rules, details, rules, abstract, strategy, board, game, players, general, overview, rules, game, part, series, ongogame, specificsrules, handicaps, professional, proverbs, list, terms, strategy, tactics, opening, theory, strategy, fuseki, whole, board, opening. Details of the rules for the abstract strategy board game for two players For a general overview of the rules of go see Go game Part of a series onGoGame specificsRules Handicaps professional Proverbs List of terms Strategy and tactics Opening theory strategy Fuseki whole board openings Joseki corner based openings Life and death Tsumego Go puzzles History and cultureHistory Equipment Variants Four go houses List of gamesPlayers and organizationsPlayers European Female Ranks and ratings Professionals Organizations CompetitionsComputers and mathematicsGo and mathematics Computer Go Go software Internet Go servers AlphaGo versus Lee Sedolvte The rules of Go have seen some variation over time and from place to place This article discusses those sets of rules broadly similar to the ones currently in use in East Asia Even among these there is a degree of variation Notably Chinese and Japanese rules differ in a number of aspects The most significant of these are the scoring method together with attendant differences in the manner of ending the game While differences between sets of rules may have moderate strategic consequences on occasion they do not change the character of the game The different sets of rules usually lead to the same game result 91 1 93 so long as the players make minor adjustments near the end of the game Differences in the rules are said to cause problems in perhaps one in every 10 000 games in competition 91 2 93 This article first presents a simple set of rules which are except for wording identical to those usually referred to as the Tromp Taylor Rules 91 3 93 themselves close in most essential respects to the Chinese rules These rules are then discussed at length in a way that does not assume prior knowledge of Go on the part of the reader The discussion is for the most part applicable to all sets of rules with exceptions noted Later sections of the article address major areas of variation in the rules of go and individual sets of rules Contents 1 Basic rules 1 1 Concise statement 1 2 Reference statement 1 2 1 Players and equipment 1 2 2 Positions 1 2 3 Play 1 2 4 End 1 3 Comparative features of the basic rules 2 Explanation of the basic rules 2 1 Elements of the game 2 1 1 Players 2 1 2 Board 2 1 3 Stones 2 2 Positions 2 2 1 Connected stones and points 2 2 2 Liberties 2 3 Play 2 3 1 Initial position 2 3 2 Alternation of turns 2 3 3 Moving 2 3 4 Placing a stone on the board 2 3 5 Capture 2 3 6 Self capture 2 3 7 Ko and Superko 2 3 7 1 Ko threats 2 4 End 2 4 1 Territory 2 4 2 Area 2 4 3 Score 2 4 4 Winner 3 Scoring systems 3 1 Territory scoring 3 2 Area scoring 3 3 Stone scoring 3 4 Attempts at reconciling the scoring systems 3 5 Counting phase 4 Optional rules 4 1 Compensation 4 1 1 Komi 4 1 2 Handicap 4 2 Thinking times 5 Variations 5 1 Seki 5 2 Repetition 5 3 Suicide 5 4 Compensation 5 5 Board sizes 5 6 Scoring 5 7 Issues 6 Rulesets 6 1 Japanese rules 6 1 1 World Amateur Go Championship Rules 6 2 Chinese rules 6 2 1 World Mind Sports Games Rules 6 3 AGA rules 6 4 Ing rules 6 5 New Zealand rules 6 6 Differences 7 See also 8 References Basic rules Edit A set of rules suitable for beginners is presented here The rules are studied more fully in 160 Explanation of the basic rules below Two statements of the same basic rules differing only in wording are given here The first is a concise one due to James Davies The second is a formulation of the basic rules used for expository purposes in this article Except for terminology the basic rules are identical to the Logical Rules first proposed in their current form in September 1996 by John Tromp and Bill Taylor 91 4 93 91 5 93 They are also quite close to the Simplified Ing Rules of the European Go Federation the only exception being the method of ending the game Concise statement Edit These rules appear in The Rules and Elements of Go by James Davies 91 6 93 They assume familiarity with the equipment used to play go for which one may refer to 160 Elements of the game below Notes The words move and territory are used differently here than elsewhere in this article play and area respectively are used instead A clarification to rule 5 is added in parentheses The board is empty at the onset of the game unless players agree to place a handicap Black makes the first move after which White and Black alternate A move consists of placing one stone of one s own color on an empty intersection on the board A player may pass their turn at any time A stone or solidly connected group of stones of one color is captured and removed from the board when all the intersections directly adjacent to it are occupied by the enemy Capture of the enemy takes precedence over self capture No stone may be played so as to recreate a former board position Two consecutive passes end the game A player s area consists of all the points the player has either occupied or surrounded The player with more area wins These rules rely on common sense to make notions such as connected group and surround precise What is here called a solidly connected group of stones is also called a chain Reference statement Edit The basic rules are formulated here in a more detailed way to ease their presentation in 160 Explanation of the basic rules below Each rule and definition links to a detailed explanation in that section An optional rule prohibiting suicide is included as Rule 7A Players and equipment Edit Rule 1 91 7 93 Players Go is a game between two players called Black and White Rule 2 91 8 93 Board Go is played on a plain grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines called a board Definition Intersection Adjacent A point on the board where a horizontal line meets a vertical line is called an intersection Two intersections are said to be adjacent if they are connected by a horizontal or vertical line with no other intersections between them 91 9 93 Rule 3 91 10 93 91 11 93 Stones Go is played with playing tokens known as stones Each player has at their disposal an adequate supply usually 180 of stones of the same color Positions Edit Rule 4 91 12 93 91 13 93 Positions At any time in the game each intersection on the board is in one and only one of the following three states 1 empty 2 occupied by a black stone or 3 occupied by a white stone A position consists of an indication of the state of each intersection Definition 91 14 93 Connected Two placed stones of the same color or two empty intersections are said to be connected if it is possible to draw a path from one intersection to the other by passing through adjacent intersections of the same state empty occupied by white or occupied by black Definition Liberty In a given position a liberty of a stone is an empty intersection adjacent to that stone or adjacent to a stone which is connected to that stone 91 9 93 Play Edit Rule 5 91 15 93 Initial position At the beginning of the game the board is empty Rule 6 91 16 93 Turns Black moves first The players alternate thereafter Rule 7 91 9 93 Moving When it is their turn a player may either pass by announcing pass and performing no action or play A play consists of the following steps performed in the prescribed order Step 1 Playing a stone Placing a stone of their color on an empty intersection chosen subject to Rule 8 and if it is in effect to Optional Rule 7A It can never be moved to another intersection after being played Step 2 Capture Removing from the board any stones of their opponent s color that have no liberties Step 3 Self capture Removing from the board any stones of their own color that have no liberties Optional Rule 7A 91 17 93 Prohibition of suicide A play is illegal if one or more stones of that player s color would be removed in Step 3 of that play Rule 8 91 18 93 Prohibition of repetition A play is illegal if it would have the effect after all steps of the play have been completed of creating a position that has occurred previously in the game End Edit Rule 9 91 19 93 End The game ends when both players have passed consecutively The final position is the position on the board at the time the players pass consecutively Definition 91 20 93 91 21 93 Territory In the final position an empty intersection is said to belong to a player s territory if all stones adjacent to it or to an empty intersection connected to it are of that player s color Definition 91 22 93 Area In the final position an intersection is said to belong to a player s area if either 1 it belongs to that player s territory or 2 it is occupied by a stone of that player s color Definition 91 23 93 Score A player s score is the number of intersections in their area in the final position Rule 10 91 24 93 Winner If one player has a higher score than the other then that player wins Otherwise the game is a draw Comparative features of the basic rules Edit The essential features of these basic rules relative to other rulesets are summarized here Each of the differences is discussed in greater detail in a later section of the article What variation exists among rulesets concerns primarily Rules 7A 8 9 and 10 The basic rules use area scoring as in China and Taiwan and as in the official rules of many Western countries The main alternative is territory scoring Though territory scoring is the system used in Japan and Korea and is customarily used in the West it is not possible to use territory scoring unless Rule 9 is replaced by a much more complex end of game rule The goal of these basic rules is to present a simple system first See 160 Scoring systems below The basic rules require the players to play the game out entirely Virtually all rulesets used in practice provide some mechanism that allows players to begin scoring the game before the final position the one used to score the game has been reached In some cases this is merely a convenience intended to save time In others it may be an essential feature of the game In any case explaining these rules might obscure the nature of the game somewhat for a person unfamiliar with it See 160 Counting phase below The basic rules allow suicide or self capture This is unusual outside of Taiwan and New Zealand Inclusion of Optional Rule 7A is in line with practice elsewhere See 160 Suicide below The basic rules apply the rule of positional superko This or a similar rule is common in official Western rulesets but not in East Asia See 160 Repetition below The basic rules do not contain any special exceptions for territory in a seki This agrees with most practice outside Japan and Korea See 160 Seki below The basic rules do not have a komi This is now unusual in even strength games but was common practice until the mid twentieth century A komi is a number of points usually five to eight awarded to White in compensation for moving second See 160 Komi below The basic rules make no provision for the use of handicap stones See 160 Handicap below The basic rules do not specify a counting system A counting system is a conventional method for calculating the difference in score between the players hence determining the winner It may incorporate various devices such as filling in one s territory after the game or shifting stones on the board into patterns which allow quicker calculation of the difference in scores Explanation of the basic rules Edit The object of the game of go is in rough terms to control more territory at the end of the game than one s opponent does Elements of the game Edit Players Edit Rule 1 Go is a game between two players called Black and White The choice of black or white is traditionally done by chance between players of even strength The method of selection is called nigiri One player A takes a handful of white stones the other player B then places either one or two black stones on the board indicating even or odd Player A counts the number stones in their hand to determine whether there is an odd or even number If the number of stones matches the other player s selection of even or odd Player B will play the black stones if not they will take the white stones When players are of different strengths the weaker player takes black Black may also pre place several handicap stones before play begins to compensate for the difference in strength see below Board Edit The board or goban Rule 2 Go is played on a plane grid of 19 horizontal and 19 vertical lines called a board Definition A point on the board where a horizontal line meets a vertical line is called an intersection Two intersections are said to be adjacent if they are distinct and connected by a horizontal or vertical line with no other intersections between them The condition that the intersections be distinct is included to ensure that an intersection is not considered to be adjacent to itself Intersections are also called points There are 361 points on a regular 19 19 board For simplicity the rules will be illustrated mostly using 5 5 boards Each of the following diagrams shows two points on a 5 5 board 160 160 160 160 160 160 Adjacent points 160 160 Adjacent points 160 160 Non adjacent points 160 160 Non adjacent points In the first two diagrams the points are adjacent in the third and fourth they are not Though 19 19 boards are standard go can be played on another size board Particularly common sizes for quick games are 9 9 and 13 13 See also Board size below Beginners might prefer to play on a 9 9 board to start The nature of the game remains similar enough to make this worthwhile yet the games are shorter For beginners playing longer games is less important than playing a greater number of games Stones Edit Rule 3 Go is played with playing tokens known as stones Each player has at their disposal an adequate supply of stones of their color Traditionally Black is given 181 stones and White 180 to start the game This is almost always sufficient but if it turns out to be insufficient extra stones will be used Positions Edit Rule 4 At any time in the game each intersection on the board is in one and only one of the following three states 1 empty 2 occupied by a black stone or 3 occupied by a white stone A position consists of an indication of the state of each intersection Specifying a position involves only the current state of the board It requires no indication of whose turn it is nor any information relating to previous moves or states of the board This definition of position is used in Rule 8 positional superko The diagram shows a possible position Naturally two stones are said to be adjacent if they occupy adjacent intersections Similarly a stone and an intersection are adjacent if the stone occupies an intersection adjacent to that intersection Connected stones and points Edit Definition Two placed stones of the same color or two empty intersections are said to be connected if it is possible to draw a path from one to the other by passing only through adjacent intersections of the same state empty occupied by white or occupied by black The concept of connected stones is used to describe via the concept of liberties defined below the conditions in which stones are captured by a move The concept of connected empty points is used only at the end of the game to define a player s score In the following position the stones 1 and 7 are connected by the sequence of black stones 1 2 7 in which each stone other than 1 is adjacent to the stone before it The empty points a and k are connected by the sequence of empty points a b k in which each point other than a is adjacent to the one before it In fact it is easy to see in this position that all the black stones are connected to each other and that all the empty points are connected to each other The following position can be used as an example for when stones and empty points are connected In the diagram stones and empty points are marked with the same number or letter respectively whenever they are connected to each other A chain is a set of one or more stones necessarily of the same color that are all connected to each other and that are not connected to any other stones Although it is not necessary to define the word chain in order to state the rules the concept is important for an understanding of the game For example Black and White each have four chains in the diagram above Black has one three stone chain one two stone chain and two one stone chains White has one four stone chain and three one stone chains It follows from the definitions that any stone on the board belongs to exactly one chain Furthermore saying that two distinct stones of the same color are connected is the same as saying that they belong to the same chain Liberties Edit In a given position a liberty of a stone is an empty intersection adjacent to that stone or adjacent to a stone which is connected to that stone For example In the above position the points a b c d e are the liberties of the black stone at 1 a is a liberty of Black 1 because it is adjacent to Black 1 itself b is a liberty of Black 1 because it is adjacent to Black 2 which is connected to Black 1 Alternatively b is adjacent to Black 3 c is a liberty of Black 1 because it is adjacent to Black 3 which is connected to Black 1 d is a liberty of Black 1 because it is adjacent to Black 4 which is connected to Black 1 e is a liberty of Black 1 because it is adjacent to Black 5 which is connected to Black 1 Alternatively e is adjacent to Black 4 The results are the same when determining the liberties of Black 2 or of any other stone belonging to the black chain In this position The black stones marked 1 have the liberties c d and h The black stones marked 2 have the liberties d e f g and h The black stone marked 3 has the liberties g and h The white stones marked 4 have the liberties a b and c The white stone marked 5 has the single liberty c The white stone marked 6 has the liberties d and h The white stone marked 7 has the liberties e and f Since the liberties of any two stones belonging to the same chain are identical they are often called the liberties of that chain For example in the first diagram the points a b c d and e are the liberties of the lone black chain In the second diagram the liberties of the black chain in the lower right are c d and h Play Edit Initial position Edit Rule 5 At the beginning of the game the board is empty Alternation of turns Edit Rule 6 Black moves first The players alternate thereafter What players may do when they move is the object of Rules 7 and 8 Moving Edit Rule 7 On their turn a player may either pass by announcing pass and performing no action or play A play consists of the following steps performed in the prescribed order Step 1 Placing a stone of their color on an empty intersection chosen subject to Rule 8 and if it is in effect to Optional Rule 7A Step 2 Removing from the board any stones of their opponent s color that have no liberties Step 3 Removing from the board any stones of their own color that have no liberties A move is defined as a play or a pass Thus on each turn a player moves once A player may pass on any move Usually passing is beneficial only at the end of the game when all territory has been claimed and further moves would be useless or even harmful to a player s position The following three sections discuss the successive steps of a play in greater detail bearing in mind that in view of Steps 2 and 3 all stones remaining on the board after any move must have at least one liberty Placing a stone on the board Edit Step 1 of a play The player places a stone of their color on an empty intersection chosen subject to Rule 8 and if it is in effect to Optional Rule 7A As indicated by the reference to Rules 8 and 7A respectively the superko rule and prohibition of suicide to be discussed later there are some restrictions on the choice of point at which to play The following diagrams show a possible sequence of moves at the beginning of the game 160 160 160 160 Start 160 160 Black plays 160 160 White plays The following diagrams show how Black might play later in the same game 160 160 160 160 Before 160 160 After Numbers are often used as here to indicate new moves in printed diagrams Once a stone has been played it remains on the board in the same location until the end of the game or until it is captured removed from the board as part of Step 2 or Step 3 of a play Capture Edit Step 2 of a play After playing their stone a player removes from the board any stones of their opponent s color that have no liberties The stones removed from the board are said to have been captured by the player moving The diagrams below show the capture of a white stone by Black To begin with the white stone has a single liberty at a By playing a stone at a Black removes the last remaining liberty of the white stone It is subsequently removed from the board 160 160 160 160 Before 160 160 Black plays 160 160 After removal At the edge of the board and especially in the corners stones have fewer liberties to start with and are more easily captured 160 160 160 160 Before 160 160 Black plays 160 160 After removal Next White captures a chain of four black stones by playing at a 160 160 160 160 Before 160 160 White plays 160 160 After removal Black captures the white chain by playing at a The black stone is not captured because the white stones are removed first providing it with two liberties 160 160 160 160 Before 160 160 Black plays 160 160 After removal Black captures the marked white chain at the edge of the board by playing at a Then White captures the black stone in the corner by playing at b 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 160 Before 160 160 Black plays 160 160 After capture 160 160 White plays 160 160 After capture Here White captures the three marked black chains by playing at a 160 160 160 160 Before 160 160 White plays 160 160 After capture Self capture Edit Step 3 of a play After playing their stone and capturing any opposing stones a player removes from the board any stones of their own color that have no liberties Optional Rule 7A A play is illegal if one or more stones would be removed in Step 3 of that play The removal of one or more stones in Step 3 is called self capture or suicide Most rulesets give effect to Optional Rule 7A which prohibits it This means that in those rulesets any play which under the basic rules would require a self capture to be performed is illegal For further information see 160 Suicide below First an example which it is emphasized does not involve self capture When Black plays at a the capture of the marked white stones results in the black chain at the bottom right acquiring liberties This move is legal with the same result whatever the rules 160 160 160 160 Before 160 160 Black plays 160 160 After capture The previous example shows that it is important that Step 2 of a play capture precedes Step 3 self capture If the order were reversed then self capture would occur here It is not difficult to convince oneself that if a play results in the capture of opposing stones self capture does not occur Now some examples of plays in which self capture occurs These moves would be illegal under the optional rule prohibiting suicide In this example if Black plays at a then the stone played by them is removed immediately This move has the same effect on the position as a pass though it would not allow White to end the game by passing next Rule 9 The move is in any event illegal by Rule 8 This is the positional superko rule This move might be legal under other versions of the superko rule See 160 Repetition below 160 160 160 160 Before 160 160 Black plays 160 160 After self capture violates Rule 8 In the next example Black plays at a resulting in the self capture of the marked black stones 160 160 160 160 Before 160 160 Black plays 160 160 After self capture Ko and Superko Edit Main article Ko fight Rule 8 A play is illegal if it would have the effect after all steps of the play have been completed of creating a position that has occurred previously in the game Though a pass is a kind of move it is not a play Therefore Rule 8 never bars a player from passing One consequence of Rule 8 is the so called ko rule Consequence ko rule One may not play in such a way as to recreate the board position following one s previous move Whereas Rule 8 prohibits repetition of any previous position the ko rule prohibits only immediate repetition The word ko pronounced with a long o is taken from Japanese 劫 kō usually written with katakana コウ and can mean both threat and aeon from the Buddhist kalpa 91 25 93 Rule 8 is known as the positional superko rule The word positional is used to distinguish it from slightly different superko rules that are sometimes used While the ko rule is observed in all forms of go not all rulesets have a superko rule The practical effects of the ko rule and the superko rule are similar situations governed by the superko rule but not by the ko rule arise relatively infrequently For further information see 160 Repetition below The superko rule is designed to ensure the game eventually comes to an end by preventing indefinite repetition of the same positions While its purpose is similar to that of the threefold repetition rule of Western chess it differs from it significantly in nature the superko rule bans moves that would cause repetition whereas Western chess allows such moves as one method of forcing a draw It is more similar to the prohibition of moves which would repeat the position in Chinese Chess Xiangqi The ko rule has important strategic consequences in go Some examples follow in which Rule 8 applies These examples cover only the most important case namely the ko rule The first diagram shows the board immediately after White has played at 1 and it is Black s turn Black captures the marked white stone by playing at a If White responds by capturing at b with 3 the board position is identical to that immediately following White 1 White 3 is therefore prohibited by the ko rule 160 160 160 160 Black to move 160 160 Black captures 160 160 Illegal recapture Another example of ko follows Here Black 3 is illegal by the ko rule 160 160 160 160 White to move 160 160 White captures 160 160 Illegal recapture As noted in the section Self capture Rule 8 prohibits the suicide of a single stone This is something of a triviality since such a move would not be strategically useful Taking it for granted that no suicide of a single stone has occurred the ko rule can be engaged in only one situation Restatement of the ko rule One may not capture just one stone if that stone was played on the previous move and that move also captured just one stone Furthermore this can occur only when one plays in the location at which one s stone was captured in the previous move The two points where consecutive captures might occur but for the ko rule are said to be in ko For example in the first two diagrams above the points a and b are in ko The next two examples involve capture and immediate recapture but the ko rule is not engaged because either the first or second capture takes more than one stone In the first diagram below White must prevent Black from playing at a and does this with 1 in the second diagram Black can capture the three stones in White 1 s group by playing at b Black does this with Black 2 in the third diagram White may recapture Black 2 by playing at a again because the resulting position shown in the fourth diagram has not occurred previously It differs from the position after White 1 by the absence of the two marked white stones img, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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