Under the law of the Holy Roman Empire, a Landfrieden or Landfriede (Latin: constitutio pacis, pax instituta or pax jurata, variously translated as "land peace",[1] or "public peace"[2]) was a contractual waiver of the use of legitimate force, by rulers of specified territories, to assert their own legal claims. This especially affected the right of feuding.
Landfrieden agreements formed the political basis for pursuing claims without resorting to the private use of violence. They also often regulated the jurisdiction and thus allowed the settlement of disputes through judgements based on a common set of rules.
Offences or violations of the public peace were liable to severe punishment. For example, objects or buildings (such as churches, homes, mills, agricultural implements, bridges, and especially imperial roads) and people (priests, pilgrims, merchants, women, even farmers, hunters and fishermen in carrying out their work) could be placed under protection. The Landfrieden created a type of martial law, as well as special courts, the Landfriedensgerichte.
Some scholars have argued that the concept of Landfrieden applied both to peace-keeping associations and to the late medieval and early modern laws and ordinances which sought to restrict feuding and violence across large parts of the Holy Roman Empire, or the Empire as a whole.[3] The historian Duncan Hardy has interpreted Landfrieden as a discursive strategy, marked out by appeals to widely used concepts of peace, justice, and honor and the defense of travelers in a shared locality and on the imperial roads. Political actors ranging from the kings and emperors of the Romans to local German nobles and towns might employ this discourse to legitimize themselves and signal their belonging to an imperial layer of governance within the Holy Roman Empire.[4]
DevelopmentEdit
In the High Middle Ages from the 11th century onwards, the Landfrieden movement strove to extend the so-called Peace and Truce of God (Gottesfrieden). The first imperial Landfriede was established by Emperor Henry IV in 1103 for a term of four years and was known as the First Imperial Peace of Mainz (Erster Mainzer Reichslandfriede). It followed the Mainz Peace and Truce of God (Mainzer Gottesfrieden) which he had already proclaimed in 1085.
In 1152 Frederick Barbarossa proclaimed the Great Imperial Peace (Großer Reichslandfrieden), which extended to the whole Empire. This was an act of constitution and brought into effect a time-limited alliance of ruling princes. It was established in 1186 that a feud had to be announced in feud letter issued three days in advance. Originating from the law schools in Bologna and Pavia, the concepts of medieval Roman law (Corpus Iuris Civilis) started to dominate the legal profession under Barbarossa's rule.
The most important Imperial Peace of Mainz (Mainzer Landfriede [de], also Mainzer Reichslandfrieden), announced by Emperor Frederick II at the Imperial Diet of 1235, was more like a legal decree and had less of the character of an alliance. Already in 1231, Frederick had issued the Constitutions of Melfi, a book of codified law and inquisitorial system applying to his Kingdom of Sicily. The Mainz Landfriede, now applicable for an indefinite period of time, was a constitutional act and became one of the basic laws that applied to the whole Empire. For the first time this document was bilingually drafted, i.e. written in both Latin and Middle High German.
Subsequently, numerous regional and local Landfrieden alliances, such as city federations arose during the 13th and 14th centuries. The 1235 Peace of Mainz was renewed at the diet of Würzburg in 1287, and again in 1290, 1298 and 1354.[5] It was superseded by the Perpetual Public Peace (Ewiger Landfriede) passed by Maximilian I in 1495, which definitely outlawed any feuds and constituted a permanent Landfriede for the Holy Roman Empire, including the establishment of the Reichskammergericht (Imperial Chamber Court).
Modern formsEdit
Up to today a breach of the Landfrieden (Landfriedensbruch) by involvement in violent riots is a criminal offence according to German criminal law (§ 125 StGB) and the Austrian (§ 274 StGB) and Swiss (Art. 260 CH-StGB) equivalents. The preservation of the Landfrieden in the sense of public law and order – i.e. the ban on jungle law (Faustrecht) and frontier justice (Selbstjustiz) – by giving the state authorities a monopoly on violence, is the basis of all modern legal codes.
^Pierce, Mark (2010). Bjork, Robert E. (ed.). law, medieval German. ISBN9780199574834. Retrieved 2022-04-13. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^Koppe, Karlheinz (2010). Young, Nigel J. (ed.). Northern Europe, Idea of Peace in. ISBN9780195338409. Retrieved 2022-04-14. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
^Angermeier, Heinz (1984). Die Reichsreform 1410-1555. Die Staatsproblematik Deutschlands zwischen Mittelalter und Gegenwart. Munich.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^Hardy, Duncan (2018). Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire: Upper Germany, 1346-1521. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 145–50.Hardy, Duncan (2021), "Landfrieden", in Dingel, Irene (ed.), Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit / Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe, Berlin: De Gruyter, doi:10.1515/9783110591316-008, S2CID 243691987
^Peter H. Wilson (2016), Heart of Europe: A History of the Holy Roman Empire (Belknap Press), p. 622.
LiteratureEdit
Heinz Angermeier: Königtum und Landfriede im deutschen Spätmittelalter. Munich, 1966.
Joachim Bumke: Höfische Kultur. Literatur und Gesellschaft im hohen Mittelalter (= dtv 30170). 11th edition. Deutscher Taschenbuch-Verlag, Munich, 2005, ISBN3-423-30170-8.
Arno Buschmann, Elmar Wadle (ed.): Landfrieden. Anspruch und Wirklichkeit (= Rechts- und staatswissenschaftliche Veröffentlichungen der Görres-Gesellschaft. NF Vol. 98). Schöningh, Paderborn etc., 2002, ISBN3-506-73399-0.
Mattias G. Fischer: Reichsreform und „Ewiger Landfrieden“. Über die Entwicklung des Fehderechts im 15. Jahrhundert bis zum absoluten Fehdeverbot von 1495 (= Untersuchungen zur deutschen Staats- und Rechtsgeschichte. NF Vol. 34). Scientia, Aalen, 2007, ISBN978-3-511-02854-1 (Also: Göttingen, University, Dissertation, 2002).
Joachim Gernhuber: Die Landfriedensbewegung in Deutschland bis zum Mainzer Reichslandfrieden von 1235 (= Bonner rechtswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen. H. 44, ZDB-ID 502603-9). Röhrscheid, Bonn, 1952.
Duncan Hardy: Landfrieden. In: Irene Dingel, Michael Rohrschneider, Inken Schmidt-Voges, Siegrid Westphal and Joachim Whaley (eds.), Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Frühen Neuzeit / Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe. Berlin: De Gruyter, 2021, pp. 151–169. https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110591316-008/html?lang=en
Duncan Hardy: Between Regional Alliances and Imperial Assemblies: Landfrieden as a Political Concept and Discursive Strategy in the Holy Roman Empire, c. 1350-1520. In: Hendrik Baumbach and Horst Carl (eds.), Landfrieden – epochenübergreifend. Neue Perspektiven der Landfriedensforschung auf Verfassung, Recht, Konflikt (=Zeitschrift für Historische Forschung. Beihefte. 54.) Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 2018, pp. 85–120.
Guido Komatsu: Landfriedensbünde im 16. Jahrhundert. Ein typologischer Vergleich. Dissertation, University of Göttingen, 2001 (Volltext).
Elmar Wadle: Landfrieden, Strafe, Recht. Zwölf Studien zum Mittelalter (= Schriften zur europäischen Rechts- und Verfassungsgeschichte. Vol. 37). Duncker & Humblot, Berlin, 2001, ISBN3-428-09912-5.
External linksEdit
Barbarossa's Landfriede of 1152: , German translation
October 15, 2023
landfrieden, under, holy, roman, empire, landfriede, latin, constitutio, pacis, instituta, jurata, variously, translated, land, peace, public, peace, contractual, waiver, legitimate, force, rulers, specified, territories, assert, their, legal, claims, this, es. Under the law of the Holy Roman Empire a Landfrieden or Landfriede Latin constitutio pacis pax instituta or pax jurata variously translated as land peace 1 or public peace 2 was a contractual waiver of the use of legitimate force by rulers of specified territories to assert their own legal claims This especially affected the right of feuding Henry IV proclaims the 1103 Landfrieden in Mainz painting by Hermann Wislicenus Imperial Palace of Goslar c 1880 Contents 1 Scope 2 Development 3 Modern forms 4 See also 5 References 6 Literature 7 External linksScope EditLandfrieden agreements formed the political basis for pursuing claims without resorting to the private use of violence They also often regulated the jurisdiction and thus allowed the settlement of disputes through judgements based on a common set of rules Offences or violations of the public peace were liable to severe punishment For example objects or buildings such as churches homes mills agricultural implements bridges and especially imperial roads and people priests pilgrims merchants women even farmers hunters and fishermen in carrying out their work could be placed under protection The Landfrieden created a type of martial law as well as special courts the Landfriedensgerichte Some scholars have argued that the concept of Landfrieden applied both to peace keeping associations and to the late medieval and early modern laws and ordinances which sought to restrict feuding and violence across large parts of the Holy Roman Empire or the Empire as a whole 3 The historian Duncan Hardy has interpreted Landfrieden as a discursive strategy marked out by appeals to widely used concepts of peace justice and honor and the defense of travelers in a shared locality and on the imperial roads Political actors ranging from the kings and emperors of the Romans to local German nobles and towns might employ this discourse to legitimize themselves and signal their belonging to an imperial layer of governance within the Holy Roman Empire 4 Development EditIn the High Middle Ages from the 11th century onwards the Landfrieden movement strove to extend the so called Peace and Truce of God Gottesfrieden The first imperial Landfriede was established by Emperor Henry IV in 1103 for a term of four years and was known as the First Imperial Peace of Mainz Erster Mainzer Reichslandfriede It followed the Mainz Peace and Truce of God Mainzer Gottesfrieden which he had already proclaimed in 1085 In 1152 Frederick Barbarossa proclaimed the Great Imperial Peace Grosser Reichslandfrieden which extended to the whole Empire This was an act of constitution and brought into effect a time limited alliance of ruling princes It was established in 1186 that a feud had to be announced in feud letter issued three days in advance Originating from the law schools in Bologna and Pavia the concepts of medieval Roman law Corpus Iuris Civilis started to dominate the legal profession under Barbarossa s rule The most important Imperial Peace of Mainz Mainzer Landfriede de also Mainzer Reichslandfrieden announced by Emperor Frederick II at the Imperial Diet of 1235 was more like a legal decree and had less of the character of an alliance Already in 1231 Frederick had issued the Constitutions of Melfi a book of codified law and inquisitorial system applying to his Kingdom of Sicily The Mainz Landfriede now applicable for an indefinite period of time was a constitutional act and became one of the basic laws that applied to the whole Empire For the first time this document was bilingually drafted i e written in both Latin and Middle High German Subsequently numerous regional and local Landfrieden alliances such as city federations arose during the 13th and 14th centuries The 1235 Peace of Mainz was renewed at the diet of Wurzburg in 1287 and again in 1290 1298 and 1354 5 It was superseded by the Perpetual Public Peace Ewiger Landfriede passed by Maximilian I in 1495 which definitely outlawed any feuds and constituted a permanent Landfriede for the Holy Roman Empire including the establishment of the Reichskammergericht Imperial Chamber Court Modern forms EditUp to today a breach of the Landfrieden Landfriedensbruch by involvement in violent riots is a criminal offence according to German criminal law 125 StGB and the Austrian 274 StGB and Swiss Art 260 CH StGB equivalents The preservation of the Landfrieden in the sense of public law and order i e the ban on jungle law Faustrecht and frontier justice Selbstjustiz by giving the state authorities a monopoly on violence is the basis of all modern legal codes See also EditBreach of the peace Landgericht medieval References Edit Pierce Mark 2010 Bjork Robert E ed law medieval German ISBN 9780199574834 Retrieved 2022 04 13 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help Koppe Karlheinz 2010 Young Nigel J ed Northern Europe Idea of Peace in ISBN 9780195338409 Retrieved 2022 04 14 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a website ignored help Angermeier Heinz 1984 Die Reichsreform 1410 1555 Die Staatsproblematik Deutschlands zwischen Mittelalter und Gegenwart Munich a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a CS1 maint location missing publisher link Hardy Duncan 2018 Associative Political Culture in the Holy Roman Empire Upper Germany 1346 1521 Oxford Oxford University Press pp 145 50 Hardy Duncan 2021 Landfrieden in Dingel Irene ed Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Fruhen Neuzeit Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe Berlin De Gruyter doi 10 1515 9783110591316 008 S2CID 243691987 Peter H Wilson 2016 Heart of Europe A History of the Holy Roman Empire Belknap Press p 622 Literature EditHeinz Angermeier Konigtum und Landfriede im deutschen Spatmittelalter Munich 1966 Joachim Bumke Hofische Kultur Literatur und Gesellschaft im hohen Mittelalter dtv 30170 11th edition Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag Munich 2005 ISBN 3 423 30170 8 Arno Buschmann Elmar Wadle ed Landfrieden Anspruch und Wirklichkeit Rechts und staatswissenschaftliche Veroffentlichungen der Gorres Gesellschaft NF Vol 98 Schoningh Paderborn etc 2002 ISBN 3 506 73399 0 Mattias G Fischer Reichsreform und Ewiger Landfrieden Uber die Entwicklung des Fehderechts im 15 Jahrhundert bis zum absoluten Fehdeverbot von 1495 Untersuchungen zur deutschen Staats und Rechtsgeschichte NF Vol 34 Scientia Aalen 2007 ISBN 978 3 511 02854 1 Also Gottingen University Dissertation 2002 Joachim Gernhuber Die Landfriedensbewegung in Deutschland bis zum Mainzer Reichslandfrieden von 1235 Bonner rechtswissenschaftliche Abhandlungen H 44 ZDB ID 502603 9 Rohrscheid Bonn 1952 Duncan Hardy Landfrieden In Irene Dingel Michael Rohrschneider Inken Schmidt Voges Siegrid Westphal and Joachim Whaley eds Handbuch Frieden im Europa der Fruhen Neuzeit Handbook of Peace in Early Modern Europe Berlin De Gruyter 2021 pp 151 169 https www degruyter com document doi 10 1515 9783110591316 008 html lang en Duncan Hardy Between Regional Alliances and Imperial Assemblies Landfrieden as a Political Concept and Discursive Strategy in the Holy Roman Empire c 1350 1520 In Hendrik Baumbach and Horst Carl eds Landfrieden epochenubergreifend Neue Perspektiven der Landfriedensforschung auf Verfassung Recht Konflikt Zeitschrift fur Historische Forschung Beihefte 54 Berlin Duncker amp Humblot 2018 pp 85 120 Guido Komatsu Landfriedensbunde im 16 Jahrhundert Ein typologischer Vergleich Dissertation University of Gottingen 2001 Volltext Elmar Wadle Landfrieden Strafe Recht Zwolf Studien zum Mittelalter Schriften zur europaischen Rechts und Verfassungsgeschichte Vol 37 Duncker amp Humblot Berlin 2001 ISBN 3 428 09912 5 External links EditBarbarossa s Landfriede of 1152 text critical edition in Latin German translation Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Landfrieden amp oldid 1179793746, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
