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Power-egg

January 05, 2023

"Kraftei" redirects here. For the fighter with this nickname, see Messerschmitt Me 163.

A power-egg is a complete "unitized" modular engine installation, consisting of engine and all ancillary equipment, which can be swapped between suitably designed equipment, with standardised quick-changing attachment points and connectors.

A BMW 801 Kraftei (power egg), being unloaded from a Gotha Go 242 transport glider. Russia, March 1943. Note the engine is already fitted with its cowling and cooling fan

In aircraft so designed the power-egg is typically removed before mean time to failure is reached and a fresh one installed, the removed engine then being sent for maintenance. Spare power-eggs may be stored in sealed containers, to be opened when needed.

The power-egg or Kraftei format was used in some German Second World War era aircraft, particularly for twin or multi-engined airframe designs. It existed in two differing formats – the initial Motoranlage format which used some specialized added components depending on what airframe it was meant for use on, and the Triebwerksanlage format, a more complete unitization format usually including exhaust and oil cooling systems.

Applications

Germany

 
A surviving Junkers Ju 88R-1 night fighter with Kraftei unitized-installation BMW 801 engines, RAF Museum London, 2007
 
The same aircraft with its engines removed, showing the bulkhead mounting points, 2016

Inline and radial engines were both incorporated into the Kraftei concept: the Junkers Jumo 211 was a pioneering example of engine unitization, as used on both the Junkers Ju 88 using a novel annular radiator for both main engine coolant and engine oil cooling needs (viewable on the National Museum of the U.S. Air Force's restored Ju 88D-1 reconnaissance aircraft [1]), with exactly the same nacelle packaging used to power the Messerschmitt Me 264 V1's first flights. Both the examples of the Dornier Do 217 medium bomber powered by inline engines, and the Axis Powers' largest-flown powered aircraft of any type, the Blohm & Voss BV 238 flying boat used essentially the same unitized Daimler-Benz DB 603 powerplants, complete with "chin" radiators under the nacelles as integral components. A differing Kraftei physical packaging is also believed to have been crafted by the Heinkel firm for the DB 603 engines used on its Heinkel He 219A night fighter, as what appears to be the same exact engine installation design used for the He 219A was also used for the quartet of ordered airframes for the same firm's He 177B four-DB 603-engined heavy bomber design's prototype series, as both airframe types' engine "units" used annular radiators and cylindrical cowls of identical appearance to enclose them.[citation needed]

The air-cooled BMW 801 fourteen-cylinder, twin-row radial engine was also provided in both formats for a number of German designs, especially for twin and multi-engined airframes, with the "M" or "T" first suffix letter designating whether it was a Motoranlage (the original format of the Kraftei concept) or the more comprehensively consolidated Triebwerksanlage format unitized powerplant – the BMW-designed forward cowling ring always used with the 801 incorporated the engine's oil cooler, making it an easy task for aviation engineers to use for such a "unitized" mounting concept.[citation needed]

One known surviving Motoranlage-packaged BMW 801 radial still exists and is on restored display at the New England Air Museum, Bradley International Airport, Windsor Locks, CT,[2] with preserved examples of a Ju 88R-1 night fighter and Ju 388L-1 reconnaissance aircraft, one each in the United Kingdom and the United States respectively, also having unitized Kraftei-installation BMW 801 radials on them.[citation needed]

Soviet Union

Project 651E, originally envisaged as a modification of the Juliett-class submarine, consisted of a small mostly self-contained additional 600 kW nuclear reactor, model VAU-6, the so-called Dollezhal egg. This nuclear powerpack aimed to greatly prolong submerged capabilities of what was otherwise a normal diesel-electric submarine with long duration idling and underwater recharging of batteries. The system was developed but did not see unclassified service through 1985.[3]

United Kingdom

 
A Merlin-powered, Beaufighter night fighter Mark II of No. 255 Squadron RAF at RAF Hibaldstow, September 1941, showing the Merlin Power Plants later used on the Lancaster.

A scheme for unitised engine installations was initiated by the Air Ministry in 1937 and after consultation with the Society of British Aircraft Constructors (SBAC) a system was devised allowing standardised dimensions and bulkhead fittings for both inline and radial engine installations of similar power.[4]

 
Post-war CASA 2.111 (Spanish-built Heinkel He 111) with Rolls-Royce Merlin power plants of the type originally used on the Beaufighter II and Lancaster

The Bristol Aeroplane Company devised an installation known as a "power egg" for the Hercules engine in 1938,[5] an example of which was exhibited at the 1938 Paris Aeronautical Salon.[6] The Hercules installation was used on the Bristol Beaufighter, Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle, Vickers Wellington, Short Stirling, and Handley Page Halifax.[7]

 
Universal Power Plant (UPP) Merlin 85 installations on an Avro Lincoln

After an early "Power Unit" installation was devised by Rolls-Royce (RR) for the Merlin X and used in the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley and Vickers Wellington, a more advanced "Power Plant" design was devised for the Merlin XX,[8] a unitized Merlin XX-series engine installation and nacelle being designed and first used on the Beaufighter Mark II which was later also used on the Miles M.20, Avro Lancaster and Avro York, and the post-war CASA 2.111. Merlin Power Plant production rose from just over 100 in 1939 to nearly 14,000 by 1944, mostly destined for the Lancaster.[9]

 
The later Universal Power Plant (UPP) Griffon installations on an Avro Shackleton.

A new installation was subsequently designed as the "Universal Power Plant" (UPP) radiator and cowling installation developed for the Avro Lincoln (Merlin 65, 68, and 85) and also used on the Vickers Windsor (Merlin 85), and subsequently used on the Avro Tudor (Merlin 100-series), Canadair North Star/Argonaut (Merlin 600-series), and Avro Shackleton (Griffon 61 and 62).[citation needed]

Capable of mounting either the 27 litre Merlin or the larger 37 litre Griffon, the UPP attached to the nacelle firewall via the SBAC standard 56 in (1.4 m) circular bulkhead. In the North Star (A Canadian-built variant of the Douglas DC-4) the UPP design had to be changed slightly due to having to use the non-standard Douglas 60 in (1.5 m) DC-4 bulkhead attachment, resulting in the North Star's cowling panels being tapered slightly rather than parallel-sided.[10] The UPP installation had the advantage that all engines were interchangeable between nacelle positions, i.e., an inboard engine could be exchanged with an outboard engine, and engine types (Merlin or Griffon) and Mark No.s could be mixed and flown on the same aircraft, a Hucknall Lancaster test bed being flown with two Merlins for the North Star in one position, and with two Merlins for the Tudor in the others.[11]

Rolls-Royce continued the practice of unitised engine packages post-war with the Dart and Tyne turboprops, and later with podded jet engines such as the Conway and RB211 being supplied as complete RR-designed units with all cowling panels and nacelle fittings, including thrust reverser, ready for attachment to the engine pylon.[12]

United States

In the United States Pratt & Whitney produced a R-2180-E Twin Wasp E "power egg" installation certificated in 1945 for use as an engine upgrade for the Douglas DC-4, however finding few buyers, it was eventually only used on the Saab 90 Scandia.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ NMUSAF's Ju 88D-1 showing its unitized Junkers Jumo 211 inverted V12 engine nacelles
  2. ^ . New England Air Museum. Archived from the original on 23 September 2013. Retrieved 27 March 2022.
  3. ^ "1VAU-6 Auxiliary Nuclear Power Plant (ANPP) Dollezhal eggs - Submarines". www.globalsecurity.org. Retrieved 2020-12-26.
  4. ^ "1947 | 2167 | Flight Archive". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  5. ^ J.A.T. "Interchangability" Flight 16 November 1939 p404-405
  6. ^ . www.flightglobal.com. Archived from the original on 2018-01-08.
  7. ^ "power plant | fireproof bulkhead | flight november | 1942 | 2324 | Flight Archive". Flightglobal.com. 1942-11-05. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  8. ^ "power plants | pdf archive | flight pdf | 1942 | 1798 | Flight Archive". Flightglobal.com. 1942-08-27. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  9. ^ "rolls-royce | rolls-royce griffon | avro lancaster | 1945 | 1508 | Flight Archive". Flightglobal.com. 1945-08-02. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  10. ^ "power plant | universal power | merlin | 1947 | 0229 | Flight Archive". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  11. ^ "lancaster | avro lincoln | 1947 | 0230 | Flight Archive". Flightglobal.com. 1947-02-13. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  12. ^ "mcdonnell douglas | airbus industrie | rolls-royce | 1976 | 1767 | Flight Archive". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 2016-11-20.
  13. ^ "World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines - 5th edition" by Bill Gunston, Sutton Publishing, 2006, P.164

External links

  • a 1939 Flight article
  • a 1944 Flight article
  • a 1942 Flight article
  • a 1942 advertisement in Flight

January 05, 2023
power, kraftei, redirects, here, fighter, with, this, nickname, messerschmitt, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find. Kraftei redirects here For the fighter with this nickname see Messerschmitt Me 163 This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Power egg news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2016 Learn how and when to remove this template message A power egg is a complete unitized modular engine installation consisting of engine and all ancillary equipment which can be swapped between suitably designed equipment with standardised quick changing attachment points and connectors A BMW 801 Kraftei power egg being unloaded from a Gotha Go 242 transport glider Russia March 1943 Note the engine is already fitted with its cowling and cooling fan In aircraft so designed the power egg is typically removed before mean time to failure is reached and a fresh one installed the removed engine then being sent for maintenance Spare power eggs may be stored in sealed containers to be opened when needed The power egg or Kraftei format was used in some German Second World War era aircraft particularly for twin or multi engined airframe designs It existed in two differing formats the initial Motoranlage format which used some specialized added components depending on what airframe it was meant for use on and the Triebwerksanlage format a more complete unitization format usually including exhaust and oil cooling systems Contents 1 Applications 1 1 Germany 1 2 Soviet Union 1 3 United Kingdom 1 4 United States 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksApplications EditGermany Edit A surviving Junkers Ju 88R 1 night fighter with Kraftei unitized installation BMW 801 engines RAF Museum London 2007 The same aircraft with its engines removed showing the bulkhead mounting points 2016 Inline and radial engines were both incorporated into the Kraftei concept the Junkers Jumo 211 was a pioneering example of engine unitization as used on both the Junkers Ju 88 using a novel annular radiator for both main engine coolant and engine oil cooling needs viewable on the National Museum of the U S Air Force s restored Ju 88D 1 reconnaissance aircraft 1 with exactly the same nacelle packaging used to power the Messerschmitt Me 264 V1 s first flights Both the examples of the Dornier Do 217 medium bomber powered by inline engines and the Axis Powers largest flown powered aircraft of any type the Blohm amp Voss BV 238 flying boat used essentially the same unitized Daimler Benz DB 603 powerplants complete with chin radiators under the nacelles as integral components A differing Kraftei physical packaging is also believed to have been crafted by the Heinkel firm for the DB 603 engines used on its Heinkel He 219A night fighter as what appears to be the same exact engine installation design used for the He 219A was also used for the quartet of ordered airframes for the same firm s He 177B four DB 603 engined heavy bomber design s prototype series as both airframe types engine units used annular radiators and cylindrical cowls of identical appearance to enclose them citation needed The air cooled BMW 801 fourteen cylinder twin row radial engine was also provided in both formats for a number of German designs especially for twin and multi engined airframes with the M or T first suffix letter designating whether it was a Motoranlage the original format of the Kraftei concept or the more comprehensively consolidated Triebwerksanlage format unitized powerplant the BMW designed forward cowling ring always used with the 801 incorporated the engine s oil cooler making it an easy task for aviation engineers to use for such a unitized mounting concept citation needed One known surviving Motoranlage packaged BMW 801 radial still exists and is on restored display at the New England Air Museum Bradley International Airport Windsor Locks CT 2 with preserved examples of a Ju 88R 1 night fighter and Ju 388L 1 reconnaissance aircraft one each in the United Kingdom and the United States respectively also having unitized Kraftei installation BMW 801 radials on them citation needed Soviet Union Edit Project 651E originally envisaged as a modification of the Juliett class submarine consisted of a small mostly self contained additional 600 kW nuclear reactor model VAU 6 the so called Dollezhal egg This nuclear powerpack aimed to greatly prolong submerged capabilities of what was otherwise a normal diesel electric submarine with long duration idling and underwater recharging of batteries The system was developed but did not see unclassified service through 1985 3 United Kingdom Edit A Merlin powered Beaufighter night fighter Mark II of No 255 Squadron RAF at RAF Hibaldstow September 1941 showing the Merlin Power Plants later used on the Lancaster A scheme for unitised engine installations was initiated by the Air Ministry in 1937 and after consultation with the Society of British Aircraft Constructors SBAC a system was devised allowing standardised dimensions and bulkhead fittings for both inline and radial engine installations of similar power 4 Post war CASA 2 111 Spanish built Heinkel He 111 with Rolls Royce Merlin power plants of the type originally used on the Beaufighter II and Lancaster The Bristol Aeroplane Company devised an installation known as a power egg for the Hercules engine in 1938 5 an example of which was exhibited at the 1938 Paris Aeronautical Salon 6 The Hercules installation was used on the Bristol Beaufighter Armstrong Whitworth Albemarle Vickers Wellington Short Stirling and Handley Page Halifax 7 Universal Power Plant UPP Merlin 85 installations on an Avro Lincoln After an early Power Unit installation was devised by Rolls Royce RR for the Merlin X and used in the Armstrong Whitworth Whitley and Vickers Wellington a more advanced Power Plant design was devised for the Merlin XX 8 a unitized Merlin XX series engine installation and nacelle being designed and first used on the Beaufighter Mark II which was later also used on the Miles M 20 Avro Lancaster and Avro York and the post war CASA 2 111 Merlin Power Plant production rose from just over 100 in 1939 to nearly 14 000 by 1944 mostly destined for the Lancaster 9 The later Universal Power Plant UPP Griffon installations on an Avro Shackleton A new installation was subsequently designed as the Universal Power Plant UPP radiator and cowling installation developed for the Avro Lincoln Merlin 65 68 and 85 and also used on the Vickers Windsor Merlin 85 and subsequently used on the Avro Tudor Merlin 100 series Canadair North Star Argonaut Merlin 600 series and Avro Shackleton Griffon 61 and 62 citation needed Capable of mounting either the 27 litre Merlin or the larger 37 litre Griffon the UPP attached to the nacelle firewall via the SBAC standard 56 in 1 4 m circular bulkhead In the North Star A Canadian built variant of the Douglas DC 4 the UPP design had to be changed slightly due to having to use the non standard Douglas 60 in 1 5 m DC 4 bulkhead attachment resulting in the North Star s cowling panels being tapered slightly rather than parallel sided 10 The UPP installation had the advantage that all engines were interchangeable between nacelle positions i e an inboard engine could be exchanged with an outboard engine and engine types Merlin or Griffon and Mark No s could be mixed and flown on the same aircraft a Hucknall Lancaster test bed being flown with two Merlins for the North Star in one position and with two Merlins for the Tudor in the others 11 Rolls Royce continued the practice of unitised engine packages post war with the Dart and Tyne turboprops and later with podded jet engines such as the Conway and RB211 being supplied as complete RR designed units with all cowling panels and nacelle fittings including thrust reverser ready for attachment to the engine pylon 12 United States Edit In the United States Pratt amp Whitney produced a R 2180 E Twin Wasp E power egg installation certificated in 1945 for use as an engine upgrade for the Douglas DC 4 however finding few buyers it was eventually only used on the Saab 90 Scandia 13 See also EditAvia S 199 Bf 109 airframes fitted with engines and propellers of the Heinkel He 111 bomber Powerpack drivetrain Power module Prime moverReferences Edit NMUSAF s Ju 88D 1 showing its unitized Junkers Jumo 211 inverted V12 engine nacelles BMW 801 ML 801C New England Air Museum Archived from the original on 23 September 2013 Retrieved 27 March 2022 1VAU 6 Auxiliary Nuclear Power Plant ANPP Dollezhal eggs Submarines www globalsecurity org Retrieved 2020 12 26 1947 2167 Flight Archive Flightglobal com Retrieved 2016 11 20 J A T Interchangability Flight 16 November 1939 p404 405 power plant complete power bristol aeroplane 1944 2048 Flight Archive www flightglobal com Archived from the original on 2018 01 08 power plant fireproof bulkhead flight november 1942 2324 Flight Archive Flightglobal com 1942 11 05 Retrieved 2016 11 20 power plants pdf archive flight pdf 1942 1798 Flight Archive Flightglobal com 1942 08 27 Retrieved 2016 11 20 rolls royce rolls royce griffon avro lancaster 1945 1508 Flight Archive Flightglobal com 1945 08 02 Retrieved 2016 11 20 power plant universal power merlin 1947 0229 Flight Archive Flightglobal com Retrieved 2016 11 20 lancaster avro lincoln 1947 0230 Flight Archive Flightglobal com 1947 02 13 Retrieved 2016 11 20 mcdonnell douglas airbus industrie rolls royce 1976 1767 Flight Archive Flightglobal com Retrieved 2016 11 20 World Encyclopedia of Aero Engines 5th edition by Bill Gunston Sutton Publishing 2006 P 164External links Edit Interchangeability a 1939 Flight article Engine Mountings a 1944 Flight article The Hercules Power Plant a 1942 Flight article Rolls Royce Power Plants a 1942 advertisement in Flight Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Power egg amp oldid 1081987389, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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