fbpx
Wikipedia

Kh-55

January 10, 2023

"Х-55" redirects here. For similar topics, see X55 (disambiguation).

The Kh-55 (Russian: Х-55[note 1], also known as RKV-500; NATO reporting name: AS-15 "Kent") is a Soviet/Russian subsonic air-launched cruise missile, designed by MKB Raduga in the 1970s. It has a range of up to 2,500 km (1,350 nmi) and can carry nuclear warheads. Kh-55 is launched exclusively from bomber aircraft and has spawned a number of conventionally armed variants mainly for tactical use, such as the Kh-65SE and Kh-SD, but only the Kh-101 and Kh-555 appear to have been put into service. Contrary to popular belief, the Kh-55 was not the basis of the submarine and ground-launched S-10 Granat or RK-55 Relief (SS-N-21 "Sampson" and SSC-X-4 "Slingshot") designed by NPO Novator. The RK-55 is very similar to the air-launched Kh-55 (AS-15 "Kent") but the Kh-55 has a drop-down turbofan engine and was designed by MKB Raduga.

Kh-55/65/101/102/555
AS-15 Kent
Kh-55 in the Ukrainian Air Force Museum
TypeAir-launched cruise missile
Place of originSoviet Union
Service history
In service1983–present
Used byRussia, China, Iran
WarsSyrian Civil War[1]
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine[2]
Production history
Designed1971–1981
ManufacturerRaduga OKB, KhAZ (Kharkiv), Novator (MZiK) & NPP Temp (Eka) NPO Strela (Oren), else
Unit costKh-101/X-101: $13 million[3]
Produced1981
Specifications
Mass1,650 kg (3,640 lb) (Kh-65SE)[4]
2,400 kg (5,300 lb) (Kh-101)[5]
Length604 cm (19 ft 10 in) (Kh-65SE)[4]
745 cm (24 ft 5 in) (Kh-101)[5]
Diameter51.4 cm (20.2 in) (Kh-55/Kh-55SM)
WarheadThermonuclear weapon or Conventional warhead
Blast yield200kt Nuclear (Kh-55/Kh-55SM)
EngineR95TP-300 Turbofan[6]/turbofan (Kh-55/Kh-55SM)
360-400 kgf (Kh-55/Kh-55SM)
Wingspan310 cm (122.0 in) (Kh-55/Kh-55SM)
Propellantjet fuel
Operational
range
2,500 km (1,300 nmi) (Kh-55)
3,000 km (1,600 nmi) (Kh-55SM)
600 km (320 nmi) (Kh-65SE)[4]
300 km, later 600 km (Kh-SD)[4]
Flight altitudeunder 110 m/300 ft
Maximum speed Mach 0.75 (KH-SD)[4]
Mach 0.6-0.78 (Kh-101)[5]
Guidance
system
inertial guidance with Doppler radar/terrain map updates; Kh-SD had a TC/IIR terminal guidance system, and an alternative active radar homing seeker was proposed
Launch
platform
Tu-95MS, Tu-160, Su-34[7]

Development

In the late 1960s, the "Ekho" study conducted by the GosNIIAS institute concluded that it would be more effective to deploy many small, subsonic cruise missiles than the much more expensive supersonic missiles then in favour.[8] Work started at the Raduga bureau on an air-launched cruise missile in 1971, with a first test flight in 1976.[9] The appearance of the US Air Force's AGM-86 ALCM in that year gave further impetus to the programme, with the Soviet Air Force issuing a formal requirement for a new air-launched cruise missile in December 1976.[8] The longer-range Kh-55SM was developed a few years after the original went into service. In the late 1980s work began on a replacement missile with either conventional (Kh-101/X-101) or nuclear (Kh-102) warheads[7] and greater stealth. It was designed by Igor Seleznyev of Raduga.[5] The importance of advanced missiles as "force multipliers" increased as Russia's fleet of available cruise-missile bombers declined in the early 1990s.[10] The cancellation of the ambitious Kh-90 ramjet missile due to INF Treaty in 1987 led to a renewed emphasis on improving the Kh-55, in particular to achieve the <20 m accuracy required to hit infrastructure targets with conventional – as opposed to nuclear – warheads. The first flight of the Kh-101 was in 1998, and evaluation trials started in 2000.[7]

After the end of the Cold War and anti-proliferation treaties restricting the deployment of long-range nuclear missiles, the Russians made efforts to develop tactical versions of the Kh-55 with conventional warheads. First came the 600 km-range Kh-65SE (derived from the Kh-55) announced in 1992, then the 300 km-range Kh-SD tactical version of the Kh-101 for export, and finally the Kh-555.[4] In 2001 the Russian Air Force are believed to have selected the Kh-101 and Kh-555 for development.[4]

A 1995 Russian document suggested that a complete production facility had been transferred to Shanghai, for the development of a nuclear-armed cruise missile. Originally it was thought that this was based on the 300 km-range Raduga Kh-15 (AS-16 "Kickback"), but it now appears that it was the Kh-55 that was transferred to China.[11]

Kh-101/102 (X-101/102)

Kh-101 launch by Tu-160 in Syria

Kh-101/102 is the latest development of the Kh-55, incorporating a low radar cross-section of about 0.01 square meters.[12] The Kh-101/102 is specifically designed for air-launch, abandoning the circular fuselage cross-section of the Kh-55 for a nose and forward fuselage section aerodynamically shaped to produce lift. It is 7.45 m (24.4 ft) long with a launch weight of 2,200–2,400 kg (4,900–5,300 lb), and is equipped with a 400 kg (880 lb) high-explosive, penetrating, or cluster warhead, or a 250 kt nuclear warhead for the Kh-102. The missile is powered by a TRDD-50A turbojet producing 450 kgf of thrust to cruise at 700–720 km/h (Mach 0.57 – Mach 0.59) with a maximum speed of 970 km/h (Mach 0.79) while flying 30–70 m above the ground, and hit fixed targets using a pre-downloaded digital map for terrain following and GLONASS/INS for trajectory correction to achieve accuracy of 6–10 meters; it is claimed to be able to hit small moving targets such as vehicles using a terminal electro-optical sensor or imaging infrared system. Range estimates vary from 2,000 km (1,200 mi), to 4,500–5,500 km (2,800–3,400 mi). With a flight endurance of 10 hours; long range is essential since Russia has few bases abroad and cannot provide distant fighter escorts. The Tu-95MS can carry eight of the weapons on four under-wing pylons, and the Tu-160 can be outfitted with two drum launchers each loaded with six missiles, but the smaller Tu-22M3 will continue to carry the Kh-55, although it can also carry the Kh-101/Kh-102. The missiles are equipped with an onboard EW defence system as of late 2018.[13][14][15][16][17] The first tests were conducted in 1995 and the missile was accepted for service in 2012.[18]

The Kh-101 missile is estimated to cost US$13 million.[3]

Design

 
R-95-300 turbofan

It is powered by a single 400 kgf Ukrainian-made, Motor Sich JSC R95-300 turbofan engine, with pop-out wings for cruising efficiency. It can be launched from both high and low altitudes, and flies at subsonic speeds at low levels (under 110 m/300 ft altitude). After launch, the missile's folded wings, tail surfaces and engine deploy. It is guided through a combination of an inertial guidance system plus a terrain contour-matching guidance system which uses radar and images stored in the memory of an onboard computer to find its target. This allows the missile to guide itself to the target with a high degree of accuracy.

The original Kh-55 had a drop-down engine; the Kh-65SE had a fixed external turbojet engine, while the Kh-SD had its engine inside the body of the missile. Production versions in 2013 were equipped with the increased-power 450 kgf Russian-made NPO Saturn TRDD-50A engine.[19]

In the nuclear role, Kh-55 carries a 200 kilotonnes of TNT (840 TJ) warhead designed TK66, with a warhead weight of 130 kilograms (290 lb). The mass-size simulator for the warhead is designated KTS-120-12.[20]

Operational history

 
A Tu-160 bomber launching a Kh-101 cruise missile against targets in Syria, November 2015

The original Kh-55 entered service on 31 December 1983.[21] The Kh-55SM followed in 1987.[9] The conventionally armed Kh-55SE was flight tested on 13 January 2000, and first used in exercises over the Black Sea 17–22 April 2000.[22] The Kh-555 is thought to have entered service in 2004, the first pictures of the Kh-101 appeared in 2007.[23][24]

The Kh-55 can be carried by the Tu-95MS (NATO "Bear-H")[9] and Tu-142M (NATO "Bear-F"),[9] and the Kh-55SM is carried by the Tupolev Tu-160 "White Swan" (NATO "Blackjack").[9] Sixteen Kh-55's can be carried by the Tu-95MS16 variant, ten on underwing hardpoints and six on an MKU-5-6 rotary launcher.[24] The missile was also tested on the Tu-22M (NATO "Backfire") bombers.[9]

The Kh-SD tactical version was to have been carried by the Tu-95MS (fourteen missiles) and the Tu-22M (eight missiles).[4] The Kh-101 is expected to be carried by the Tu-160 (twelve missiles), Tu-95MS16 (eight missiles), Tu-22M3 (four missiles) and Su-34 (two missiles).[7]

The end of the Cold War left Ukraine with 1,612 Kh-55s, part of the armament of the 19 Tu-160s of the 184th Heavy Bomber Regiment at Pryluky and the 25 Tu-95MSs of the 182nd Heavy Bomber Regiment at Uzin-Shepelovka.[25] It was reported that Ukraine demanded US$3 billion for the return of the planes and their missiles to Russia.[25] In October 1999, a compromise was reached that saw Russia pay US$285 million for eight Tu-160 and three Tu-95MS bombers and 575 Kh-55 cruise missiles,[25] while the rest were meant to be destroyed under U.S.-led Nunn–Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction programme.[26] However, in March 2005 Ukraine's prosecutor-general Sviatoslav Piskun said that in 2001, twelve Kh-55s had been exported to Iran in a deal said to be worth US$49.5 million,[27] and an additional six Kh-55s were exported to China.[26] In March 2015, Iran subsequently revealed the existence of the Soumar cruise missile.[28]

Syrian Civil War

In the course of the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War on 17 November 2015, Russian Defence Ministry reported that Tupolev Tu-95MS and Tupolev Tu-160 strategic bombers launched a total of 34 air-launched cruise missiles against 14 ISIL targets in Syria.[29][30] While the Tu-95MS used the Kh-55 cruise missiles,[31] the Tu-160 were equipped with the stealthy Kh-101 variant in their first combat use.[30][32][33][34]

Video showing Russian TU-95MS launching Kh-101 cruise missiles in September 2017 at targets in northern Syria.

Russian news agency TASS reported on 17 November 2016 that modernized Tu-95MS armed with Kh-555 and Kh-101 air-launched cruise missiles had launched airstrikes against targets described as terrorist in Syria.[35][36]

On 17 February 2017, Tu-95MS strategic bombers, flying from the Russian territory through the airspace of Iran and Iraq, attacked purported ISIL facilities near the Syrian city of Raqqa with the Kh-101 cruise missiles. The targets included purported militant camps and training centers as well as a command center of a major ISIL unit.[citation needed] Russian Tu-95MS long-range bombers struck ISIL targets in Syria again on 5 July 2017, at a range of about 1,000 kilometers.[37] On 26 September 2017, Russia's Tu-95MS strategic bombers carried out further missile strikes with Kh-101 on ISIL and the Syrian branch of al-Qaeda (now known as Hayat Tahrir al-Sham) in the provinces of Idlib and Deir Ezzor.[38]

2022 invasion of Ukraine

The Kh-101 has been used extensively in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. US Department of Defense sources said that they experienced a not-insignificant failure rate: "either they're failing to launch, or they're failing to hit the target, or they're failing to explode on contact.".[2] Ukraine at War: Paving the Road from Survival to Victory,[39] a July 2022 study published by the UK Royal United Services Institute (RUSI) for Defense and Security Studies, disagrees, according to testimonies from Ukrainian military specialists and inspection of missile components, saying "Briefings by the Pentagon have reported that a large number of Russian cruise missiles fail to either find their targets or malfunction and crash in flight. As far as Ukrainian military scientists can determine, this is actually quite rare."

On 6 March 2022, about eight Kh-101 cruise missiles launched by Tu-160 and Tu-95MS strategic bombers from over the Black Sea targeted the Havryshivka Vinnytsia International Airport.[40]

On 14 September 2022, Ukrainian MoD reported Russian forces used eight Kh-101 cruise missiles, probably from Tu-95MS bombers, to target various hydraulic structures in Kryvyi Rih. This caused the water level of the Inhulets river to rise sharply.[41] Previously it was reported that Kh-22 missiles had been used.[42]

The UK Ministry of Defence said in November 2022 that it appeared that Russian forces, due to very much depleted weapons stores, were firing old AS-15 Kent cruise missiles with the nuclear warheads apparently replaced by inert ballast, hoping merely to distract Ukrainian air defenses.[43] However the missiles can still pose a serious risk due to their kinetic energy and any unspent fuel left in the missile that might explode. [44]

Variants

  • Kh-55 (NATO "Kent-A", RKV-500A, Izdeliye 120) - original model with 2,500 km range.
  • Kh-55-OK - with optical guidance.
  • Kh-55SM (NATO "Kent-B", RKV-500B, Izdeliye 121) - with extra fuel tanks to extend range to 3000 km.
  • Kh-101/102 (Izdeliye 111) - developed as a stealthy replacement for the Kh-55SM in the late 1990s, the Kh-101 has a conventional warhead and the Kh-102 is thermonuclear.[7] This missile weighs some 2,200 - 2,400 kg, the weight of warhead is 400–450 kg. According to reports, the Kh-101 has a maximum range of 4500–5500 km[45] and a variable flight profile at altitudes ranging from 30 – 70 m to 6000 m, a cruising speed of 190–200 m/s and a maximum speed of 250–270 m/s. The missile is equipped with an electro-optical system for correcting the flight trajectory and with a TV guidance system for terminal guidance.[7][46] Its official range is 4,500 km or 3,000 km with a conventional payload. It is re-targetable.[47][48] The missiles are expected to be accurate within 10–20 m CEP.[45] They are expected to be in service in required numbers by 2023. The new missile complex has been successfully tested and in recent years put into series production[49] to equip modernized Tu-160[50] and Tu-95MSM bombers.[citation needed]
  • Kh-65SE - tactical version announced in 1992 with 410 kg conventional warhead and restricted to the 600 km range[9] limit (expired on 2.8.2019) of the INF treaty.
  • Kh-55/65SD (средней дальности Srednei Dalnosti - "Medium Range") - 300 km range conventional version announced in 1995, possibly for export. Shared components with the Kh-101, range reportedly increased to 600 km with a high-altitude approach, but the Kh-SD was apparently shelved in 2001.[4] An alternative active radar seeker was proposed for anti-shipping use.
  • Kh-555 (NATO "Kent-C", Kh-55SE, Kh-55Sh)[9] - conventionally armed version with an improved guidance system and warhead. It became operational in 2000.[22] Entered service in 2004.[23]
  • Kh-BD conventional and nuclear armed version with said range up to 3000 km or greater, near or more than 5000 km range.[51]
  • Kh-50 or Kh-SD new stealthy short to medium (300 to 1500–1900 km) ranges and conventional (or also nuclear) variant (somewhat analogue of AGM-158 JASSM). Length is 6m, Uses inertial/GLONASS/DSMAC guidance[52][53]
  • Soumar - Missile likely derived from the Kh-55 produced by Iran.

It was believed originally that the RK-55 (SSC-X-4 "Slingshot" and SS-N-21 "Sampson") were land- and submarine-launched derivatives of the Kh-55, but it is now known that the Kh-55 is different from the other two as its motor drops down below the missile during flight.[9]

Operators

Current operators

Former operators

See also

  • 3M-54 Kalibr – developed from the Kh-55
  • RK-55 – so similar to the Kh-55 it was long believed in the West to be merely a sub-/surface-launched version
  • AGM-86 Air-Launched Cruise Missile – 1430 kg missile with 2400+ km range, Mach 0.73
  • AGM-129 ACM (Advanced Cruise Missile – stealthy 1330 kg missile with 3700 km range) (decommissioned)
  • Ra'ad ALCM - Comparable Pakistani missile of similar operational history
  • BGM-109 Tomahawk – surface/sub- launched, but otherwise similar to the Kh-55
  • Nirbhay (India) – Nirbhay is an all-weather low-cost medium-range cruise missile
  • CJ-10 – Chinese land-attack cruise missile, believed to have incorporated elements from the Kh-55
  • Soumar – Iranian land-attack cruise missile
  • Babur missile Pakistani missile
  • Korshun – Ukrainian land-attack cruise missile in development

Notes

  1. ^ The cyrillic letter "Kha" is in English transcribed as either Kh or X, so Kh series missiles may appear in some texts as X-55, X-65, X-101 and so on.

References

  1. ^ "25 Russian long-range strategic bombers in action over Syria for the very first time". Theaviationist.com. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  2. ^ a b Douglas Barrie (1 April 2022). "Ukraine: Russia's air-launched cruise missiles coming up short". The International Institute for Strategic Studies. Retrieved 15 September 2022.
  3. ^ a b Landa, Volodymyr; Gnenny, Konstantin. "Росія за вихідні випустила по Україні ракет вартістю близько $200 млн. Оцінка Forbes" [Over the weekend, Russia launched missiles worth about $200 million over Ukraine]. Forbes Ukraine (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 19 September 2022.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i , Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, 9 September 2008, archived from the original on 4 June 2009, retrieved 6 February 2009
  5. ^ a b c d , Jane's Defence Weekly, 19 August 1995, archived from the original on 4 June 2009
  6. ^ "ОАО "АМНТК "Союз"". www.amntksoyuz.ru.
  7. ^ a b c d e f , Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, 8 September 2008, archived from the original on 4 August 2008, retrieved 6 February 2009
  8. ^ a b , Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 1 August 2008, archived from the original on 4 June 2009, retrieved 6 February 2009
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i , Jane's Strategic Weapon Systems, 9 September 2008, archived from the original on 4 February 2009, retrieved 6 February 2009
  10. ^ , Jane's Air-Launched Weapons, 28 July 2008, archived from the original on 4 June 2009, retrieved 6 February 2009
  11. ^ , Jane's Defence Weekly, 12 January 2000, archived from the original on 5 February 2009
  12. ^ "Russian Heavy Bomber Force Overview - NTI". Nti.org. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  13. ^ Russia to field Kh-101 cruise missile next year - Flightglobal.com, 27 September 2012
  14. ^ Ready for War: Russia's Stealthy Kh-101 Cruise Missile Debuts in Syria - Nationalinterest.org, 18 November 2015
  15. ^ Russian bombers deploy Kh-101 cruise missiles over Syria - Flightglobal.com, 19 November 2015
  16. ^ Latest Russian Strikes on Syria Employ New Cruise Missile - Ainonline.com, 20 November 2015
  17. ^ Tactical Missiles Corporation plans to upgrade Kh-101 cruise missile - Airrecognition.com, 18 August 2016
  18. ^ "Х-101/102, крылатые ракеты". Arms-expo.ru. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  19. ^ Константин, UEC-Saturn, Соколов (15 July 2013). "ПАО "ОДК-САТУРН"". Npo-saturn.ru.
  20. ^ "Russia begins using Soviet-era Kh-55 missiles that are capable of carrying a nuclear warhead – General Staff". Ukraine Military News. 2 December 2022. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  21. ^ . Ktrv.ru. Archived from the original on 6 August 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  22. ^ a b , Jane's Missiles and Rockets, 24 May 2000, archived from the original on 2 February 2009
  23. ^ a b "В России прошли испытания высокоточной ракеты Х-555, которая "попадает прямо в окно"". NEWSru.com. 26 May 2005. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  24. ^ a b , Jane's Defence Systems News, 22 October 2007, archived from the original on 25 February 2008, retrieved 6 February 2009
  25. ^ a b c , Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 March 2000, archived from the original on 2 February 2009
  26. ^ a b c d e Warner, Tom (18 March 2005), , Financial Times, archived from the original on 15 March 2008
  27. ^ C Kopp (27 January 2014) [Originally published 2005, updated several times]. Bypassing the NMD - the Cruise Missile Proliferation Problem (Report). Asia Pacific Defence Reporter. APA-TR-2007-0708 – via Air Power Australia.
  28. ^ Pfeffer, Anshel (8 March 2015). "Iran Unveils New Long-range Cruise Missile". Haaretz.
  29. ^ Video on YouTube[dead link]
  30. ^ a b Larrinaga, Nicholas (17 November 2015). "Russia launches long-range air sorties into Syria". IHS Jane's Defence Weekly. IHS Jane's 360. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  31. ^ Video on YouTube
  32. ^ "Russian bombers deploy Kh-101 cruise missiles over Syria". Flightglobal.com. 19 November 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  33. ^ Video on YouTube
  34. ^ Video on YouTube
  35. ^ "Russian bombers deliver strike at terrorist strongholds in Syria — Defense Ministry". TASS. 17 November 2016.
  36. ^ "Russia's Tupolev-95MSM bomber delivers first-ever strike on mission to Syria". TASS. 17 November 2016.
  37. ^ "Dismantling of ISIS's objects by cruise missiles X-101 of strategic missile carriers Tu-95MS". Russian Defence Ministry. 5 July 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2020 – via YouTube.
  38. ^ "Нанесение авиаударов Ту-95МС крылатыми ракетами Х-101 по объектам ИГИЛ в Сирии". Russian Defence Ministry. 26 September 2017. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 12 January 2020 – via YouTube.
  39. ^ Watling, Jack; Reynolds, Nick (4 July 2022). Ukraine at War - Paving the Road from Survival to Victory (PDF) (Report). Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies (RUSI).
  40. ^ "Missile strikes on Vinnytsia airfield launched from Black Sea". ukrinform.net. 6 March 2022. Retrieved 20 September 2022.
  41. ^ "Russian missile strike damaged hydraulic structures in Kryvyi Rih". mil.in.ua. 14 September 2022.
  42. ^ "Water level of Ukraine's river Inhulets rises after Russia strikes hydraulic structures of Kryvyi Rih". Novaya Gazeta. 14 September 2022.
  43. ^ "Russia firing ageing cruise missiles because stocks are depleted, MoD suggests". The Guardian. 26 November 2022.
  44. ^ Sakshi Tiwari (2 December 2022). "Russia 'Drains Out' NASAMS, Hawk, IRIS-T Missile Defense Systems; Ukraine Urges US For Patriot Batteries". EurAsian Times.
  45. ^ a b "Kh-55 - Missile Threat". Missilethreat.csis.org. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  46. ^ "ЦАМТО / Новости / Сводка боевых действий ВКС России в Сирии за 8 декабря". armstrade.org. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  47. ^ "Шойгу рассказал о применении в Сирии новейших крылатых ракет X-101". Военно-промышленный курьер. 6 October 2016. from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  48. ^ "Russian expert on accuracy of Kh-101 cruise missiles used against terrorists in Syria". Tass.com. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  49. ^ "ЦАМТО / Главное / На форуме «Армия-2022» подписаны 7 и вручены 29 госконтрактов с 26 предприятиями ОПК".
  50. ^ "Russian MoD video shows Tu-160, Tu-95 and Tu-22 bombers (with Su-27 escort) bomb ISIS in Syria". Theaviationist.com. 17 November 2015. Retrieved 1 November 2017.
  51. ^ "Перспективная дальняя крылатая ракета Х-БД (проект)". Military Russia. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  52. ^ "Х-50 / изделие 715 / 9-А-5015". Military Russia. Retrieved 12 January 2020.
  53. ^ "Janes | Latest defence and security news".
  54. ^ "DEBKAfile, Political Analysis, Espionage, Terrorism, Security". Debka.com. Retrieved 23 December 2014.
  55. ^ Ruhe, Jonathan; Fleisher, Blake (21 February 2016). "The Overlooked Iranian Missile Threat". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 6 August 2016.
  56. ^ "Как Украина ядерные боеголовки считала". Newsland.ru. Retrieved 23 December 2014.

Bibliography

  • Gordon, Yefim (2004). Soviet/Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two. Hinckley, England: Midland Publishing. ISBN 1-85780-188-1.
  • Healey, John K. (January–February 2004). "Retired Warriors: "Cold War" Bomber Legacy". Air Enthusiast. No. 109. pp. 75–79. ISSN 0143-5450.

External links

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raduga Kh-55.
  • CSIS Missile Threat - KH-55
  • worldweapon.ru (in Russian) - has good pics at the bottom
  • GlobalSecurity.org - Kh-55
  • fas.org - AS-15 KENT
  • Kopp, Carlo (22 June 2006), , Alexandria, United States: International Assessment and Strategy Center, archived from the original on 14 July 2006 - Excellent review of the routes by which Kh-55 technology has proliferated.

January 10, 2023
redirects, here, similar, topics, disambiguation, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, . H 55 redirects here For similar topics see X55 disambiguation This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Kh 55 news newspapers books scholar JSTOR October 2015 Learn how and when to remove this template message It has been suggested that this article should be split into a new article titled Kh 101 102 discuss October 2022 The Kh 55 Russian H 55 note 1 also known as RKV 500 NATO reporting name AS 15 Kent is a Soviet Russian subsonic air launched cruise missile designed by MKB Raduga in the 1970s It has a range of up to 2 500 km 1 350 nmi and can carry nuclear warheads Kh 55 is launched exclusively from bomber aircraft and has spawned a number of conventionally armed variants mainly for tactical use such as the Kh 65SE and Kh SD but only the Kh 101 and Kh 555 appear to have been put into service Contrary to popular belief the Kh 55 was not the basis of the submarine and ground launched S 10 Granat or RK 55 Relief SS N 21 Sampson and SSC X 4 Slingshot designed by NPO Novator The RK 55 is very similar to the air launched Kh 55 AS 15 Kent but the Kh 55 has a drop down turbofan engine and was designed by MKB Raduga Kh 55 65 101 102 555AS 15 KentKh 55 in the Ukrainian Air Force MuseumTypeAir launched cruise missilePlace of originSoviet UnionService historyIn service1983 presentUsed byRussia China IranWarsSyrian Civil War 1 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine 2 Production historyDesigned1971 1981ManufacturerRaduga OKB KhAZ Kharkiv Novator MZiK amp NPP Temp Eka NPO Strela Oren elseUnit costKh 101 X 101 13 million 3 Produced1981SpecificationsMass1 650 kg 3 640 lb Kh 65SE 4 2 400 kg 5 300 lb Kh 101 5 Length604 cm 19 ft 10 in Kh 65SE 4 745 cm 24 ft 5 in Kh 101 5 Diameter51 4 cm 20 2 in Kh 55 Kh 55SM WarheadThermonuclear weapon or Conventional warheadBlast yield200kt Nuclear Kh 55 Kh 55SM EngineR95TP 300 Turbofan 6 turbofan Kh 55 Kh 55SM 360 400 kgf Kh 55 Kh 55SM Wingspan310 cm 122 0 in Kh 55 Kh 55SM Propellantjet fuelOperationalrange2 500 km 1 300 nmi Kh 55 3 000 km 1 600 nmi Kh 55SM 600 km 320 nmi Kh 65SE 4 300 km later 600 km Kh SD 4 Flight altitudeunder 110 m 300 ftMaximum speedMach 0 75 KH SD 4 Mach 0 6 0 78 Kh 101 5 Guidancesysteminertial guidance with Doppler radar terrain map updates Kh SD had a TC IIR terminal guidance system and an alternative active radar homing seeker was proposedLaunchplatformTu 95MS Tu 160 Su 34 7 Contents 1 Development 1 1 Kh 101 102 X 101 102 2 Design 3 Operational history 3 1 Syrian Civil War 3 2 2022 invasion of Ukraine 4 Variants 5 Operators 5 1 Current operators 5 2 Former operators 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External linksDevelopment EditIn the late 1960s the Ekho study conducted by the GosNIIAS institute concluded that it would be more effective to deploy many small subsonic cruise missiles than the much more expensive supersonic missiles then in favour 8 Work started at the Raduga bureau on an air launched cruise missile in 1971 with a first test flight in 1976 9 The appearance of the US Air Force s AGM 86 ALCM in that year gave further impetus to the programme with the Soviet Air Force issuing a formal requirement for a new air launched cruise missile in December 1976 8 The longer range Kh 55SM was developed a few years after the original went into service In the late 1980s work began on a replacement missile with either conventional Kh 101 X 101 or nuclear Kh 102 warheads 7 and greater stealth It was designed by Igor Seleznyev of Raduga 5 The importance of advanced missiles as force multipliers increased as Russia s fleet of available cruise missile bombers declined in the early 1990s 10 The cancellation of the ambitious Kh 90 ramjet missile due to INF Treaty in 1987 led to a renewed emphasis on improving the Kh 55 in particular to achieve the lt 20 m accuracy required to hit infrastructure targets with conventional as opposed to nuclear warheads The first flight of the Kh 101 was in 1998 and evaluation trials started in 2000 7 After the end of the Cold War and anti proliferation treaties restricting the deployment of long range nuclear missiles the Russians made efforts to develop tactical versions of the Kh 55 with conventional warheads First came the 600 km range Kh 65SE derived from the Kh 55 announced in 1992 then the 300 km range Kh SD tactical version of the Kh 101 for export and finally the Kh 555 4 In 2001 the Russian Air Force are believed to have selected the Kh 101 and Kh 555 for development 4 A 1995 Russian document suggested that a complete production facility had been transferred to Shanghai for the development of a nuclear armed cruise missile Originally it was thought that this was based on the 300 km range Raduga Kh 15 AS 16 Kickback but it now appears that it was the Kh 55 that was transferred to China 11 Kh 101 102 X 101 102 Edit source source source source source source source source source source Kh 101 launch by Tu 160 in Syria Kh 101 102 is the latest development of the Kh 55 incorporating a low radar cross section of about 0 01 square meters 12 The Kh 101 102 is specifically designed for air launch abandoning the circular fuselage cross section of the Kh 55 for a nose and forward fuselage section aerodynamically shaped to produce lift It is 7 45 m 24 4 ft long with a launch weight of 2 200 2 400 kg 4 900 5 300 lb and is equipped with a 400 kg 880 lb high explosive penetrating or cluster warhead or a 250 kt nuclear warhead for the Kh 102 The missile is powered by a TRDD 50A turbojet producing 450 kgf of thrust to cruise at 700 720 km h Mach 0 57 Mach 0 59 with a maximum speed of 970 km h Mach 0 79 while flying 30 70 m above the ground and hit fixed targets using a pre downloaded digital map for terrain following and GLONASS INS for trajectory correction to achieve accuracy of 6 10 meters it is claimed to be able to hit small moving targets such as vehicles using a terminal electro optical sensor or imaging infrared system Range estimates vary from 2 000 km 1 200 mi to 4 500 5 500 km 2 800 3 400 mi With a flight endurance of 10 hours long range is essential since Russia has few bases abroad and cannot provide distant fighter escorts The Tu 95MS can carry eight of the weapons on four under wing pylons and the Tu 160 can be outfitted with two drum launchers each loaded with six missiles but the smaller Tu 22M3 will continue to carry the Kh 55 although it can also carry the Kh 101 Kh 102 The missiles are equipped with an onboard EW defence system as of late 2018 13 14 15 16 17 The first tests were conducted in 1995 and the missile was accepted for service in 2012 18 The Kh 101 missile is estimated to cost US 13 million 3 Design Edit R 95 300 turbofan It is powered by a single 400 kgf Ukrainian made Motor Sich JSC R95 300 turbofan engine with pop out wings for cruising efficiency It can be launched from both high and low altitudes and flies at subsonic speeds at low levels under 110 m 300 ft altitude After launch the missile s folded wings tail surfaces and engine deploy It is guided through a combination of an inertial guidance system plus a terrain contour matching guidance system which uses radar and images stored in the memory of an onboard computer to find its target This allows the missile to guide itself to the target with a high degree of accuracy The original Kh 55 had a drop down engine the Kh 65SE had a fixed external turbojet engine while the Kh SD had its engine inside the body of the missile Production versions in 2013 were equipped with the increased power 450 kgf Russian made NPO Saturn TRDD 50A engine 19 In the nuclear role Kh 55 carries a 200 kilotonnes of TNT 840 TJ warhead designed TK66 with a warhead weight of 130 kilograms 290 lb The mass size simulator for the warhead is designated KTS 120 12 20 Operational history Edit A Tu 160 bomber launching a Kh 101 cruise missile against targets in Syria November 2015 The original Kh 55 entered service on 31 December 1983 21 The Kh 55SM followed in 1987 9 The conventionally armed Kh 55SE was flight tested on 13 January 2000 and first used in exercises over the Black Sea 17 22 April 2000 22 The Kh 555 is thought to have entered service in 2004 the first pictures of the Kh 101 appeared in 2007 23 24 The Kh 55 can be carried by the Tu 95MS NATO Bear H 9 and Tu 142M NATO Bear F 9 and the Kh 55SM is carried by the Tupolev Tu 160 White Swan NATO Blackjack 9 Sixteen Kh 55 s can be carried by the Tu 95MS16 variant ten on underwing hardpoints and six on an MKU 5 6 rotary launcher 24 The missile was also tested on the Tu 22M NATO Backfire bombers 9 The Kh SD tactical version was to have been carried by the Tu 95MS fourteen missiles and the Tu 22M eight missiles 4 The Kh 101 is expected to be carried by the Tu 160 twelve missiles Tu 95MS16 eight missiles Tu 22M3 four missiles and Su 34 two missiles 7 The end of the Cold War left Ukraine with 1 612 Kh 55s part of the armament of the 19 Tu 160s of the 184th Heavy Bomber Regiment at Pryluky and the 25 Tu 95MSs of the 182nd Heavy Bomber Regiment at Uzin Shepelovka 25 It was reported that Ukraine demanded US 3 billion for the return of the planes and their missiles to Russia 25 In October 1999 a compromise was reached that saw Russia pay US 285 million for eight Tu 160 and three Tu 95MS bombers and 575 Kh 55 cruise missiles 25 while the rest were meant to be destroyed under U S led Nunn Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction programme 26 However in March 2005 Ukraine s prosecutor general Sviatoslav Piskun said that in 2001 twelve Kh 55s had been exported to Iran in a deal said to be worth US 49 5 million 27 and an additional six Kh 55s were exported to China 26 In March 2015 Iran subsequently revealed the existence of the Soumar cruise missile 28 Syrian Civil War Edit In the course of the Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War on 17 November 2015 Russian Defence Ministry reported that Tupolev Tu 95MS and Tupolev Tu 160 strategic bombers launched a total of 34 air launched cruise missiles against 14 ISIL targets in Syria 29 30 While the Tu 95MS used the Kh 55 cruise missiles 31 the Tu 160 were equipped with the stealthy Kh 101 variant in their first combat use 30 32 33 34 source source source source source source source source source source source source source source Video showing Russian TU 95MS launching Kh 101 cruise missiles in September 2017 at targets in northern Syria Russian news agency TASS reported on 17 November 2016 that modernized Tu 95MS armed with Kh 555 and Kh 101 air launched cruise missiles had launched airstrikes against targets described as terrorist in Syria 35 36 On 17 February 2017 Tu 95MS strategic bombers flying from the Russian territory through the airspace of Iran and Iraq attacked purported ISIL facilities near the Syrian city of Raqqa with the Kh 101 cruise missiles The targets included purported militant camps and training centers as well as a command center of a major ISIL unit citation needed Russian Tu 95MS long range bombers struck ISIL targets in Syria again on 5 July 2017 at a range of about 1 000 kilometers 37 On 26 September 2017 Russia s Tu 95MS strategic bombers carried out further missile strikes with Kh 101 on ISIL and the Syrian branch of al Qaeda now known as Hayat Tahrir al Sham in the provinces of Idlib and Deir Ezzor 38 2022 invasion of Ukraine Edit The Kh 101 has been used extensively in the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine US Department of Defense sources said that they experienced a not insignificant failure rate either they re failing to launch or they re failing to hit the target or they re failing to explode on contact 2 Ukraine at War Paving the Road from Survival to Victory 39 a July 2022 study published by the UK Royal United Services Institute RUSI for Defense and Security Studies disagrees according to testimonies from Ukrainian military specialists and inspection of missile components saying Briefings by the Pentagon have reported that a large number of Russian cruise missiles fail to either find their targets or malfunction and crash in flight As far as Ukrainian military scientists can determine this is actually quite rare On 6 March 2022 about eight Kh 101 cruise missiles launched by Tu 160 and Tu 95MS strategic bombers from over the Black Sea targeted the Havryshivka Vinnytsia International Airport 40 On 14 September 2022 Ukrainian MoD reported Russian forces used eight Kh 101 cruise missiles probably from Tu 95MS bombers to target various hydraulic structures in Kryvyi Rih This caused the water level of the Inhulets river to rise sharply 41 Previously it was reported that Kh 22 missiles had been used 42 The UK Ministry of Defence said in November 2022 that it appeared that Russian forces due to very much depleted weapons stores were firing old AS 15 Kent cruise missiles with the nuclear warheads apparently replaced by inert ballast hoping merely to distract Ukrainian air defenses 43 However the missiles can still pose a serious risk due to their kinetic energy and any unspent fuel left in the missile that might explode 44 Variants EditKh 55 NATO Kent A RKV 500A Izdeliye 120 original model with 2 500 km range Kh 55 OK with optical guidance Kh 55SM NATO Kent B RKV 500B Izdeliye 121 with extra fuel tanks to extend range to 3000 km Kh 101 102 Izdeliye 111 developed as a stealthy replacement for the Kh 55SM in the late 1990s the Kh 101 has a conventional warhead and the Kh 102 is thermonuclear 7 This missile weighs some 2 200 2 400 kg the weight of warhead is 400 450 kg According to reports the Kh 101 has a maximum range of 4500 5500 km 45 and a variable flight profile at altitudes ranging from 30 70 m to 6000 m a cruising speed of 190 200 m s and a maximum speed of 250 270 m s The missile is equipped with an electro optical system for correcting the flight trajectory and with a TV guidance system for terminal guidance 7 46 Its official range is 4 500 km or 3 000 km with a conventional payload It is re targetable 47 48 The missiles are expected to be accurate within 10 20 m CEP 45 They are expected to be in service in required numbers by 2023 The new missile complex has been successfully tested and in recent years put into series production 49 to equip modernized Tu 160 50 and Tu 95MSM bombers citation needed Kh 65SE tactical version announced in 1992 with 410 kg conventional warhead and restricted to the 600 km range 9 limit expired on 2 8 2019 of the INF treaty Kh 55 65SD srednej dalnosti Srednei Dalnosti Medium Range 300 km range conventional version announced in 1995 possibly for export Shared components with the Kh 101 range reportedly increased to 600 km with a high altitude approach but the Kh SD was apparently shelved in 2001 4 An alternative active radar seeker was proposed for anti shipping use Kh 555 NATO Kent C Kh 55SE Kh 55Sh 9 conventionally armed version with an improved guidance system and warhead It became operational in 2000 22 Entered service in 2004 23 Kh BD conventional and nuclear armed version with said range up to 3000 km or greater near or more than 5000 km range 51 Kh 50 or Kh SD new stealthy short to medium 300 to 1500 1900 km ranges and conventional or also nuclear variant somewhat analogue of AGM 158 JASSM Length is 6m Uses inertial GLONASS DSMAC guidance 52 53 Soumar Missile likely derived from the Kh 55 produced by Iran It was believed originally that the RK 55 SSC X 4 Slingshot and SS N 21 Sampson were land and submarine launched derivatives of the Kh 55 but it is now known that the Kh 55 is different from the other two as its motor drops down below the missile during flight 9 Operators EditCurrent operators Edit Iran acquired 12 from Ukraine 26 54 55 People s Republic of China acquired 6 from Ukraine 26 Russia the Russian Air Force uses the Kh 55SM Kh 555 and the newest Kh 101 102 Former operators Edit Soviet Union the Soviet Air Force deployed the Kh 55 as its original operator passed to successor states after the dissolution of the Soviet Union Belarus Ukraine 487 scrapped 587 returned to Russia 26 56 See also Edit3M 54 Kalibr developed from the Kh 55 RK 55 so similar to the Kh 55 it was long believed in the West to be merely a sub surface launched version AGM 86 Air Launched Cruise Missile 1430 kg missile with 2400 km range Mach 0 73 AGM 129 ACM Advanced Cruise Missile stealthy 1330 kg missile with 3700 km range decommissioned Ra ad ALCM Comparable Pakistani missile of similar operational history BGM 109 Tomahawk surface sub launched but otherwise similar to the Kh 55 Nirbhay India Nirbhay is an all weather low cost medium range cruise missile CJ 10 Chinese land attack cruise missile believed to have incorporated elements from the Kh 55 Soumar Iranian land attack cruise missile Meshkat Hoveyzeh Babur missile Pakistani missile Korshun Ukrainian land attack cruise missile in developmentNotes Edit The cyrillic letter Kha is in English transcribed as either Kh or X so Kh series missiles may appear in some texts as X 55 X 65 X 101 and so on References Edit 25 Russian long range strategic bombers in action over Syria for the very first time Theaviationist com 17 November 2015 Retrieved 1 November 2017 a b Douglas Barrie 1 April 2022 Ukraine Russia s air launched cruise missiles coming up short The International Institute for Strategic Studies Retrieved 15 September 2022 a b Landa Volodymyr Gnenny Konstantin Rosiya za vihidni vipustila po Ukrayini raket vartistyu blizko 200 mln Ocinka Forbes Over the weekend Russia launched missiles worth about 200 million over Ukraine Forbes Ukraine in Ukrainian Retrieved 19 September 2022 a b c d e f g h i Kh 65SE Kh SD Jane s Strategic Weapon Systems 9 September 2008 archived from the original on 4 June 2009 retrieved 6 February 2009 a b c d Air Force Priority Given To Conventional Cruise Jane s Defence Weekly 19 August 1995 archived from the original on 4 June 2009 OAO AMNTK Soyuz www amntksoyuz ru a b c d e f Kh 101 102 Jane s Strategic Weapon Systems 8 September 2008 archived from the original on 4 August 2008 retrieved 6 February 2009 a b Kh 55 RKV 500A Kh 55SM RKV 500B Kh 555 and Kh 65SE AS 15 Kent Jane s Air Launched Weapons 1 August 2008 archived from the original on 4 June 2009 retrieved 6 February 2009 a b c d e f g h i Kh 55 AS 15 Kent Kh 555 RKV 500 Kh 65 Jane s Strategic Weapon Systems 9 September 2008 archived from the original on 4 February 2009 retrieved 6 February 2009 Kh 101 Kh 102 Russian Federation Air to surface missiles Stand off and cruise Jane s Air Launched Weapons 28 July 2008 archived from the original on 4 June 2009 retrieved 6 February 2009 China s new cruise missile programme racing ahead Jane s Defence Weekly 12 January 2000 archived from the original on 5 February 2009 Russian Heavy Bomber Force Overview NTI Nti org Retrieved 1 November 2017 Russia to field Kh 101 cruise missile next year Flightglobal com 27 September 2012 Ready for War Russia s Stealthy Kh 101 Cruise Missile Debuts in Syria Nationalinterest org 18 November 2015 Russian bombers deploy Kh 101 cruise missiles over Syria Flightglobal com 19 November 2015 Latest Russian Strikes on Syria Employ New Cruise Missile Ainonline com 20 November 2015 Tactical Missiles Corporation plans to upgrade Kh 101 cruise missile Airrecognition com 18 August 2016 H 101 102 krylatye rakety Arms expo ru Retrieved 1 November 2017 Konstantin UEC Saturn Sokolov 15 July 2013 PAO ODK SATURN Npo saturn ru Russia begins using Soviet era Kh 55 missiles that are capable of carrying a nuclear warhead General Staff Ukraine Military News 2 December 2022 Retrieved 13 December 2022 OAO Korporaciya Takticheskoe Raketnoe Vooruzhenie Ktrv ru Archived from the original on 6 August 2014 Retrieved 23 December 2014 a b Kh 55SE cruise missile used in exercises Jane s Missiles and Rockets 24 May 2000 archived from the original on 2 February 2009 a b V Rossii proshli ispytaniya vysokotochnoj rakety H 555 kotoraya popadaet pryamo v okno NEWSru com 26 May 2005 Retrieved 1 November 2017 a b Details emerge of Russia s latest cruise missiles Jane s Defence Systems News 22 October 2007 archived from the original on 25 February 2008 retrieved 6 February 2009 a b c Russia s strategic bomber fleet achieves new heights Jane s Intelligence Review 1 March 2000 archived from the original on 2 February 2009 a b c d e Warner Tom 18 March 2005 Ukraine admits exporting missiles to Iran and China Financial Times archived from the original on 15 March 2008 C Kopp 27 January 2014 Originally published 2005 updated several times Bypassing the NMD the Cruise Missile Proliferation Problem Report Asia Pacific Defence Reporter APA TR 2007 0708 via Air Power Australia Pfeffer Anshel 8 March 2015 Iran Unveils New Long range Cruise Missile Haaretz Video on YouTube dead link a b Larrinaga Nicholas 17 November 2015 Russia launches long range air sorties into Syria IHS Jane s Defence Weekly IHS Jane s 360 Retrieved 18 November 2015 Video on YouTube Russian bombers deploy Kh 101 cruise missiles over Syria Flightglobal com 19 November 2015 Retrieved 1 November 2017 Video on YouTube Video on YouTube Russian bombers deliver strike at terrorist strongholds in Syria Defense Ministry TASS 17 November 2016 Russia s Tupolev 95MSM bomber delivers first ever strike on mission to Syria TASS 17 November 2016 Dismantling of ISIS s objects by cruise missiles X 101 of strategic missile carriers Tu 95MS Russian Defence Ministry 5 July 2017 Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 Retrieved 12 January 2020 via YouTube Nanesenie aviaudarov Tu 95MS krylatymi raketami H 101 po obektam IGIL v Sirii Russian Defence Ministry 26 September 2017 Archived from the original on 22 December 2021 Retrieved 12 January 2020 via YouTube Watling Jack Reynolds Nick 4 July 2022 Ukraine at War Paving the Road from Survival to Victory PDF Report Royal United Services Institute for Defence and Security Studies RUSI Missile strikes on Vinnytsia airfield launched from Black Sea ukrinform net 6 March 2022 Retrieved 20 September 2022 Russian missile strike damaged hydraulic structures in Kryvyi Rih mil in ua 14 September 2022 Water level of Ukraine s river Inhulets rises after Russia strikes hydraulic structures of Kryvyi Rih Novaya Gazeta 14 September 2022 Russia firing ageing cruise missiles because stocks are depleted MoD suggests The Guardian 26 November 2022 Sakshi Tiwari 2 December 2022 Russia Drains Out NASAMS Hawk IRIS T Missile Defense Systems Ukraine Urges US For Patriot Batteries EurAsian Times a b Kh 55 Missile Threat Missilethreat csis org Retrieved 1 November 2017 CAMTO Novosti Svodka boevyh dejstvij VKS Rossii v Sirii za 8 dekabrya armstrade org Retrieved 1 November 2017 Shojgu rasskazal o primenenii v Sirii novejshih krylatyh raket X 101 Voenno promyshlennyj kurer 6 October 2016 Archived from the original on 10 October 2016 Retrieved 9 October 2016 Russian expert on accuracy of Kh 101 cruise missiles used against terrorists in Syria Tass com Retrieved 1 November 2017 CAMTO Glavnoe Na forume Armiya 2022 podpisany 7 i vrucheny 29 goskontraktov s 26 predpriyatiyami OPK Russian MoD video shows Tu 160 Tu 95 and Tu 22 bombers with Su 27 escort bomb ISIS in Syria Theaviationist com 17 November 2015 Retrieved 1 November 2017 Perspektivnaya dalnyaya krylataya raketa H BD proekt Military Russia Retrieved 12 January 2020 H 50 izdelie 715 9 A 5015 Military Russia Retrieved 12 January 2020 Janes Latest defence and security news DEBKAfile Political Analysis Espionage Terrorism Security Debka com Retrieved 23 December 2014 Ruhe Jonathan Fleisher Blake 21 February 2016 The Overlooked Iranian Missile Threat Wall Street Journal ISSN 0099 9660 Retrieved 6 August 2016 Kak Ukraina yadernye boegolovki schitala Newsland ru Retrieved 23 December 2014 Bibliography EditGordon Yefim 2004 Soviet Russian Aircraft Weapons Since World War Two Hinckley England Midland Publishing ISBN 1 85780 188 1 Healey John K January February 2004 Retired Warriors Cold War Bomber Legacy Air Enthusiast No 109 pp 75 79 ISSN 0143 5450 External links Edit Wikimedia Commons has media related to Raduga Kh 55 CSIS Missile Threat KH 55 worldweapon ru in Russian has good pics at the bottom GlobalSecurity org Kh 55 fas org AS 15 KENT Kopp Carlo 22 June 2006 Bypassing the NMD China and the Cruise Missile Proliferation Problem Alexandria United States International Assessment and Strategy Center archived from the original on 14 July 2006 Excellent review of the routes by which Kh 55 technology has proliferated Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kh 55 amp oldid 1130334560, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

article

, read, download, free, free download, mp3, video, mp4, 3gp, jpg, jpeg, gif, png, picture, music, song, movie, book, game, games.