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Hawaii and the American Civil War

December 03, 2023

After the outbreak of the American Civil War, the Kingdom of Hawaii under King Kamehameha IV declared its neutrality on August 26, 1861.[1][2] However, many Native Hawaiians and Hawaii-born Americans (mainly descendants of the American missionaries), abroad and in the islands, enlisted in the military regiments of various states in the Union and the Confederacy.[3]

Governmental policy edit

 
Kamehameha IV declared Hawaii's neutrality in 1861.

After the outbreak of the American Civil War, Hawaii was concerned with the possibility of attacks by Confederate privateers in the Pacific. There were debates in the Hawaiian government in regards to the best course of action. Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie advocated for a declaration of neutrality, following the one made by the previous king Kamehameha III during the Crimean War in 1854, while King Kamehameha IV and Minister of Finance David L. Gregg feared the diplomatic repercussions of recognizing the belligerent status of the Confederate States of America and were initially reluctant to risk displeasing the United States with any form of recognition of the Confederacy. After the United Kingdom and France declared their neutrality in the conflict, the King, and Gregg relented.[1]

On August 26, 1861, King Kamehameha IV signed the formal proclamation of neutrality:[1]

Be it known to all whom it may concern, that we, Kamehameha IV, King of the Hawaiian Islands, having been officially notified that hostilities are now unhappily pending between the government of the United States and certain States thereof styling themselves "The Confederate States of America," hereby proclaim our neutrality between said contending parties. That our neutrality is to be respected to the full extent of our jurisdiction, and that all captures and seizures made within the same are unlawful, and in violation of our rights as a sovereign. And be it further known that we hereby strictly prohibit all our subjects, and all who reside or may be within our jurisdiction, from engaging, either directly or indirectly, in privateering against the shipping or commerce of either of the contending parties, or of rendering any aid to such enterprises whatever; and all persons so offending will he liable to the penalties imposed by the laws of nations, as well as by the laws of said States, and they will in no wise obtain any protection from us as against any penal consequences which they may incur. Be it further known that no adjudication of prizes will be entertained within our jurisdiction, nor will the sale of goods or other property belonging to prizes be allowed. Be it further known that the rights of asylum are not extended to the privateers or their prizes of either of the contending parties, excepting only in cases of distress or of compulsory delay by stress of weather or dangers, of the sea, or in such cases as may be regulated by treaty stipulation. Given at our marine residence of Kailua this 26th day of August, A. D. 1861, and the seventh of our reign.[4]

A few months before the neutrality proclamation, an American expatriate and businessman, Captain Thomas Spencer, personally funded and drilled a company of infantry composed mostly of Native Hawaiians from Hilo on the island of Hawaii. They were sworn in at a Fourth of July luau hosted by Spencer at his residence in Hilo. These volunteers, dubbed the "Spencer's Invincibles," offered their services to President Lincoln and the Union. However, to avert diplomatic controversy and in defense of the Hawaii's neutrality, King Kamehameha IV and Foreign Minister Wyllie officially denied permission for the men to go as a unit.[5][6][7] When Captain Spencer heard the news, he reportedly burst into tears.[8]

Hawaiian combatants edit

Despite the Hawaiian government's reluctance to be involved in the conflict, many Native Hawaiians and Hawaii-born Americans (mainly descendants of the American missionaries) both abroad and in the islands volunteered and enlisted in the military regiments of various states in the Union and the Confederacy. Individual Native Hawaiians had been serving in the United States Navy and Army since the War of 1812, and even more served during the American Civil War.[9] Many Hawaiians sympathized with the Union because of Hawaii's ties to New England through its missionaries and the whaling industries, and the ideological opposition of many to the institution of slavery, which the Constitution of 1852 had specifically officially outlawed in the Kingdom.[7][10][11] The sons of American missionaries in Hawaii, many studying in American universities, also enlisted; twenty-one were students at Punahou School.[7][12] Notable volunteers from Hawaii include: Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman, Samuel C. Armstrong, Nathaniel Bright Emerson, James Wood Bush, Prince Romerson, and J. R. Kealoha.[7][11][13][14]

 
Naval Enlistments at Boston July 1863 no. 21 John Davis Ord Seaman and no.36 Samuel Davis Ord Seaman, both from Sandwich Islands (Hawaii)

Two mariners on the Boston Massachusetts Naval Rendezvous July 1863 (see thumbnail) list of naval recruits were from Hawaii, listed as the "Sandwich Islands". These Hawaiian sailors are enumerated as John Davis (no. 21) Ordinary Seaman, age 23 and Samuel Jones Ordinary Seaman, age 25 (no. 36), both men are described as born in the Sandwich Islands and as a “Sandwich Islander”.[15]

According to the 2014 survey, researchers have identified 119 documented Native Hawaiian and Hawaii-born combatants from historical records. The exact number still remains unclear because many Hawaiians enlisted and served under Anglicized names and little is known about them due to the lack of detailed records.[14][16]

Legacy edit

 
Memorial plaque for Hawaii Sons of the Civil War in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific, Honolulu

Many veterans of the Civil War are buried in Honolulu's Oʻahu Cemetery, although most of the marked graves belong to veterans from other states who later settled in Hawaii.[17][18] On August 26, 2010, on the anniversary of the signing of the Hawaiian Neutrality Proclamation, a bronze plaque was erected along the memorial pathway at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu recognizing the "Hawaii Sons of the Civil War", the more than one hundred documented Hawaiians who served during the American Civil War for both the Union and the Confederacy.[19][20][21]

In 2013, Todd Ocvirk, Nanette Napoleon, Justin Vance, Anita Manning and others began the process of creating a historical documentary about the individual experiences and stories of Hawaii-born soldiers and sailors of the American Civil War from both the Union and the Confederacy.[22][23][24][25] In 2015, the sesquicentennial of the end of the war, the National Park Service released a publication titled Asians and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War about the service of the large number of combatants of Asian and Pacific Islander descent who fought during the war. The history of Hawaii's involvement and the biographies of Pitman, Bush, Kealoha, and others were co-written by historians Anita Manning, Justin Vance and others.[26]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ a b c Kuykendall 1953, pp. 57–66.
  2. ^ Forbes 2001, pp. 298–299.
  3. ^ National Park Service 2015, pp. 130–163.
  4. ^ Bernard 2009, p. 149.
  5. ^ Dye 1997, p. 77.
  6. ^ National Park Service 2015, pp. 132–135.
  7. ^ a b c d Vance, Justin W.; Manning, Anita (October 2012). "The Effects of the American Civil War on Hawaiʻi and the Pacific World". World History Connected. Champaign, IL: University of Illinois. 9 (3).
  8. ^ Daws 1968, p. 183.
  9. ^ Schmitt 1998, pp. 171–172.
  10. ^ Manning & Vance 2014, pp. 145–170.
  11. ^ a b Smith, Jeffrey Allen (August 13, 2013). "The Civil War and Hawaii". The New York Times: Opinionator. New York.
  12. ^ Damon, Ethel M. (April 1, 1941). . The Friend. Vol. CXI, no. 4. Honolulu. p. 67. Archived from the original on June 4, 2016.
  13. ^ Manning & Vance 2014, pp. 160–163.
  14. ^ a b Davis, Chelsea (October 26, 2014). "Hawaiian Civil War soldier finally recognized". Hawaii News Now.
  15. ^ Sharp, John G. M. Naval Enlistments Boston July 1863 http://www.usgwarchives.net/va/portsmouth/shipyard/enlisboston1863.html accessed 3 February 2020
  16. ^ Punaboy (June 20, 2015). "Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War". Aloha Valley. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  17. ^ Kam 2009, pp. 125–151.
  18. ^ Grzyb 2016, pp. 127–128.
  19. ^ Cole, William (May 31, 2010). "Native Hawaiians served on both sides during Civil War". Honolulu Star-Advertiser. Honolulu.
  20. ^ National Park Service 2015, pp. 161–163.
  21. ^ Schuessler 2012, p. 66.
  22. ^ Murray, Anthony (July 2, 2013). "Sons of the Civil War". Midweek Kauai. Honolulu.
  23. ^ Sodetani, Naomi (February 2013). "Sons of the Civil War". Ka Wai Ola. Vol. 30, no. 2. Honolulu. p. 15.
  24. ^ Ocvirk, Todd (July 31, 2013). "Hawaii Sons of the Civil War – A Documentary Film". Indiegogo. Retrieved August 3, 2015.
  25. ^ Tanaka, Chris (September 20, 2013). "Hawaii's little known role in the Civil War". Hawaii News Now. Honolulu.
  26. ^ Hawaiʻi Pacific University (July 15, 2015). . HPU News. Archived from the original on July 20, 2015.

Bibliography edit

  • Bernard, Mountague (2009). The Neutrality of Great Britain during the American Civil War. Bedford, MA: Applewood Books. ISBN 978-1-4290-1642-1. OCLC 316824474.
  • Daws, Gavan (1968). Shoal of Time: A History of the Hawaiian Islands. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0324-7. OCLC 45815755.
  • Dye, Bob (1997). Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-1772-5. OCLC 247424976.
  • Forbes, David W., ed. (2001). Hawaiian National Bibliography, Vol 3: 1851–1880. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-2503-4. OCLC 314293370.
  • Grzyb, Frank L. (2016). The Last Civil War Veterans: The Lives of the Final Survivors, State by State. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4766-2488-4. OCLC 934885367.
  • Kam, Ralph Thomas (2009). "Commemorating the Grand Army of the Republic in Hawaiʻi: 1882–1930". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 43: 125–151. hdl:10524/12242.
  • Kuykendall, Ralph Simpson (1953). The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years. Vol. 2. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-87022-432-4. OCLC 47010821.
  • Manning, Anita; Vance, Justin W. (2014). "Hawaiʻi at Home During the American Civil War". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 47: 145–170. hdl:10524/47259.
  • Schmitt, Robert C. (1998). "Hawaiʻi's War Veterans and Battle Deaths". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 32: 171–174. hdl:10524/521.
  • Schuessler, Mark (January 2012). "A Surprising Civil War Dedication". American Digger. Acworth, GA: Greybird Publishing. 8 (1): 66.
  • Shively, Carol A., ed. (2015). "Pacific Islanders and the Civil War". Asians and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War (PDF). Washington, D. C.: National Park Service. pp. 130–163. ISBN 978-1-59091-167-9. OCLC 904731668.

Further reading edit

  • Manning, Anita (2013). "Keaupuni: A Hawaiian Sailor's Odyssey". Hawaiian Journal of History. Honolulu: Hawaiian Historical Society. 47: 87–102. hdl:10524/36267. OCLC 60626541.
  • Moniz, Wayne (2014). Pukoko: A Hawaiian in the American Civil War. Wailuku, HI: Pūnāwai Press. ISBN 978-0-9791507-4-6.
  • Rogers, Charles T., ed. (January 1884). "Hawaii's Contribution to the War for the Union". The Hawaiian Monthly. Vol. 1, no. 1. Honolulu: Printed at the Hawaiian Gazette Office. pp. 2–4. OCLC 616847011.

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kingdom of Hawaii and the American Civil War.
  • Foenander, Terry; Milligan, Edward; et al. (March 2015). "Asians and Pacific Islanders in the Civil War" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  • Foenander, Terry; Milligan, Edward; et al. (March 2015). "Hawaiians in the Civil War" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  • Hawaii's involvement in the Civil War, Town Square, Hawaii Public Radio February 13, 2017, at the Wayback Machine (audio) - By Beth-Ann Kozlovich, July 4, 2013, interview with Anita Manning, Nanette Napoleon and Justin Vance.
  • . Hawaiʻi Sons of The Civil War. Archived from the original on August 14, 2016. Retrieved August 2, 2015.
  • Von Buol, Peter (October–November 2016). "On Foreign Fields". Hana Hou!. Vol. 19, no. 5. Honolulu. Retrieved August 11, 2018.

December 03, 2023
hawaii, american, civil, after, outbreak, american, civil, kingdom, hawaii, under, king, kamehameha, declared, neutrality, august, 1861, however, many, native, hawaiians, hawaii, born, americans, mainly, descendants, american, missionaries, abroad, islands, en. After the outbreak of the American Civil War the Kingdom of Hawaii under King Kamehameha IV declared its neutrality on August 26 1861 1 2 However many Native Hawaiians and Hawaii born Americans mainly descendants of the American missionaries abroad and in the islands enlisted in the military regiments of various states in the Union and the Confederacy 3 Contents 1 Governmental policy 2 Hawaiian combatants 3 Legacy 4 See also 5 References 6 Bibliography 7 Further reading 8 External linksGovernmental policy edit nbsp Kamehameha IV declared Hawaii s neutrality in 1861 After the outbreak of the American Civil War Hawaii was concerned with the possibility of attacks by Confederate privateers in the Pacific There were debates in the Hawaiian government in regards to the best course of action Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Crichton Wyllie advocated for a declaration of neutrality following the one made by the previous king Kamehameha III during the Crimean War in 1854 while King Kamehameha IV and Minister of Finance David L Gregg feared the diplomatic repercussions of recognizing the belligerent status of the Confederate States of America and were initially reluctant to risk displeasing the United States with any form of recognition of the Confederacy After the United Kingdom and France declared their neutrality in the conflict the King and Gregg relented 1 On August 26 1861 King Kamehameha IV signed the formal proclamation of neutrality 1 Be it known to all whom it may concern that we Kamehameha IV King of the Hawaiian Islands having been officially notified that hostilities are now unhappily pending between the government of the United States and certain States thereof styling themselves The Confederate States of America hereby proclaim our neutrality between said contending parties That our neutrality is to be respected to the full extent of our jurisdiction and that all captures and seizures made within the same are unlawful and in violation of our rights as a sovereign And be it further known that we hereby strictly prohibit all our subjects and all who reside or may be within our jurisdiction from engaging either directly or indirectly in privateering against the shipping or commerce of either of the contending parties or of rendering any aid to such enterprises whatever and all persons so offending will he liable to the penalties imposed by the laws of nations as well as by the laws of said States and they will in no wise obtain any protection from us as against any penal consequences which they may incur Be it further known that no adjudication of prizes will be entertained within our jurisdiction nor will the sale of goods or other property belonging to prizes be allowed Be it further known that the rights of asylum are not extended to the privateers or their prizes of either of the contending parties excepting only in cases of distress or of compulsory delay by stress of weather or dangers of the sea or in such cases as may be regulated by treaty stipulation Given at our marine residence of Kailua this 26th day of August A D 1861 and the seventh of our reign 4 A few months before the neutrality proclamation an American expatriate and businessman Captain Thomas Spencer personally funded and drilled a company of infantry composed mostly of Native Hawaiians from Hilo on the island of Hawaii They were sworn in at a Fourth of July luau hosted by Spencer at his residence in Hilo These volunteers dubbed the Spencer s Invincibles offered their services to President Lincoln and the Union However to avert diplomatic controversy and in defense of the Hawaii s neutrality King Kamehameha IV and Foreign Minister Wyllie officially denied permission for the men to go as a unit 5 6 7 When Captain Spencer heard the news he reportedly burst into tears 8 Hawaiian combatants editDespite the Hawaiian government s reluctance to be involved in the conflict many Native Hawaiians and Hawaii born Americans mainly descendants of the American missionaries both abroad and in the islands volunteered and enlisted in the military regiments of various states in the Union and the Confederacy Individual Native Hawaiians had been serving in the United States Navy and Army since the War of 1812 and even more served during the American Civil War 9 Many Hawaiians sympathized with the Union because of Hawaii s ties to New England through its missionaries and the whaling industries and the ideological opposition of many to the institution of slavery which the Constitution of 1852 had specifically officially outlawed in the Kingdom 7 10 11 The sons of American missionaries in Hawaii many studying in American universities also enlisted twenty one were students at Punahou School 7 12 Notable volunteers from Hawaii include Henry Hoʻolulu Pitman Samuel C Armstrong Nathaniel Bright Emerson James Wood Bush Prince Romerson and J R Kealoha 7 11 13 14 nbsp Naval Enlistments at Boston July 1863 no 21 John Davis Ord Seaman and no 36 Samuel Davis Ord Seaman both from Sandwich Islands Hawaii Two mariners on the Boston Massachusetts Naval Rendezvous July 1863 see thumbnail list of naval recruits were from Hawaii listed as the Sandwich Islands These Hawaiian sailors are enumerated as John Davis no 21 Ordinary Seaman age 23 and Samuel Jones Ordinary Seaman age 25 no 36 both men are described as born in the Sandwich Islands and as a Sandwich Islander 15 According to the 2014 survey researchers have identified 119 documented Native Hawaiian and Hawaii born combatants from historical records The exact number still remains unclear because many Hawaiians enlisted and served under Anglicized names and little is known about them due to the lack of detailed records 14 16 Legacy edit nbsp Memorial plaque for Hawaii Sons of the Civil War in the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific HonoluluMany veterans of the Civil War are buried in Honolulu s Oʻahu Cemetery although most of the marked graves belong to veterans from other states who later settled in Hawaii 17 18 On August 26 2010 on the anniversary of the signing of the Hawaiian Neutrality Proclamation a bronze plaque was erected along the memorial pathway at the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific in Honolulu recognizing the Hawaii Sons of the Civil War the more than one hundred documented Hawaiians who served during the American Civil War for both the Union and the Confederacy 19 20 21 In 2013 Todd Ocvirk Nanette Napoleon Justin Vance Anita Manning and others began the process of creating a historical documentary about the individual experiences and stories of Hawaii born soldiers and sailors of the American Civil War from both the Union and the Confederacy 22 23 24 25 In 2015 the sesquicentennial of the end of the war the National Park Service released a publication titled Asians and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War about the service of the large number of combatants of Asian and Pacific Islander descent who fought during the war The history of Hawaii s involvement and the biographies of Pitman Bush Kealoha and others were co written by historians Anita Manning Justin Vance and others 26 See also editKingdom of Hawaii United States relationsReferences edit a b c Kuykendall 1953 pp 57 66 Forbes 2001 pp 298 299 National Park Service 2015 pp 130 163 Bernard 2009 p 149 Dye 1997 p 77 National Park Service 2015 pp 132 135 a b c d Vance Justin W Manning Anita October 2012 The Effects of the American Civil War on Hawaiʻi and the Pacific World World History Connected Champaign IL University of Illinois 9 3 Daws 1968 p 183 Schmitt 1998 pp 171 172 Manning amp Vance 2014 pp 145 170 a b Smith Jeffrey Allen August 13 2013 The Civil War and Hawaii The New York Times Opinionator New York Damon Ethel M April 1 1941 Punahou Volunteers of 1863 The Friend Vol CXI no 4 Honolulu p 67 Archived from the original on June 4 2016 Manning amp Vance 2014 pp 160 163 a b Davis Chelsea October 26 2014 Hawaiian Civil War soldier finally recognized Hawaii News Now Sharp John G M Naval Enlistments Boston July 1863 http www usgwarchives net va portsmouth shipyard enlisboston1863 html accessed 3 February 2020 Punaboy June 20 2015 Hawaiʻi Sons of the Civil War Aloha Valley Retrieved August 3 2015 Kam 2009 pp 125 151 Grzyb 2016 pp 127 128 Cole William May 31 2010 Native Hawaiians served on both sides during Civil War Honolulu Star Advertiser Honolulu National Park Service 2015 pp 161 163 Schuessler 2012 p 66 Murray Anthony July 2 2013 Sons of the Civil War Midweek Kauai Honolulu Sodetani Naomi February 2013 Sons of the Civil War Ka Wai Ola Vol 30 no 2 Honolulu p 15 Ocvirk Todd July 31 2013 Hawaii Sons of the Civil War A Documentary Film Indiegogo Retrieved August 3 2015 Tanaka Chris September 20 2013 Hawaii s little known role in the Civil War Hawaii News Now Honolulu Hawaiʻi Pacific University July 15 2015 HPU partners with National Park Service Hawaii Civil War Round Table for July 17 talk HPU News Archived from the original on July 20 2015 Bibliography editBernard Mountague 2009 The Neutrality of Great Britain during the American Civil War Bedford MA Applewood Books ISBN 978 1 4290 1642 1 OCLC 316824474 Daws Gavan 1968 Shoal of Time A History of the Hawaiian Islands Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 0324 7 OCLC 45815755 Dye Bob 1997 Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains Afong and the Chinese in Hawaiʻi Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 1772 5 OCLC 247424976 Forbes David W ed 2001 Hawaiian National Bibliography Vol 3 1851 1880 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 8248 2503 4 OCLC 314293370 Grzyb Frank L 2016 The Last Civil War Veterans The Lives of the Final Survivors State by State Jefferson NC McFarland amp Company Inc Publishers ISBN 978 1 4766 2488 4 OCLC 934885367 Kam Ralph Thomas 2009 Commemorating the Grand Army of the Republic in Hawaiʻi 1882 1930 Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 43 125 151 hdl 10524 12242 Kuykendall Ralph Simpson 1953 The Hawaiian Kingdom 1854 1874 Twenty Critical Years Vol 2 Honolulu University of Hawaii Press ISBN 978 0 87022 432 4 OCLC 47010821 Manning Anita Vance Justin W 2014 Hawaiʻi at Home During the American Civil War Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 47 145 170 hdl 10524 47259 Schmitt Robert C 1998 Hawaiʻi s War Veterans and Battle Deaths Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 32 171 174 hdl 10524 521 Schuessler Mark January 2012 A Surprising Civil War Dedication American Digger Acworth GA Greybird Publishing 8 1 66 Shively Carol A ed 2015 Pacific Islanders and the Civil War Asians and Pacific Islanders and the Civil War PDF Washington D C National Park Service pp 130 163 ISBN 978 1 59091 167 9 OCLC 904731668 Further reading editManning Anita 2013 Keaupuni A Hawaiian Sailor s Odyssey Hawaiian Journal of History Honolulu Hawaiian Historical Society 47 87 102 hdl 10524 36267 OCLC 60626541 Moniz Wayne 2014 Pukoko A Hawaiian in the American Civil War Wailuku HI Punawai Press ISBN 978 0 9791507 4 6 Rogers Charles T ed January 1884 Hawaii s Contribution to the War for the Union The Hawaiian Monthly Vol 1 no 1 Honolulu Printed at the Hawaiian Gazette Office pp 2 4 OCLC 616847011 External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kingdom of Hawaii and the American Civil War Foenander Terry Milligan Edward et al March 2015 Asians and Pacific Islanders in the Civil War PDF National Park Service Retrieved August 2 2015 Foenander Terry Milligan Edward et al March 2015 Hawaiians in the Civil War PDF National Park Service Retrieved August 2 2015 Hawaii s involvement in the Civil War Town Square Hawaii Public Radio Archived February 13 2017 at the Wayback Machine audio By Beth Ann Kozlovich July 4 2013 interview with Anita Manning Nanette Napoleon and Justin Vance Hawaiʻi Sons of The Civil War A Documentary Film Hawaiʻi Sons of The Civil War Archived from the original on August 14 2016 Retrieved August 2 2015 Von Buol Peter October November 2016 On Foreign Fields Hana Hou Vol 19 no 5 Honolulu Retrieved August 11 2018 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Hawaii and the American Civil War amp oldid 1136487662, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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