Katima Mulilo
Katima Mulilo or simply Katima is the capital of the Zambezi Region in Namibia. It is located in the Caprivi Strip. It had 28,362 inhabitants in 2010,[2] and comprises two electoral constituencies, Katima Mulilo Rural and Katima Mulilo Urban. It is located on the national road B8 on the banks of the Zambezi River in lush riverine vegetation with tropical birds and monkeys.[3] The town receives an annual average rainfall of 654 millimetres (25.7 in).[4]
Katima Mulilo | |
|---|---|
Town | |
| Nickname(s): Ngweze, Katima | |
| Motto: Luyeme Hamoho (Together we stand) | |
Katima Mulilo and Luhonono | |
Katima Mulilo Location in Namibia | |
| Coordinates: 17°30′14″S 24°16′30″E / 17.50389°S 24.27500°ECoordinates: 17°30′14″S 24°16′30″E / 17.50389°S 24.27500°E | |
| Country | Namibia |
| Region | Zambezi Region |
| Constituency | Katima Mulilo Urban |
| Founded | 1935 |
| Area | |
| • Total | 12.4 sq mi (32.2 km2) |
| • Land | 12.4 sq mi (32.2 km2) |
| • Water | 0 sq mi (0 km2) |
| Elevation | 3,120 ft (950 m) |
| Population (2011)[1] | |
| • Total | 28,362 |
| • Density | 2,281.3/sq mi (880.81/km2) |
| Time zone | UTC+2 (CAT) |
| Climate | BSh |
The nearest Namibian town to Katima Mulilo is Rundu, about 500 km away. About 40 km east of Katima Mulilo lies the village of Bukalo, where the road to Ngoma branches off that joins Namibia to Botswana.
Economy and infrastructure
Established and run as a garrison for a long time, Katima Mulilo still shows signs of its military role today. In the city centre was the South African Defence Force military base, almost every house had a bomb shelter. The town benefited from the military presence in terms of infrastructure and employment, and there are still a number of military bases surrounding the town.[5]
Since the opening of the Katima Mulilo Bridge in 2004 that spans the Zambezi River and connects the Zambian Copperbelt with the Namibian deep sea harbour at Walvis Bay, Katima Mulilo has become a boom town that attracts significant investment. This development has, however, also fanned illegal business activities, and driven the establishment of shanty towns to an extent that endangers social stability.[6]
The town features an Export Processing Zone and the largest open market in Namibia. There is an important international electricity inter–link facility, the Caprivi Link Inter–Connector; its inauguration has improved the power supply to the town. The Zambezi Waterfront Tourism project is currently[update] under construction.[5] The Caprivi Vision, a newspaper from and for the Caprivi, is published in town.[7]
Since being proclaimed a town on 2 October 1999, development has been steady but Katima Mulilo does not yet compare to more established towns and cities in Namibia. Few streets are tarred, and there is a lack of street lights and sewerage. Many residents use the bushes for lack of toilet facilities, and there have been many outbreaks of diseases such as diarrhea.[8]
The town has been affected by corruption, financial mismanagement, and infighting between councillors. Water supply has been unstable because money is owed to the national water supplier, NamWater.[9]
Transport
Katima Mulilo is the terminal town of the Trans–Caprivi Highway, and the highway together with its extension to Zambia is called the Trans-Caprivi Corridor. The Trans–Caprivi Highway was opened in 1999, and the bridge to Sesheke, and with it the entire Trans-Caprivi Corridor, in 2004.[10]
Katima Mulilo is not yet connected to the Namibian railway network. In October 2007, a proposal was announced for a railway connection between Namibia and Zambia which would pass through the town.[11] The line would join Grootfontein to Katima Mulilo then 130 km to Mulobezi with an 80 km upgrade of the line to Livingstone.
The town is served by Katima Mulilo Airport, situated about 18 km to the southwest which is serviced by regular flights from the capital Windhoek.[3]
History
The name Katima Mulilo comes from the SiLozi for quench the fire, referring to nearby rapids in the Zambezi).[12] From early days (and before the advent of fire-lighting matches), there was river transport by barge (propelled by paddlers) along the Zambesi from Livingstone to Sesheke,[13] on past the Ngonye Falls at Sioma, where an attempt was made in about 1905 to bypass the Falls with a canal.[14] Barges were unloaded and dragged by oxen round the Falls. The route continued to Mongu, the administrative capital of Barotseland, and on Northwards to the settlement of Balovale (now Zambesi) in the North West of Zambia, at 13°33′04″S 23°06′54″E / 13.551°S 23.115°E. When the barge reached Katima Mulilo, the fire was extinguished (but embers kept), and the barge was unloaded and then dragged empty up the rapids, and re-loaded before continuing the journey – but not before the fire was re-lit.[citation needed]
On 28 January 1935, the administrative centre of the Caprivi Strip was moved from Schuckmannsburg to Katima Mulilo. This date is assumed as the foundation date of Katima Mulilo. The regional office, the only brick-and-mortar building at Katima Mulilo at this time when the area consisted exclusively of pristine forests, was built under a giant Baobab situated near today's SWAPO Party regional offices. In present times the tree is known as the Toilet Tree because of a rest room carved into it.[15]
Katima Mulilo was very sparsely populated at that time. It had a missionary school run by the Seventh-day Adventists, and the small settlements were connected only by sleigh tracks. Without any roads nor other infrastructure it was difficult to administer the Caprivi Strip from here. The South African administration therefore decided to shift the regional office again, this time to Pretoria, in 1939. Given its proximity to important transport routes, particularly the railway bridge at Victoria Falls, the location of Katima Mulilo became strategically important in the Second World War which broke out soon afterwards. All military supplies, people, and goods had to be flown in. The town's first car came in 1940 and belonged to the air strip operator.[15]
In 1940, William "Bill" Finaughty established the first shop in the Caprivi Strip in Katima Mulilo; the settlement that surrounded the shop was subsequently named after him. In the 1950s transport on the Zambezi River was established and allowed connection to the train service at Livingstone. The M'pacha Airfield, today Katima Mulilo Airport, was constructed in 1965 at a cost of 65 million Rand, an astronomical amount at that time when 2 Rand roughly equalled 1 Pound sterling. A police station was erected in 1961.[16]
Katima Mulilo became a segregated town in 1965 when the erection of the Nghweeze township began. The South African administration was unhappy with the Mafulo informal settlement where members of the Caprivi African National Union (CANU) were staying and conducting political activism. As a response to this development, Nghweeze (derived from totela language:which literally means "stab me") township was established to enable some degree of control over Blacks by only allowing local workers and their families to take up residence. At the same time the central parts of Katima Mulilo were declared the Katima Mulilo Proper residential area and restricted to Whites. Contract workers from the company Lewis Construction from Salisbury (today's Harare) in Southern Rhodesia (today's Zimbabwe) that built Nghweeze camped in an area that for this heritage is named the Lewis informal settlement. The town had only 575 inhabitants at that time but grew to over 5,000 by 1978.[16]
In 1971 the area around Katima Mulilo got involved in the South African Border War. As in World War II, it was a strategically important location, this time due to troop transports into and out of Zambia and Angola.[17]
The settlement also was at the centre of the Caprivi conflict in the 1990s, an armed conflict between the Caprivi Liberation Army (CLA), a rebel group working for the secession of the Caprivi Strip, and the Namibian government.[18] In the early hours of 2 August 1999, CLA launched an attack occupying the state-run radio station and attacking a police station, the Wenela border post, and an army base. A state of emergency was declared in the province, and the government arrested alleged CLA supporters.[19]
Geography
Suburbs
The oldest suburbs are Nghweeze, the former Blacks' township, and Katima Mulilo Proper, the area restricted to Whites during the apartheid era. Butterfly, Cowboy, Choto and Mahohoma are registered informal settlements of Katima, further parts of town are named Nambweza, Soweto (South–Western Townships, a reminiscence of the famous suburb of Johannesburg), New Look, Mabuluma, Lyambai, Bebi, Greenwell Matongo, Macaravan East and West, and NHE (from National Housing Enterprises, a governmental low-cost housing company that drew development here).[2][20]
People
Katima Mulilo is inhabited by members of the Subia, Mafwe, Mbalangwe, Totela, Yeyi and Lozi. The town's coat of arms, still very similar to that used by the Caprivi government, depicts these tribes as two elephants facing each other, symbolising unity and peaceful coexistence of the two tribal chiefs.[16]
Climate
Katima Mulilo has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen BSh), bordering on a dry-winter humid subtropical climate (Cwa). Almost all rainfall occurs from November to March, when the weather is hot and humid although substantially moderated by altitude. In the long dry season between April and October the weather remains hot although less humid at the beginning and finish, but very warm weather with chilly mornings occurs at the middle of this dry season during the Southern Hemisphere winter.
| Climate data for Katima Mulilo, Namibia | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | 31.3 (88.3) | 30.5 (86.9) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.1 (84.4) | 27.4 (81.3) | 24.5 (76.1) | 25.0 (77.0) | 29.1 (84.4) | 33.8 (92.8) | 33.0 (91.4) | 30.3 (86.5) | 29.8 (85.6) | 29.5 (85.1) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 19.1 (66.4) | 19.1 (66.4) | 18.7 (65.7) | 14.6 (58.3) | 10.2 (50.4) | 6.1 (43.0) | 4.6 (40.3) | 8.3 (46.9) | 14.1 (57.4) | 17.8 (64.0) | 19.3 (66.7) | 18.8 (65.8) | 14.2 (57.6) |
| Average rainfall mm (inches) | 169.4 (6.67) | 160.6 (6.32) | 88.7 (3.49) | 17.7 (0.70) | 1.9 (0.07) | 0.5 (0.02) | 0 (0) | 0.2 (0.01) | 2.6 (0.10) | 18.8 (0.74) | 69.7 (2.74) | 151.8 (5.98) | 681.9 (26.84) |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 68 | 66 | 70 | 61 | 53 | 53 | 62 | 50 | 42 | 46 | 49 | 57 | 56.4 |
| Source: Ministry of Works and Transport (Meteorological Service Division) "Ministry of Works & Transport: Tabulation of Climate Statistics for Selected Stations in Namibia" (PDF). 2012. | |||||||||||||
Politics
Katima Mulilo is governed by a town council that has seven seats.[21]
Zambezi Region, whose administrative capital Katima Mulilo is, is a stronghold of Namibia's ruling SWAPO party. It won the 2010 local authority election with 2,197 votes, followed by the Rally for Democracy and Progress (RDP) with 473 votes.[22] SWAPO also won the 2015 local authority election by a landslide, gaining six seats and 1,875 votes. The remaining seat went to the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA) which gained 163 votes.[23]
SWAPO also won the 2020 local authority election. It obtained 1,530 votes and gained four seats and the majority in the town council. One seat each went to the Popular Democratic Movement (PDM, the new name of the DTA), the Independent Patriots for Change (IPC, an opposition party formed in August 2020) and to the National Democratic Party (NDP), which came in at 448, 252, and 147 votes, respectively.[24]
Culture and education
Before Katima Mulilo was officially founded missionaries already ran schools in the area. The Seventh–day Adventists operated one, as did the Capuchin Order.[15] Today there are a number of schools in Katima Mulilo such as Katima High School, Caprivi Secondary School, Kizito Secondary School, Ngweze Secondary School, Mavuluma Secondary School and many primary and junior secondary schools.[25]
Katima Mulilo has two institutes of tertiary education, the Zambezi Vocational Center and a campus of the University of Namibia (UNAM) for teacher training, formerly the Caprivi College of Education (CCE). At the time of the merger with UNAM, CCE had 400 enrolled students and 70 staff.[26]
The town houses the community-based Caprivi Art Centre and holds an annual Caprivi Cultural Festival.[3]
Notable people
- Ryan Nyambe (born 1997), professional footballer.
- Kenneth Matengu, Vice Chancellor of the University of Namibia.
- Beatrice Masilingi, athlete, 2020 Olympics 200m finalist
References
- ^ "Table 4.2.2 Urban population by Census years (2001 and 2011)" (PDF). Namibia 2011 – Population and Housing Census Main Report. Namibia Statistics Agency. p. 39. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
- ^ a b Inambao, Chrispin (December 2010). "Businesses mushroom". New Era.
- ^ a b c "Katima Mulilo". The Cardboard Box. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
- ^ Menges, Werner (26 May 2011). . The Namibian. Archived from the original on 15 December 2011.
- ^ a b Inambao, Chrispin (December 2010). "Katima owes its growth to SADF". New Era.
- ^ Zeller, Wolfgang (March 2009). "Danger and Opportunity in Katima Mulilo: A Namibian Border Boomtown at Transnational Crossroads" (PDF). Journal of Southern African Studies. Institute of Development Studies, University of Helsinki. 35 (1): 133–154. doi:10.1080/03057070802685619. hdl:20.500.11820/e65b3190-e7fa-4fd7-aba5-a15425b94055. S2CID 153640249.
- ^ . The Caprivi Vision. Archived from the original on 27 May 2011.
- ^ . The Caprivi Vision. n.d. Archived from the original on 8 July 2011. Retrieved 26 December 2010.
- ^ Dentlinger, Lindsay (12 May 2004). "Towns face chance for change". The Namibian.
- ^ . Walvis Bay Corridor Group. Archived from the original on 24 December 2013. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
- ^ Railways Africa – NEW NAMIBIAN EXTENSION Archived 9 September 2012 at archive.today
- ^ "Katima Mulilo". Namibia 1on1. Retrieved 24 December 2010.
- ^ "Betty Clay | 1936 - 1939 Newly-wed". www.spanglefish.com. Retrieved 25 August 2021.
- ^ MacMillan, Hugh; Hugh, Macmillan (27 May 2005). An African Trading Empire: The Story of Susman Brothers & Wulfsohn, 1901–2005. ISBN 9781850438533.
- ^ a b c Inambao, Chrispin (December 2010). "A historical perspective—from rural backwater to vibrant town". New Era.
- ^ a b c Inambao, Chrispin (December 2010). "Rapid growth to urban centre". New Era.
- ^ Matjila, Andrew N (December 2010). "Down memory lane". New Era.
- ^ "Caprivi Liberation Front". fas.org. Retrieved 13 August 2008.
- ^ "Civil supremacy of the military in Namibia: A retrospective case study". NamibWeb. Retrieved 8 November 2008.
- ^ Sanzila, George (25 June 2013). . New Era. Archived from the original on 26 June 2013. Retrieved 25 June 2013.
- ^ "Know Your Local Authority". Election Watch. No. 3. Institute for Public Policy Research. 2015. p. 4.
- ^ "Press Release Local Authority – Caprivi – Katima Mulilo". Electoral Commission of Namibia. Retrieved 24 January 2018.
- ^ . Electoral Commission of Namibia. 28 November 2015. p. 7. Archived from the original on 10 December 2015. Retrieved 7 October 2017.
- ^ "Publication of results and particulars in respect of general elections for local authority councils: Electoral Act, 2014" (pdf). Government Gazette of the Republic of Namibia. No. 7497. Government of Namibia. 1 April 2021. p. 21.
- ^ . Association of Regional Councils in Namibia. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 25 December 2010.
- ^ Magadza, Moses (9 May 2010). "Namibia: Teacher colleges merge with university". University World News.