Recently constructed wetland regeneration in Australia, on a site previously used for agriculture.Regenerated habitat for the superb parrot on the abandoned Boorowa railway line
Modern mine rehabilitation aims to minimize and mitigate the environmental effects of modern mining, which may in the case of open pit mining involve movement of significant volumes of rock. Rehabilitation management is an ongoing process, often resulting in open pit mines being backfilled.
After mining finishes, the mine area must undergo rehabilitation.
Waste dumps are contoured to flatten them out, to further stabilize them against erosion.
Dumps are usually fenced off to prevent livestock denuding them of vegetation.
The open pit is then surrounded with a fence, to prevent access, and it generally eventually fills up with groundwater.
Tailingsdams are left to evaporate, then covered with waste rock, clay if need be, and soil, which is planted to stabilize it.
For underground mines, rehabilitation is not always a significant problem or cost. This is because of the higher grade of the ore and lower volumes of waste rock and tailings. In some situations, stopes are backfilled with concreteslurry using waste, so that minimal waste is left at surface.
The removal of plant and infrastructure is not always part of a rehabilitation programme, as many old mine plants have cultural heritage and cultural value. Often in gold mines, rehabilitation is performed by scavenger operations which treat the soil within the plant area for spilled gold using modified placer mininggravity collection plants.
Also possible is that the section of the mine that is below ground, is kept and used to provide heating, water and/or methane. Heat extraction can be done using heat exchangers, that convey the heat to a nearby city (hence making it be used for district heating purposes.[1] Water can be harvested from the mine as well (mines are often filled with water once the mine has been shut down and the pumps no longer operate). Methane is also often present in the mine shafts, in small quantities (often around 0,1%). This can still be recovered though with specialised systems.[2][3][4] An added advantage of recovering the methane finally is that the methane does not come into the atmosphere, and so does not contribute to global warming.
Mine rehabilitation marketedit
Depending on the country, mining companies are regulated by federal and state bodies to rehabilitate the affected land and to restore biodiversity offset areas around the mines.[5][6]
Mine rehabilitation, a legal obligation for mining companies in Australia for which they are required to pay bonds, could be a source of considerable employment generation and economic investment in regional areas, if governments were willing to enforce the laws covering the process.[7][8][9][10]
Before mining activities begin, a rehabilitation security bond must be provided.[11] The Australian mine rehabilitation bonds totals $9.49bn, with the state of NSW bond totalling $2.68 billion in 2019. The size of mining security bonds has been questioned by NSW's Auditor General [12] as being insufficient to cover the complete costs associated with mine rehabilitation activities.
In addition to operational mine rehabilitation activities, often referred to as 'progressive rehabilitation', abandoned mines are also restored. The financing for restoration of abandoned mines is drawn from operating mines as well as public sources. The cost of reclaiming the abandoned mines in the US is estimated at $9.6bn.
^"Mind the Gap: how fixing mine rehabilitation shortfalls could fuel jobs growth in the Hunter Valley". Lock the Gate Alliance. 2018. from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
^"Creating up to 5,000 job is Central Queensland by eliminating the coal mine rehabilitation deficit". Lock the Gate Alliance. 2018. from the original on 2023-06-04. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
^"Mine rehabilitation and closure cost : a hidden business risk". Lock the Gate Alliance. 2016. from the original on 2023-06-08. Retrieved 2022-12-14.
^"Abandoned mines In Queensland : toxic time-bomb or employment opportunity?". Lock the Gate Alliance. 2016. from the original on 2023-06-06. Retrieved 2022-12-21.
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This article includes a list of general references but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations May 2012 Learn how and when to remove this template message Land rehabilitation as a part of environmental remediation is the process of returning the land in a given area to some degree of its former state after some process industry natural disasters etc has resulted in its damage Many projects and developments will result in the land becoming degraded for example mining farming and forestry Recently constructed wetland regeneration in Australia on a site previously used for agriculture Regenerated habitat for the superb parrot on the abandoned Boorowa railway line Contents 1 Mine rehabilitation 2 Mine rehabilitation market 3 See also 4 References 5 External linksMine rehabilitation editMain article Mine reclamation Modern mine rehabilitation aims to minimize and mitigate the environmental effects of modern mining which may in the case of open pit mining involve movement of significant volumes of rock Rehabilitation management is an ongoing process often resulting in open pit mines being backfilled After mining finishes the mine area must undergo rehabilitation Waste dumps are contoured to flatten them out to further stabilize them against erosion If the ore contains sulfides it is usually covered with a layer of clay to prevent access of rain and oxygen from the air which can oxidize the sulfides to produce sulfuric acid Landfills are covered with topsoil and vegetation is planted to help consolidate the material Dumps are usually fenced off to prevent livestock denuding them of vegetation The open pit is then surrounded with a fence to prevent access and it generally eventually fills up with groundwater Tailings dams are left to evaporate then covered with waste rock clay if need be and soil which is planted to stabilize it For underground mines rehabilitation is not always a significant problem or cost This is because of the higher grade of the ore and lower volumes of waste rock and tailings In some situations stopes are backfilled with concrete slurry using waste so that minimal waste is left at surface The removal of plant and infrastructure is not always part of a rehabilitation programme as many old mine plants have cultural heritage and cultural value Often in gold mines rehabilitation is performed by scavenger operations which treat the soil within the plant area for spilled gold using modified placer mining gravity collection plants Also possible is that the section of the mine that is below ground is kept and used to provide heating water and or methane Heat extraction can be done using heat exchangers that convey the heat to a nearby city hence making it be used for district heating purposes 1 Water can be harvested from the mine as well mines are often filled with water once the mine has been shut down and the pumps no longer operate Methane is also often present in the mine shafts in small quantities often around 0 1 This can still be recovered though with specialised systems 2 3 4 An added advantage of recovering the methane finally is that the methane does not come into the atmosphere and so does not contribute to global warming Mine rehabilitation market editDepending on the country mining companies are regulated by federal and state bodies to rehabilitate the affected land and to restore biodiversity offset areas around the mines 5 6 Mine rehabilitation a legal obligation for mining companies in Australia for which they are required to pay bonds could be a source of considerable employment generation and economic investment in regional areas if governments were willing to enforce the laws covering the process 7 8 9 10 Before mining activities begin a rehabilitation security bond must be provided 11 The Australian mine rehabilitation bonds totals 9 49bn with the state of NSW bond totalling 2 68 billion in 2019 The size of mining security bonds has been questioned by NSW s Auditor General 12 as being insufficient to cover the complete costs associated with mine rehabilitation activities In addition to operational mine rehabilitation activities often referred to as progressive rehabilitation abandoned mines are also restored The financing for restoration of abandoned mines is drawn from operating mines as well as public sources The cost of reclaiming the abandoned mines in the US is estimated at 9 6bn See also editLand restoration Forest restoration Reforestation Prairie restoration Restoration ecology Environmental remediation Holistic management Mine reclamation Land recycling Soil salinity control rehabilitation of salinized soils Watertable control rehabilitation of waterlogged soils Land reclamationReferences edit MijnWater BV recovering heat from abandoned mines The West Cliff Collier Power Plant has successfully been able to recover methane from ventilation shafts of mines Ventilation Air Methane The Blue Economy By Gunter Pauli https nma org wp content uploads 2016 08 Federal Environmental Laws that Govern US Mining 2018 pdf bare URL PDF https www industry gov au sites default files 2019 04 lpsdp mine rehabilitation handbook english pdf bare URL PDF Mind the Gap how fixing mine rehabilitation shortfalls could fuel jobs growth in the Hunter Valley Lock the Gate Alliance 2018 Archived from the original on 2023 06 04 Retrieved 2022 12 14 Creating up to 5 000 job is Central Queensland by eliminating the coal mine rehabilitation deficit Lock the Gate Alliance 2018 Archived from the original on 2023 06 04 Retrieved 2022 12 14 Mine rehabilitation and closure cost a hidden business risk Lock the Gate Alliance 2016 Archived from the original on 2023 06 08 Retrieved 2022 12 14 Abandoned mines In Queensland toxic time bomb or employment opportunity Lock the Gate Alliance 2016 Archived from the original on 2023 06 06 Retrieved 2022 12 21 Rehabilitation NSW Resources Regulator New South Wales Auditor General s Report Performance Audit PDF audit nsw gov au Department of Planning and Environment External links editRehabilitation of waterlogged and saline soils 1 free downloads of software and articles on land drainage Bio Recycle Sydney Water BioSolids EEMP a non profit 501 c 3 organization dedicated to communicate the lessons of rehabilitation and restoration through media around the world Federal Environmental Laws that Govern U S Mining 2 NSW Australia Mine Rehabilitation 3 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Land rehabilitation amp oldid 1181789175, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
