign nationals of the Jewish race which authorized and organized the internment of foreign Jews and marked the beginning of the policy of collaboration of the Vichy regime with Nazi Germany s plans for the extermination of the Jews of Europe These two laws were published simultaneously in the Journal officiel de la Republique francaise on 18 October 1940 This law of exception fr a was enacted in defiance of the positions of the Council of State The Council of State was still in place since the National Assembly was no longer in power after 11 July 1940 when it granted full powers to Philippe Petain The law was replaced on 14 June 1941 by the Second law on the status of Jews 3 7 8 See also editCollaboration with the Axis Powers during World War II French Fourth Republic French Third Republic German occupation of France History of the Jews in France Vichy anti Jewish legislation Vichy France Vichy Holocaust collaboration timeline Zone libre Portals nbsp France nbsp Law nbsp JudaismReferences editNotes A law of exception fr in France is a law which is exempt from the normal constraints of common law due to exceptional or momentary circumstances Footnotes Geddes amp Favell 1999 p 79 Remy 1992 p 87 a b Klarsfeld 1983 p xiii a b Fresco 2021 p 20 21 Rayski 2005 p 12 Epstein 1942 p xxxv Bruttmann 2008 p 11 24 Joly 2008 p 25 40 Works cited editBruttmann Tal in French 2008 La mise en oeuvre du statut des Juifs du 3 octobre 1940 Implementation of the law on Jews of 3 October 1940 Archives Juives Revue d histoire des juifs de France in French 41 1 Les Belles Lettres 11 24 doi 10 3917 aj 411 0011 ISSN 0003 9837 Archived from the original on 11 April 2015 Epstein Mortimer 1942 The Statesman s Year Book Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1942 The Statesman s Year Book 79 Palgrave Macmillan OCLC 1086492287 Legal position of Jews in Vichy France Almost immediately after the armistice the Vichy government proclaimed its intention to deprive of their civil rights French people who are of Jewish faith or origin and to place the Jews in the position of legal inferiority in which they find themselves in all other German dominated countries On October 3 1940 Journel Officiel of October 18 a law was published fixing the conditions under which a person is considered as being of Jewish origin Access to all public offices professions journalism executive positions in the film industry etc was prohibited to all such persons Fresco Nadine 4 March 2021 1st pub La mort des juifs Paris Seuil 2008 On the Death of Jews Photographs and History Translated by Clift Sarah New York Berghahn Books ISBN 978 1 78920 882 5 OCLC 1226797554 On the preceding page the law from the day before 3 October 1940 signed by Marshall Philip Petain and nine of his ministers is the law on the status of the Jews We know that those in charge of Vichy complicit even before having understood the inevitable extent of their own compromise did not wait for it to be imposed by the occupying power before enacting it 73 We also know that whereas the German ordinance of the preceding month defined Jews by religion the French statute of 3 October defined them by race 74 Geddes Andrew Favell Adrian 1999 The Politics of Belonging Migrants and Minorities in Contemporary Europe government pub Contemporary trends in European social sciences Aldershot Ashgate ISBN 978 1 84014 177 1 OCLC 470276345 The laws of October 1940 organized and entrenched discrimination towards Jews and foreigners law of October 3 1940 concerning the status of Jews law of October 4 1940 concerning alien residents of the Jewish race Joly Laurent 2008 L administration francaise et le statut du 2 juin 1941 French administration and the law of 2 June 1941 Archives Juives Revue d histoire des juifs de France 41 1 Paris fr Les Belles Lettres 25 40 doi 10 3917 aj 411 0025 ISSN 1965 0531 OCLC 793455446 Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 This was reflected in the drafting of the law of 2 June In close collaboration and in perfect symbiosis with Admiral Darlan s services and the ministries concerned the General Commission for Jewish Questions tightened the definition of a Jew in order to escape the increased strictures of the law demi Jews had to have belonged to some religion other than Judaism before 25 June 1940 and extended the scope of prohibited occupations Ce se ressent dans la redaction de la loi du 2 juin En etroite collaboration et en parfaite symbiose avec les services de l amiral Darlan et les ministeres concernes le commissariat general aux Questions juives aggrave la definition du Juif les demi juifs doivent obligatoirement avoir adhere a une religion autre que la religion juive avant le 25 juin 1940 pour echapper aux rigueurs de la loi et etend le champ des interdictions professionnelles Klarsfeld Serge 1983 Memorial to the Jews Deported from France 1942 1944 Documentation of the Deportation of the Victims of the Final Solution in France B Klarsfeld Foundation OCLC 970847660 3 A law of October 3 1940 on the status of Jews excluded them from most public and private professions and defined Jews on the basis of racial criteria Rayski Adam Bedarida Francois Sayers Will United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 2005 The Choice of the Jews Under Vichy Between Submission and Resistance University of Notre Dame Press ISBN 978 0 268 04021 5 OCLC 954784575 on 3 October Vichy promulgated the Law Concerning the Status of Jews signed by Petain and the principal members of his government Remy Dominique 1992 Les lois de Vichy actes dits lois de l autorite de fait se pretendant gouvernement de l Etat francais The Vichy laws acts called laws of the de facto authority claiming to be the government of the French state in French Editions Romillat ISBN 978 2 87894 026 8 OCLC 1038535440 Further reading editBoiron Stephane 2008 Antisemites sans remords Antisemites without remorse Cites 36 36 Paris Presses universitaires de France 37 50 doi 10 3917 cite 036 0037 Broussolle Denis 1996 L elaboration du statut des Juifs de 1940 Development of the 1940 law on the Jews Genre humain 30 31 Paris Editions du Seuil 115 139 doi 10 3917 lgh 030 0115 ISBN 978 2 02029 366 2 ISSN 0293 0277 S2CID 165787174 Cotillon Jerome 2009 Raphael Alibert juriste engage et homme d influence a Vichy v Raphael Alibert a committed lawyer and man of influence in Vichy Histoire in French Paris Economica ISBN 978 2 7178 5683 5 Gros Dominique 1993 Le statut des juifs et les manuels en usage dans les facultes de droit 1940 44 The status of the Jews and the textbooks used in law schools 1940 44 Cultures et Conflits in French 9 10 Paris L Harmattan 139 174 JSTOR 23698834 Joly Laurent in French 2010 Tradition nationale et emprunts doctrinaux dans l antisemitisme de Vichy National tradition and doctrinal borrowings in the anti Semitism of Vichy In Battini Michele Matard Bonucci dir Marie Anne eds Antisemitismi a confronto Francia e Italia Ideologie retoriche politiche in French Pisa Edizioni Plus Pisa University Press pp 139 154 ISBN 978 8 88492 675 3 Joly Laurent in French 2013 The Genesis of Vichy s Jewish Statute of October 1940 Holocaust and Genocide Studies 27 2 276 298 doi 10 1093 hgs dct027 ISSN 8756 6583 Laffitte Michel 2010 La question des amenagements du statut des juifs sous Vichy In Battini Michele Matard Bonucci dir Marie Anne eds Antisemitismi a confronto Francia e Italia Ideologie retoriche politiche Comparing anti Semitism France and Italy Ideologies rhetoric policies proceedings in Italian Pisa Edizioni Plus Pisa University Press pp 179 194 ISBN 978 8 88492 675 3 OCLC 705739140 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vichy government 1940 1944 nbsp French Wikisource has original text related to this article Loi du 3 octobre 1940 portant statut des Juifs Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Law on the status of Jews amp oldid 1216622052, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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