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The experiment followed a Memorandum of Understanding signed on 30 October 2007 by Dr. T. Ramaswami, Director General, CSIR, and Dr. Juergen Mlynek, President, Helmholtz Foundation, Germany, on Cooperation in Marine Sciences, during the visit of then German Chancellor, Angela Merkel, to India. The experiment was conducted mainly by CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, India (NIO), Goa, and Alfred-Wegener Institute of Polar and Marine Research (AWI), Bremerhaven, with participation of scientists from Chile, France, Spain and the United Kingdom. The German research vessel, Polarstern, was utilized for the experiment on her ANT XXV/3 cruise. It was jointly led by Wajih Naqvi of CSIR-NIO and Victor Smetacek of AWI. Weekly reports of the expedition were published on the website of AWI.[1]
Course of the experimentedit
A cyclonic eddy centered on 48 deg S, 16 deg E was selected for fertilization. The experiment began on India's Republic Day (26 January 2009). 10 tonnes (9.8 long tons; 11 short tons) of ferrous sulfate dissolved in seawater was spread over an area of 300 square kilometres (120 sq mi), and the patch created was monitored for 38 days to investigate the effects of iron addition on marine biogeochemistry and ecosystem. Another iron addition of similar magnitude was done two weeks later. It was expected that iron addition would trigger algal blooms, leading to sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
The ship left Cape Town on 7 January 2009. The expedition ended after 70 days on 17 March 2009 in Punta Arenas, Chile.
Opposition and protestsedit
Following protests from several NGOs, the German government ordered a halt of the experiment. Environmentalists feared damage to the marine ecosystem from an artificial algal bloom. The critics argued that long-term effects of ocean fertilization would not be detectable during short-term observation.[2] Other critics feared the entry into large-scale manipulation of ecosystems with these large geo-engineering experiments.[3][4] The German government sent the proposal for scientific and legal reviews that were supportive of the project and the experiment was allowed to continue.
Prior experimentsedit
LOHAFEX was not the first experiment of its kind. In 2000 and 2004, comparable amounts of iron sulfate were discharged from the same ship (de:EisenEx experiment). 10 to 20 percent of the algal bloom died off and sank to the sea floor. This removed carbon from the atmosphere, creating the intended carbon sink effect.
Resultsedit
As expected iron fertilization led to development of a bloom during LOHAFEX, but the chlorophyll increase within the fertilized patch, an indicator of biomass, was smaller than in previous experiments. The algal bloom also stimulated the growth of zooplankton that feed on them. The zooplankton in turn are consumed by higher organisms. Thus, ocean fertilization with iron also contributes to the carbon-fixing marine biomass[5] of fish species which have been removed from the ocean by over-fishing.[6] By increasing marine primary production, large scale iron fertilization could increase marine biomass.
In contrast to the other experiments (e.g. EisenEX) the uptake of the algae by zooplankton left no relevant organic carbon to sink to the ocean floor. Thus, the applied iron did not contribute to the sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.[7]
Referencesedit
^. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^"LOHAFEX über sich selbst". Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^"Polarsternreise zur Manipulation der Erde". Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^"Geo-Engineering in the Southern Ocean" (PDF). Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^"Dem Klima zuliebe das Meer düngen?". Retrieved 9 August 2012.
^"AWI: Polarsternexpedition Lohafex gibt neue Einblicke in die Planktonökologie - Wenig atmosphärisches Kohlendioxid im Südlichen Ozean gebunden". Retrieved 2019-12-17.
April 20, 2024
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You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish September 2015 Click show for important translation instructions View a machine translated version of the Spanish article Machine translation like DeepL or Google Translate is a useful starting point for translations but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate rather than simply copy pasting machine translated text into the English Wikipedia Consider adding a topic to this template there are already 5 069 articles in the main category and specifying topic will aid in categorization Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low quality If possible verify the text with references provided in the foreign language article You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at es Experimento Lohafex see its history for attribution You should also add the template Translated es Experimento Lohafex to the talk page For more guidance see Wikipedia Translation LOHAFEX was an ocean iron fertilization experiment jointly planned by the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research CSIR in India and the Helmholtz Association in Germany The purpose of the experiment was to see if the iron would cause an algal bloom and trap carbon dioxide from the atmosphere While an algal bloom did result it was smaller than expected and as most of the algae were consumed by zooplankton instead of sinking to the ocean floor the amount of carbon dioxide permanently removed from the atmosphere was deemed negligible The result was thus a setback for plans to use iron fertilization of the oceans to create negative carbon dioxide emissions The Polarstern the German research vessel used to conduct the LOHAFEX experiment Contents 1 Background 2 Course of the experiment 3 Opposition and protests 4 Prior experiments 5 Results 6 ReferencesBackground editThe experiment followed a Memorandum of Understanding signed on 30 October 2007 by Dr T Ramaswami Director General CSIR and Dr Juergen Mlynek President Helmholtz Foundation Germany on Cooperation in Marine Sciences during the visit of then German Chancellor Angela Merkel to India The experiment was conducted mainly by CSIR National Institute of Oceanography India NIO Goa and Alfred Wegener Institute of Polar and Marine Research AWI Bremerhaven with participation of scientists from Chile France Spain and the United Kingdom The German research vessel Polarstern was utilized for the experiment on her ANT XXV 3 cruise It was jointly led by Wajih Naqvi of CSIR NIO and Victor Smetacek of AWI Weekly reports of the expedition were published on the website of AWI 1 Course of the experiment editA cyclonic eddy centered on 48 deg S 16 deg E was selected for fertilization The experiment began on India s Republic Day 26 January 2009 10 tonnes 9 8 long tons 11 short tons of ferrous sulfate dissolved in seawater was spread over an area of 300 square kilometres 120 sq mi and the patch created was monitored for 38 days to investigate the effects of iron addition on marine biogeochemistry and ecosystem Another iron addition of similar magnitude was done two weeks later It was expected that iron addition would trigger algal blooms leading to sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere The ship left Cape Town on 7 January 2009 The expedition ended after 70 days on 17 March 2009 in Punta Arenas Chile Opposition and protests editFollowing protests from several NGOs the German government ordered a halt of the experiment Environmentalists feared damage to the marine ecosystem from an artificial algal bloom The critics argued that long term effects of ocean fertilization would not be detectable during short term observation 2 Other critics feared the entry into large scale manipulation of ecosystems with these large geo engineering experiments 3 4 The German government sent the proposal for scientific and legal reviews that were supportive of the project and the experiment was allowed to continue Prior experiments editLOHAFEX was not the first experiment of its kind In 2000 and 2004 comparable amounts of iron sulfate were discharged from the same ship de EisenEx experiment 10 to 20 percent of the algal bloom died off and sank to the sea floor This removed carbon from the atmosphere creating the intended carbon sink effect Results editAs expected iron fertilization led to development of a bloom during LOHAFEX but the chlorophyll increase within the fertilized patch an indicator of biomass was smaller than in previous experiments The algal bloom also stimulated the growth of zooplankton that feed on them The zooplankton in turn are consumed by higher organisms Thus ocean fertilization with iron also contributes to the carbon fixing marine biomass 5 of fish species which have been removed from the ocean by over fishing 6 By increasing marine primary production large scale iron fertilization could increase marine biomass In contrast to the other experiments e g EisenEX the uptake of the algae by zooplankton left no relevant organic carbon to sink to the ocean floor Thus the applied iron did not contribute to the sequestration of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere 7 References edit Alfred Wegener Institut fur Polar und Meeresforschung AWI ANT XXV 3 Archived from the original on 8 October 2012 Retrieved 9 August 2012 LOHAFEX uber sich selbst Retrieved 9 August 2012 Polarsternreise zur Manipulation der Erde Retrieved 9 August 2012 Geo Engineering in the Southern Ocean PDF Retrieved 9 August 2012 The Starving Ocean Fisherycrisis com Retrieved 2014 04 23 Dem Klima zuliebe das Meer dungen Retrieved 9 August 2012 AWI Polarsternexpedition Lohafex gibt neue Einblicke in die Planktonokologie Wenig atmospharisches Kohlendioxid im Sudlichen Ozean gebunden Retrieved 2019 12 17 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title LOHAFEX amp oldid 1097062363, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
