The Kværner process or the Kværner carbon black and hydrogen process (CB&H) is a method of producing carbon black and hydrogen gas from hydrocarbons such as methane, natural gas and biogas with no greenhouse gas pollution. The process was developed in the 1980s by the Norwegian engineering firm Kværner, and was first commercially exploited in 1999.[1] Further refinement enabled the methane pyrolysis process for implementation at high-volume and low-cost.
The endothermic reaction separates (i.e. decomposes) hydrocarbons into carbon and hydrogen in a plasma burner at around 1600 °C. The resulting components, carbon particles and hydrogen, are present as a mixture in form of an aerosol.[3]
In comparison to other reformation methods such as steam reforming and partial oxidation that have carbon dioxide as a by-product, there is no by-product in the Kværner process. The natural gas is efficiently and completely transformed into pure carbon and hydrogen and does not release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. After separating the mixture, the carbon particles can be used for instance as activated carbon, graphite or industrial soot, special kinds of carbon such as carbon discs and carbon cones (see SEM image). The carbon is obtained as black powdery solid matter and forms a technical product which may be used e.g. as filler in the rubber industry, as pigment soot for inks and paints or as raw material for electrical components. The hydrogen may be discharged for the chemical industry or may be used for generating electricity.[4]
Of the available energy of the feed, approximately 48% is contained in the hydrogen, 40% is contained in activated carbon and 10% in superheated steam.[citation needed][5]
Plasma variationedit
A variation of this process using plasma arc waste disposal was presented in 2009. Methane and natural gas is converted to hydrogen, heat and carbon using a plasma converter.[6]
^"Bellona Report 6:02, "Hydrogen - Status and possibilities" Hydrogen technologies". Interstate Traveler Company. Bellona Foundation. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
^Naess, Stine Nalum; Elgsaeter, Arnljot; Helgesen, Geir; Knudsen, Kenneth D. (29 December 2009). "Carbon nanocones: wall structure and morphology". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 10 (6): 065002. Bibcode:2009STAdM..10f5002N. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/10/6/065002. PMC5074450. PMID 27877312.
^Kuehl, Olaf (2016). "US 9,309,125 B2 - PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR GENERATING SYNTHESIS GAS - Caphenia / CCP Technology Description [0048]". worldwide.espacenet.com. European Patent Office EPO. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
^Kuehl, Olaf (2019). "US 10166521 B2 - Process and system for conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monixide - Caphenia / CCP Technology - Description". worldwide.espacenet.com. European Patent Office EPO. Retrieved 2019-11-28.
^. FuelCellsWorks. 12 October 2009. Archived from the original on 13 March 2014. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
April 10, 2024
kværner, process, kværner, carbon, black, hydrogen, process, method, producing, carbon, black, hydrogen, from, hydrocarbons, such, methane, natural, biogas, with, greenhouse, pollution, process, developed, 1980s, norwegian, engineering, firm, kværner, first, c. The Kvaerner process or the Kvaerner carbon black and hydrogen process CB amp H is a method of producing carbon black and hydrogen gas from hydrocarbons such as methane natural gas and biogas with no greenhouse gas pollution The process was developed in the 1980s by the Norwegian engineering firm Kvaerner and was first commercially exploited in 1999 1 Further refinement enabled the methane pyrolysis process for implementation at high volume and low cost Contents 1 Description 2 Plasma variation 3 See also 4 ReferencesDescription edit nbsp Scanning electron microscope SEM image of carbon nanocones maximum diameter 1 mm produced by pyrolysis of crude oil in the Kvaerner process 2 The endothermic reaction separates i e decomposes hydrocarbons into carbon and hydrogen in a plasma burner at around 1600 C The resulting components carbon particles and hydrogen are present as a mixture in form of an aerosol 3 CnHm nC m2H2 displaystyle ce C mathit n H mathit m gt mathit n C frac mathit m 2 H2 nbsp In comparison to other reformation methods such as steam reforming and partial oxidation that have carbon dioxide as a by product there is no by product in the Kvaerner process The natural gas is efficiently and completely transformed into pure carbon and hydrogen and does not release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere After separating the mixture the carbon particles can be used for instance as activated carbon graphite or industrial soot special kinds of carbon such as carbon discs and carbon cones see SEM image The carbon is obtained as black powdery solid matter and forms a technical product which may be used e g as filler in the rubber industry as pigment soot for inks and paints or as raw material for electrical components The hydrogen may be discharged for the chemical industry or may be used for generating electricity 4 Of the available energy of the feed approximately 48 is contained in the hydrogen 40 is contained in activated carbon and 10 in superheated steam citation needed 5 Plasma variation editA variation of this process using plasma arc waste disposal was presented in 2009 Methane and natural gas is converted to hydrogen heat and carbon using a plasma converter 6 See also editHydrogen production Methane pyrolysis Renewable energy Electric arcReferences edit Bellona Report 6 02 Hydrogen Status and possibilities Hydrogen technologies Interstate Traveler Company Bellona Foundation Retrieved 13 March 2014 Naess Stine Nalum Elgsaeter Arnljot Helgesen Geir Knudsen Kenneth D 29 December 2009 Carbon nanocones wall structure and morphology Science and Technology of Advanced Materials 10 6 065002 Bibcode 2009STAdM 10f5002N doi 10 1088 1468 6996 10 6 065002 PMC 5074450 PMID 27877312 Kuehl Olaf 2016 US 9 309 125 B2 PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR GENERATING SYNTHESIS GAS Caphenia CCP Technology Description 0048 worldwide espacenet com European Patent Office EPO Retrieved 2019 11 28 Kuehl Olaf 2019 US 10166521 B2 Process and system for conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monixide Caphenia CCP Technology Description worldwide espacenet com European Patent Office EPO Retrieved 2019 11 28 hfpeurope org dead link Hydrogen Breakthrough for Norwegian company FuelCellsWorks 12 October 2009 Archived from the original on 13 March 2014 Retrieved 13 March 2014 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kvaerner process amp oldid 1177410094, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
