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Keirsey Temperament Sorter

May 01, 2024

The Keirsey Temperament Sorter (KTS) is a pseudoscientific[1] self-assessed personality questionnaire. It was first introduced in the book Please Understand Me. The KTS is closely associated with the Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI); however, there are significant practical and theoretical differences between the two personality questionnaires and their associated different descriptions.

Historical development edit

See also Historical Development of Theories of the Four Temperaments

David Keirsey became familiar with the work of Ernst Kretschmer and William Sheldon after WWII in the late 1940s. Keirsey developed the Temperament Sorter after being introduced to the MBTI in 1956.[2] Tracing the idea of temperament back to the ancient Greeks, Keirsey developed a modern temperament theory in his books Please Understand Me (1978), Portraits of Temperament (1988), Presidential Temperament (1992), Please Understand Me II (1998), Brains and Careers (2008), and Personology (2010). The table below shows how Myers' and Keirsey's types correspond to other temperament theories or constructs, dating from ancient times to the present day.[according to whom?][citation needed]

Four temperaments edit

Keirsey expanded on the ancient study of temperament by Hippocrates and Plato. In his works, Keirsey used the names suggested by Plato: Artisan (iconic), Guardian (pistic), Idealist (noetic), and Rational (dianoetic). Keirsey divided each of the four temperaments into two categories (roles), each with two types (role variants). The resulting 16 types correlate with the 16 personality types described by Briggs and Myers.[2]

Artisan edit

The Artisan temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the SP (sensing–perceiving) Myers-Briggs types, the Artisan temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlating Myers-Briggs types): Composer (ISFP), Crafter (ISTP), Performer (ESFP), and Promoter (ESTP).[3] Artisans are concrete and adaptable. Seeking stimulation and virtuosity, they are concerned with making an impact. Their greatest strength is tactics. They excel at troubleshooting, agility, and the manipulation of tools, instruments, and equipment. At their worst, entertainers can become pleasure-seeking, and operators can become hedonistic.[4] The two roles are as follows:

  • Operators are the directive (proactive) Artisans. Their most-developed intelligence operation is expediting. The attentive Crafters and the expressive Promoters are the two role variants.
  • Entertainers are the informative (reactive) Artisans. Their most developed intelligence operation is improvising. The attentive Composers and the expressive Performers are the two role variants.

Guardian edit

The Guardian temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the SJ (sensing–judging) Myers–Briggs types, the Guardian temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlating Myers–Briggs types): Inspector (ISTJ), Protector (ISFJ), Provider (ESFJ), and Supervisor (ESTJ).[5] Guardians are concrete and organized (scheduled). Seeking security and belonging, they are concerned with responsibility and duty. Their greatest strength is logistics. They excel at organizing, facilitating, checking, and supporting.[citation needed] The two roles are as follows:

  • Administrators are the directive (proactive) Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is regulating. The attentive Inspectors and the expressive Supervisors are the two role variants.
  • Conservators are the informative (reactive) Guardians. Their most developed intelligence operation is supporting. The attentive Protectors and the expressive Providers are the two role variants.

Idealist edit

The Idealist temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the NF (intuitive–feeling) Myers-Briggs types, the Idealist temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlating Myers-Briggs types): Champion (ENFP), Counselor (INFJ), Healer (INFP), and Teacher (ENFJ).[6] Idealists are abstract and compassionate. Seeking meaning and significance, they are concerned with personal growth and finding their own unique identity. Their greatest strength is diplomacy. They excel at clarifying, individualizing, unifying, and inspiring.[citation needed] The two roles are as follows:

  • Mentors are the directive (proactive) Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is developing. The attentive Counselors and the expressive Teachers are the two role variants.
  • Advocates are the informative (reactive) Idealists. Their most developed intelligence operation is mediating. The attentive Healers and the expressive Champions are the two role variants.

Rational edit

The Rational temperament is one of the four temperaments defined by Keirsey. Correlating with the NT (intuitive–thinking) Myers-Briggs types, the Rational temperament comprises the following role variants (listed with their correlated Myers-Briggs types): Architect (INTP), Fieldmarshal (ENTJ), Inventor (ENTP), and Mastermind (INTJ).[7] Rationals are abstract and objective. Seeking mastery and self-control, they are concerned with their own knowledge and competence. Their greatest strength is strategy. They excel in any kind of logical investigation such as engineering, conceptualizing, theorizing, and coordinating.[citation needed] The two roles are as follows:

  • Coordinators are the directive (proactive) Rationals. Their most developed intelligence operation is arranging. The attentive Masterminds and the expressive Fieldmarshals are the two role variants.
  • Engineers are the informative (reactive) Rationals. Their most developed intelligence operation is constructing. The attentive Architects and the expressive Inventors are the two role variants.

Four interaction roles edit

In his book Brains and Careers (2008), Keirsey divided the role variants into groupings that he called "four differing roles that people play in face-to-face interaction with one another."[8]

There are two Proactive Enterprising Roles:

  • Initiators (expressive and directive): Field Marshal (ENTJ), Supervisor (ESTJ), Promoter (ESTP), Teacher (ENFJ)—Preemptive
  • Contenders (attentive and directive): Mastermind (INTJ), Inspector (ISTJ), Crafter (ISTP), Counselor (INFJ)—Competitive

There are two Reactive Inquiring Roles:

  • Coworkers (expressive and informative): Inventor (ENTP), Provider (ESFJ), Performer (ESFP), Champion (ENFP)—Collaborative
  • Responders (attentive and informative): Architect (INTP), Protector (ISFJ), Composer (ISFP), Healer (INFP)—Accommodative

The roles were implied in the informing/directing factor introduced in Portraits of Temperament.[8] In his 2010 follow-up book, Personology, "Coworkers" is renamed "Collaborators" and "Responders" is renamed "Accommodators".[citation needed]

Temperaments and intelligence types edit

The following table shows how the four rings relate to one another and to the various temperaments.

Temperament Role Role Variant
Concrete
or
Abstract ? 		Cooperative
or
Pragmatic? 		Informative
or
Directive? 		Expressive
or
Attentive?
Observant
(S) 		Guardian (SJ)
Logistical 		Conservator (SFJ)
Supporting 		Provider (ESFJ): Supplying
Protector (ISFJ): Securing
Administrator (STJ)
Regulating 		Supervisor (ESTJ): Enforcing
Inspector (ISTJ): Certifying
Artisan (SP)
Tactical 		Entertainer (SFP)
Improvising 		Performer (ESFP): Demonstrating
Composer (ISFP): Synthesizing
Operator (STP)
Expediting 		Promoter (ESTP): Persuading
Crafter (ISTP): Instrumenting
Introspective
(N) 		Idealist (NF)
Diplomatic 		Advocate (NFP)
Mediating 		Champion (ENFP): Motivating
Healer (INFP): Conciliating
Mentor (NFJ)
Developing 		Teacher (ENFJ): Educating
Counselor (INFJ): Guiding
Rational (NT)
Strategic 		Engineer (NTP)
Constructing 		Inventor (ENTP): Devising
Architect (INTP): Designing
Coordinator (NTJ)
Arranging 		Fieldmarshal (ENTJ): Mobilizing
Mastermind (INTJ): Entailing

Myers–Briggs types versus Keirsey's temperaments edit

The type descriptions of Isabel Myers differ from the character descriptions of David Keirsey in several important ways:

  • Myers primarily focused on how people think and feel; Keirsey focused more on behavior, which is directly observable.
  • Myers's descriptions use a linear four-factor model; Keirsey's descriptions use a systems field theory model.[9]
  • Myers, following Jung's lead, emphasized the extraversion/introversion (expressive/attentive) dichotomy; Keirsey's model places greater importance on the sensing/intuition (concrete/abstract) dichotomy.
  • Myers grouped types by 'function attitudes'; Keirsey, by temperament.

Myers grouped types according to cognitive function: the 'thinking type' grouping for those with dominant thinking; the 'intuitive type' grouping for those with dominant intuition; the 'feeling type' grouping for those with dominant feeling; and the 'sensing type' grouping for those with dominant sensing. Keirsey's temperaments correlate with Myers' combinations of preferences: Guardians with sensing plus judging (SJ); Artisans with sensing plus perceiving (SP); Idealists with intuition plus feeling (NF); and Rationals with intuition plus thinking (NT).

Myers paired ESTJs with ENTJs, ISFPs with INFPs, INTPs with ISTPs, and ENFJs with ESFJs because they share the same dominant function attitude. ESTJs and ENTJs are both extraverted thinkers, ISFPs and INFPs are both introverted feelers, INTPs and ISTPs are both introverted thinkers, and ENFJs and ESFJs are both extraverted feelers. Keirsey holds that these same groupings are very different from one another because they are of different temperaments. ESTJs are Guardians whereas ENTJs are Rationals; ISFPs are Artisans whereas INFPs are Idealists; INTPs are Rationals whereas ISTPs are Artisans; and ENFJs are Idealists whereas ESFJs are Guardians.[10]

Empirical validation edit

In a 2001 peer-reviewed study published in the Journal of Career Assessment, data from the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II online instrument and Myers–Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) for 203 college freshmen were analyzed and compared. Positive correlations appeared between the concurrent MBTI and Keirsey measures of psychological type, giving preliminary support to the validity of the online version of Keirsey.[11]

See also edit

References edit

  1. ^ Lilienfeld, Scott O.; Lynn, Steven Jay; Lohr, Jeffrey M. (2014). Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology. Guilford Publications. ISBN 978-1462517510.
  2. ^ a b Keirsey, David (May 1, 1998) [1978]. Please Understand Me II: Temperament, Character, Intelligence (1st ed.). Prometheus Nemesis Book Co. ISBN 1-885705-02-6.
  3. ^ "Keirsey.com Portrait of the Artisan". Retrieved 2011-04-18.
  4. ^ Montgomery, Stephen (2002). People Patterns: A Modern Guide to the Four Temperaments (1st ed.). Archer Publications. p. 20. ISBN 1-885705-03-4.
  5. ^ "Keirsey.com Portrait of the Guardian". Retrieved 2008-05-03.
  6. ^ "Keirsey Temperament Assessment". Keirsey Temperament Assessment.
  7. ^ Keirsey.com Portrait of the Rational 2017-08-02 at the Wayback Machine.
  8. ^ a b Brains and Careers
  9. ^ "Keirsey Temperament vs. Myer-Briggs Types at Keirsey.com". Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  10. ^ . Archived from the original on 2008-04-03. Retrieved 2008-03-10.
  11. ^ "Concurrent Validity of the Online Version of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II". Retrieved 2020-02-21.

External links edit

  • Keirsey Temperament Website

May 01, 2024
keirsey, temperament, sorter, pseudoscientific, self, assessed, personality, questionnaire, first, introduced, book, please, understand, closely, associated, with, myers, briggs, type, indicator, mbti, however, there, significant, practical, theoretical, diffe. The Keirsey Temperament Sorter KTS is a pseudoscientific 1 self assessed personality questionnaire It was first introduced in the book Please Understand Me The KTS is closely associated with the Myers Briggs Type Indicator MBTI however there are significant practical and theoretical differences between the two personality questionnaires and their associated different descriptions Contents 1 Historical development 2 Four temperaments 2 1 Artisan 2 2 Guardian 2 3 Idealist 2 4 Rational 3 Four interaction roles 4 Temperaments and intelligence types 5 Myers Briggs types versus Keirsey s temperaments 6 Empirical validation 7 See also 8 References 9 External linksHistorical development editSee also Historical Development of Theories of the Four Temperaments David Keirsey became familiar with the work of Ernst Kretschmer and William Sheldon after WWII in the late 1940s Keirsey developed the Temperament Sorter after being introduced to the MBTI in 1956 2 Tracing the idea of temperament back to the ancient Greeks Keirsey developed a modern temperament theory in his books Please Understand Me 1978 Portraits of Temperament 1988 Presidential Temperament 1992 Please Understand Me II 1998 Brains and Careers 2008 and Personology 2010 The table below shows how Myers and Keirsey s types correspond to other temperament theories or constructs dating from ancient times to the present day according to whom citation needed Four temperaments editKeirsey expanded on the ancient study of temperament by Hippocrates and Plato In his works Keirsey used the names suggested by Plato Artisan iconic Guardian pistic Idealist noetic and Rational dianoetic Keirsey divided each of the four temperaments into two categories roles each with two types role variants The resulting 16 types correlate with the 16 personality types described by Briggs and Myers 2 Artisan edit The Artisan temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey Correlating with the SP sensing perceiving Myers Briggs types the Artisan temperament comprises the following role variants listed with their correlating Myers Briggs types Composer ISFP Crafter ISTP Performer ESFP and Promoter ESTP 3 Artisans are concrete and adaptable Seeking stimulation and virtuosity they are concerned with making an impact Their greatest strength is tactics They excel at troubleshooting agility and the manipulation of tools instruments and equipment At their worst entertainers can become pleasure seeking and operators can become hedonistic 4 The two roles are as follows Operators are the directive proactive Artisans Their most developed intelligence operation is expediting The attentive Crafters and the expressive Promoters are the two role variants Entertainers are the informative reactive Artisans Their most developed intelligence operation is improvising The attentive Composers and the expressive Performers are the two role variants Guardian edit The Guardian temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey Correlating with the SJ sensing judging Myers Briggs types the Guardian temperament comprises the following role variants listed with their correlating Myers Briggs types Inspector ISTJ Protector ISFJ Provider ESFJ and Supervisor ESTJ 5 Guardians are concrete and organized scheduled Seeking security and belonging they are concerned with responsibility and duty Their greatest strength is logistics They excel at organizing facilitating checking and supporting citation needed The two roles are as follows Administrators are the directive proactive Guardians Their most developed intelligence operation is regulating The attentive Inspectors and the expressive Supervisors are the two role variants Conservators are the informative reactive Guardians Their most developed intelligence operation is supporting The attentive Protectors and the expressive Providers are the two role variants Idealist edit The Idealist temperament is one of four temperaments defined by Keirsey Correlating with the NF intuitive feeling Myers Briggs types the Idealist temperament comprises the following role variants listed with their correlating Myers Briggs types Champion ENFP Counselor INFJ Healer INFP and Teacher ENFJ 6 Idealists are abstract and compassionate Seeking meaning and significance they are concerned with personal growth and finding their own unique identity Their greatest strength is diplomacy They excel at clarifying individualizing unifying and inspiring citation needed The two roles are as follows Mentors are the directive proactive Idealists Their most developed intelligence operation is developing The attentive Counselors and the expressive Teachers are the two role variants Advocates are the informative reactive Idealists Their most developed intelligence operation is mediating The attentive Healers and the expressive Champions are the two role variants Rational edit The Rational temperament is one of the four temperaments defined by Keirsey Correlating with the NT intuitive thinking Myers Briggs types the Rational temperament comprises the following role variants listed with their correlated Myers Briggs types Architect INTP Fieldmarshal ENTJ Inventor ENTP and Mastermind INTJ 7 Rationals are abstract and objective Seeking mastery and self control they are concerned with their own knowledge and competence Their greatest strength is strategy They excel in any kind of logical investigation such as engineering conceptualizing theorizing and coordinating citation needed The two roles are as follows Coordinators are the directive proactive Rationals Their most developed intelligence operation is arranging The attentive Masterminds and the expressive Fieldmarshals are the two role variants Engineers are the informative reactive Rationals Their most developed intelligence operation is constructing The attentive Architects and the expressive Inventors are the two role variants Four interaction roles editIn his book Brains and Careers 2008 Keirsey divided the role variants into groupings that he called four differing roles that people play in face to face interaction with one another 8 There are two Proactive Enterprising Roles Initiators expressive and directive Field Marshal ENTJ Supervisor ESTJ Promoter ESTP Teacher ENFJ Preemptive Contenders attentive and directive Mastermind INTJ Inspector ISTJ Crafter ISTP Counselor INFJ Competitive There are two Reactive Inquiring Roles Coworkers expressive and informative Inventor ENTP Provider ESFJ Performer ESFP Champion ENFP Collaborative Responders attentive and informative Architect INTP Protector ISFJ Composer ISFP Healer INFP Accommodative The roles were implied in the informing directing factor introduced in Portraits of Temperament 8 In his 2010 follow up book Personology Coworkers is renamed Collaborators and Responders is renamed Accommodators citation needed Temperaments and intelligence types editThe following table shows how the four rings relate to one another and to the various temperaments Temperament Role Role Variant Concrete or Abstract Cooperative or Pragmatic Informative or Directive Expressive or Attentive Observant S Guardian SJ Logistical Conservator SFJ Supporting Provider ESFJ Supplying Protector ISFJ Securing Administrator STJ Regulating Supervisor ESTJ Enforcing Inspector ISTJ Certifying Artisan SP Tactical Entertainer SFP Improvising Performer ESFP Demonstrating Composer ISFP Synthesizing Operator STP Expediting Promoter ESTP Persuading Crafter ISTP Instrumenting Introspective N Idealist NF Diplomatic Advocate NFP Mediating Champion ENFP Motivating Healer INFP Conciliating Mentor NFJ Developing Teacher ENFJ Educating Counselor INFJ Guiding Rational NT Strategic Engineer NTP Constructing Inventor ENTP Devising Architect INTP Designing Coordinator NTJ Arranging Fieldmarshal ENTJ Mobilizing Mastermind INTJ EntailingMyers Briggs types versus Keirsey s temperaments editThe type descriptions of Isabel Myers differ from the character descriptions of David Keirsey in several important ways Myers primarily focused on how people think and feel Keirsey focused more on behavior which is directly observable Myers s descriptions use a linear four factor model Keirsey s descriptions use a systems field theory model 9 Myers following Jung s lead emphasized the extraversion introversion expressive attentive dichotomy Keirsey s model places greater importance on the sensing intuition concrete abstract dichotomy Myers grouped types by function attitudes Keirsey by temperament Myers grouped types according to cognitive function the thinking type grouping for those with dominant thinking the intuitive type grouping for those with dominant intuition the feeling type grouping for those with dominant feeling and the sensing type grouping for those with dominant sensing Keirsey s temperaments correlate with Myers combinations of preferences Guardians with sensing plus judging SJ Artisans with sensing plus perceiving SP Idealists with intuition plus feeling NF and Rationals with intuition plus thinking NT Myers paired ESTJs with ENTJs ISFPs with INFPs INTPs with ISTPs and ENFJs with ESFJs because they share the same dominant function attitude ESTJs and ENTJs are both extraverted thinkers ISFPs and INFPs are both introverted feelers INTPs and ISTPs are both introverted thinkers and ENFJs and ESFJs are both extraverted feelers Keirsey holds that these same groupings are very different from one another because they are of different temperaments ESTJs are Guardians whereas ENTJs are Rationals ISFPs are Artisans whereas INFPs are Idealists INTPs are Rationals whereas ISTPs are Artisans and ENFJs are Idealists whereas ESFJs are Guardians 10 Empirical validation editIn a 2001 peer reviewed study published in the Journal of Career Assessment data from the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II online instrument and Myers Briggs Type Indicator MBTI for 203 college freshmen were analyzed and compared Positive correlations appeared between the concurrent MBTI and Keirsey measures of psychological type giving preliminary support to the validity of the online version of Keirsey 11 See also editAnalytical psychology Carl Jung Eduard Spranger author of Types of men Ernst Kretschmer Five temperaments Four temperaments Socionics Temperament Type theoryReferences edit Lilienfeld Scott O Lynn Steven Jay Lohr Jeffrey M 2014 Science and Pseudoscience in Clinical Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978 1462517510 a b Keirsey David May 1 1998 1978 Please Understand Me II Temperament Character Intelligence 1st ed Prometheus Nemesis Book Co ISBN 1 885705 02 6 Keirsey com Portrait of the Artisan Retrieved 2011 04 18 Montgomery Stephen 2002 People Patterns A Modern Guide to the Four Temperaments 1st ed Archer Publications p 20 ISBN 1 885705 03 4 Keirsey com Portrait of the Guardian Retrieved 2008 05 03 Keirsey Temperament Assessment Keirsey Temperament Assessment Keirsey com Portrait of the Rational Archived 2017 08 02 at the Wayback Machine a b Brains and Careers Keirsey Temperament vs Myer Briggs Types at Keirsey com Retrieved 2008 06 18 The Four Dimensions of Myers Archived from the original on 2008 04 03 Retrieved 2008 03 10 Concurrent Validity of the Online Version of the Keirsey Temperament Sorter II Retrieved 2020 02 21 External links editKeirsey Temperament Website Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Keirsey Temperament Sorter amp oldid 1205466794, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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