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House of Kastrioti

May 25, 2023

"Kastrioti" redirects here. For other uses, see Kastrioti (disambiguation).

The House of Kastrioti (Albanian: Dera e Kastriotëve) was an Albanian noble family, active in the 14th and 15th centuries as the rulers of the Principality of Kastrioti. At the beginning of the 15th century, the family controlled a territory in the Mat and Dibra regions. The most notable member was Gjergj Kastrioti, better known as Skanderbeg, regarded today as an Albanian hero for leading the resistance against Mehmed the Conqueror's efforts to expand the Ottoman Empire into Albania. After Skanderbeg's death and the fall of the Principality in 1468, the Kastrioti family gave their allegiance to the Kingdom of Naples and were given control over the Duchy of San Pietro in Galatina and the County of Soleto, now in the Province of Lecce, Italy.[1] Ferrante (died 1561), son of Gjon Kastrioti II, Duke of Galatina and Count of Soleto, is the direct ancestor of all male members of the Kastrioti family today. Today, the family consists of two Italian branches, one in Lecce and the other in Naples. The descendants of the House of Kastrioti in Italy use the family name "Castriota Scanderbeg".

History

 
Genealogy of the Kastrioti family, Du Cange (1680), Historia Byzantina duplici commentario

A figure attested as Kastriot of Kanina in southern Albania who appears in a letter sent on September 2, 1368 by Alexander Komnenos Asen to the Ragusan senate has been hypothesised by a number of authors, mostly in the early 20th century, as an ancestor of the Kastrioti family. Heinrich Kretschmayr argued that this Kastriot may have been in fact Pal or Gjergj Kastrioti, John Fine considered it "probable" that this Kastriot was an ancestor of Gjon Kastrioti and Aleks Buda tried to bridge the geographical discrepancy between the Kastriot of Kanina who lived in southern Albania and the Kastrioti who were active in north-central Albania by arguing that after the fall of the Balšić, they returned to their ancestral lands in the Dibër valley.[2][3][4] In contemporary historiography, the figure recorded as Kastriot of Kanina in 1368 is considered to be unrelated to the Kastrioti family.[5] The Kastrioti so far remain absent from historical or archival records in comparison to other Albanian noble families until their first historical appearance at the end of the 14th century.[6] The historical figure of Konstantin Kastrioti Mazreku is attested in Giovanni Andrea Angelo Flavio Comneno's Genealogia diversarum principum familiarum. Angelo mentions Kastrioti as Constantinus Castriotus, cognomento Meserechus, Aemathiae & Castoriae Princeps (Constantinus Castriotus, surnamed Meserechus, Prince of Aemathia and Castoria). The toponym Castoria has been interpreted as Kastriot, Kastrat in Has, Kastrat in Dibra or the microtoponym "Kostur" near the village of Mazrek in the Has region.[7] In connection to the Kastrioti family name, it is very likely that the name of one the different Kastriot or Kastrat which were fortified settlements as their etymology shows (castrum) was as their family name. The Kastrioti may have originated from this village or probably had acquired it as pronoia.[8] Angelo used the cognomen Meserechus in reference to Skanderbeg and this link to the same name is produced in other sources and reproduced in later ones like Du Cange's Historia Byzantina (1680).[9] These links highlight that the Kastrioti used Mazreku as a name that highlighted their tribal affiliation (farefisni).[10] The name Mazrek(u), which means horse breeder in Albanian, is found throughout all Albanian regions.[11] The Kastrioti themselves where organised in a tribal structure and formed a fis or clan/tribe.[12]

Konstantin Kastrioti's son, who was the father of Gjon Kastrioti and grandfather of Skanderbeg, appears in two historical sources, Gjon Muzaka's Breve memoria de li discendenti de nostra casa Musachi (1510) and Andrea Angelo's Genealogia diversarum principum familiarum (1603/1610) who was later largely reproduced by Du Cange (1680). Angelo calls Gjon Kastrioti's father "Georgius Castriotus" (Gjergj), lord (princeps) of "Aemathiae, Umenestria" (Mat and probably Ujmisht) and "Castoriae". Muzaka calls him "Paulo Castrioto" (Pal) and asserts that "he ruled over no more than two villages, called Signa and Gardi Ipostesi" (Sinë and Gardhi i Poshtëm, in Çidhën of Dibër).[13] His first name is disputed. Neither name can be characterized as the correct version because of an extreme lack of sources. The name "Paulo" (Pal) is mentioned only by one author (Muzaka) and wasn't used as the name of any of his grandsons (Reposh, Konstantin, Stanisha, Gjergj) or great-grandsons (Giorgio, Costantino, Ferrante).[14]

His rule over "only two villages" as described by Muzaka has been disputed because if true, it would mean that his son, Gjon Kastrioti who ruled over a much larger area rose to power in the span of one generation. This is considered a very unlikely trajectory in the context of Albanian medieval society because noble families had acquired their area of influence over multiple generations.[15] Historian Kristo Frashëri considers it likely that he ruled over his region "in the third quartier of the 14th century" between 1350-75 based on the fact that when his grandson Gjergj Kastrioti was born, his son Gjon had already fathered eight children.[14]

His son, Gjon Kastrioti (died 1437), became the lord of Matia (Mat). He managed to expand his territory but was ultimately subdued by the invading Ottomans. The most notable member was Gjergj Kastrioti, better known as Skanderbeg (1405–1468), declared an Albanian national hero, renowned in Albanian folklore for uniting the Albanian principalities in a military and diplomatic alliance, the League of Lezhë, which fought against Mehmed the Conqueror's efforts to further expand the Ottoman Empire into Europe.

Titles

The list of titles used by Kastrioti family are:

Albania in the Middle Ages

In Ottoman Empire

In the Kingdom of Naples

Members

Two possible members of the Kastrioti are recorded in the Ottoman defter of 1467. The first, a certain Dimitri Kastrijoti, appears as a household head from the village of Setina e Poshtme which, alongside Setina e Sipërme, can be identified with Signa which was traditionally held by the Kastrioti. The second was a yamak by the name of Mark Kastrioti from Derjan who was stationed in Shtjaknëz (modern Shqefën).[20]

Italian period

 
Trionfo di Mardocheo by Paolo Veronese in the church of San Sebastiano, Venice, 1556. Skanderbeg, who holds the Albanian flag, is depicted as the Biblical hero Mordechai who saved the Hebrews in the Achaemenid Empire[21]

After the fall of Albania to the Ottoman Empire, the Kingdom of Naples gave land and noble title to Skanderbeg's family, the Kastrioti.[22] His family were given control over the Duchy of San Pietro in Galatina and the County of Soleto, now in the Province of Lecce in Italy.[1] His son, Gjon Kastrioti II, married Jerina Branković, daughter of Serbian Despot Lazar Branković and one of the last descendants of the Palaiologos.[1] Two patrilineal branches of the Kastrioti family exist today: the branch of Lecce with two sub-branches and the branch of Napoli with one sub-branch. Both branches are patrilineally descended from the sons of Ferrante (-1561), Duke of Galatina and Count of Spoleto.[23]

Armorials

Main branch

Cadet branches

  •  

    Coat of arms of the Neapolitan branch of the family by Giacomo Fontana (1605)

  •  

    Coat of arms of the Neapolitan branch of the family by Jerónimo de Bolea (17th century)

  •  

    Coat of arms of the Neapolitan branch of the family by Angelo Maria da Bologni (1715)

Footnotes

    References

    1. ^ a b c Runciman 1990, pp. 183–185
    2. ^ Kretschmayr, Heinrich (1920). Geschichte von Venedig (in German). Vol. 2. Gotha: F.A. Perthes. p. 375. OCLC 39124645.
    3. ^ Buda 1986, p. 239.
    4. ^ Fine 1994, p. 357.
    5. ^ Omari 2014, p. 29
    6. ^ Omari 2014, p. 46.
    7. ^ Bela 2019, p. 229.
    8. ^ Omari 2014, p. 44
    9. ^ Malaj 2013, p. 43
    10. ^ Malaj 2013, p. 44
    11. ^ Malaj 2013, p. 45.
    12. ^ Gall, Timothy L.; Hobby, Janeen (2009). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life: Europe. p. 27. ISBN 9781414464305.
    13. ^ Omari 2014, p. 45
    14. ^ a b Omari 2014, p. 41
    15. ^ Muhaj 2015, p. 42.
    16. ^ Vuković, Novo (1996). Književnost Crne Gore od XII do XIX vijeka. Obod. p. 42. Његов други син звани Репош, брат Бурђа Кастриота, умро је 1430. или 1431. године у Хиландару и тамо је ...
    17. ^ a b c d [1] p. 96
    18. ^ Noli, Fan Stilian (1947), George Castrioti Scanderbeg (1405–1468), International Universities Press, p. 64, OCLC 732882, Vlajka me Stefan Stres Balshën
    19. ^ Gopčević, Spiridon (1914). Geschichte von Montenegro und Albanien (in German). Gotha: F.A. Perthes. p. 460. OCLC 9968504. Retrieved 29 March 2012. Bezüglich der Strez herrscht Verwirrung. Hopf macht Ivo und Gojko BalSid zu Söhnen des Stefan Strez, welcher Vlajka Kastriota geheiratet hätte und Sohn des Gjuragj Balšić gewesen wäre, eines Bastards des Gjuragj I.
    20. ^ Caka, Eduart (2019). Defteri i hollësishëm për zonat e dibrës i vitit 1467. Tiranë: Akademia e studimeve albanologjike instituti historisë. pp. 73, 169.
    21. ^ Nadin, Lucia (2013). Venezia e Albania: una storia di incontri e secolari legami. Regione del Veneto. p. 96. ISBN 978-88-97784-35-7.
    22. ^ Gibbon 1901, p. 467
    23. ^ "Official genealogical tree of the Kastrioti famly". Castriota-Scanderbeg.

    Sources

    • Bela, Muhamet (2019). "A ishte Skënderbeu nga Hasi?! - Mendime rreth origjinës së Skënderbeut". In Syla, Sabit; Verli, Marenglen; Asani, Skënder; Berisha, Gjon (eds.). Gjergj Kastrioti - Skënderbeu në 550-vjetorin e vdekjes: (materiale nga Konferenca shkencore ndërkombëtare "Gjergj Kastrioti - Skënderbeu në 550-vjetorin e vdekjes", mbajtur në Prishtinë, më 16 tetor 2018) (PDF) (in Albanian). Institute of history "Ali Hadri". ISBN 978-9951409803.
    • Buda, Aleks (1986). Shkrime Historike. Shtëpia Botuese "8 Nëntori". ISBN 9992716517.
    • Ducellier, Alain (1981). La façade maritime de l'Albanie au Moyen âge: Durazzo et Valona du XIe au XVe siècle. Ed. de l'Ècole des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales.
    • Fine, John (1994). The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5.
    • Gibbon, Edward (1901) [1802], The decline and fall of the Roman empire, P. F. Collier & Son, OCLC 317326240
    • Hodgkinson, Harry (1999). Scanderbeg: From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero. London: Centre for Albanian Studies. ISBN 978-1-873928-13-4.
    • Malaj, Edmond (2013). "Familje fisnike të Drishtit mesjetar (Noble Families of Medieval Drivasto". Studime Historike. 3–4.
    • Muhaj, Ardian (2015). "Hulumtimi i origjinës së Skënderbeut përmes historisë së jetës dhe veprës së tij". 610-vjetori i lindjes së Heroit Kombëtar Gjergj Kastrioti Skënderbeu. Academy of Sciences of Albania.
    • Omari, Jeton (2014). Scanderbeg tra storia e storiografia [Skanderbeg between history and historiography] (PDF) (Thesis). University of Padua.
    • Runciman, Steven (1990), The fall of Constantinople, 1453, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-39832-9

    External links

    • I Castriota Scanderbeg (in Italian)

    May 25, 2023
    house, kastrioti, kastrioti, redirects, here, other, uses, kastrioti, disambiguation, albanian, dera, kastriotëve, albanian, noble, family, active, 14th, 15th, centuries, rulers, principality, kastrioti, beginning, 15th, century, family, controlled, territory,. Kastrioti redirects here For other uses see Kastrioti disambiguation The House of Kastrioti Albanian Dera e Kastrioteve was an Albanian noble family active in the 14th and 15th centuries as the rulers of the Principality of Kastrioti At the beginning of the 15th century the family controlled a territory in the Mat and Dibra regions The most notable member was Gjergj Kastrioti better known as Skanderbeg regarded today as an Albanian hero for leading the resistance against Mehmed the Conqueror s efforts to expand the Ottoman Empire into Albania After Skanderbeg s death and the fall of the Principality in 1468 the Kastrioti family gave their allegiance to the Kingdom of Naples and were given control over the Duchy of San Pietro in Galatina and the County of Soleto now in the Province of Lecce Italy 1 Ferrante died 1561 son of Gjon Kastrioti II Duke of Galatina and Count of Soleto is the direct ancestor of all male members of the Kastrioti family today Today the family consists of two Italian branches one in Lecce and the other in Naples The descendants of the House of Kastrioti in Italy use the family name Castriota Scanderbeg House of KastriotiPlace of origina region between Mat and Diber traditionally known as the Principality of KastriotiMembersKostandin Kastrioti Pal Kastrioti Gjon Kastrioti Skanderbeg Gjergj Kastrioti Hamza Kastrioti Gjon Kastrioti II Reposh Kastrioti Stanisha Kastrioti Jelena Kastrioti Mara Kastrioti Mamica Kastrioti Angelina Kastrioti Vlajka KastriotiWebsitehttp www castriotascanderbeg it Contents 1 History 2 Titles 3 Members 4 Italian period 5 Armorials 5 1 Main branch 5 2 Cadet branches 6 Footnotes 7 References 8 Sources 9 External linksHistory Edit Genealogy of the Kastrioti family Du Cange 1680 Historia Byzantina duplici commentario A figure attested as Kastriot of Kanina in southern Albania who appears in a letter sent on September 2 1368 by Alexander Komnenos Asen to the Ragusan senate has been hypothesised by a number of authors mostly in the early 20th century as an ancestor of the Kastrioti family Heinrich Kretschmayr argued that this Kastriot may have been in fact Pal or Gjergj Kastrioti John Fine considered it probable that this Kastriot was an ancestor of Gjon Kastrioti and Aleks Buda tried to bridge the geographical discrepancy between the Kastriot of Kanina who lived in southern Albania and the Kastrioti who were active in north central Albania by arguing that after the fall of the Balsic they returned to their ancestral lands in the Diber valley 2 3 4 In contemporary historiography the figure recorded as Kastriot of Kanina in 1368 is considered to be unrelated to the Kastrioti family 5 The Kastrioti so far remain absent from historical or archival records in comparison to other Albanian noble families until their first historical appearance at the end of the 14th century 6 The historical figure of Konstantin Kastrioti Mazreku is attested in Giovanni Andrea Angelo Flavio Comneno s Genealogia diversarum principum familiarum Angelo mentions Kastrioti as Constantinus Castriotus cognomento Meserechus Aemathiae amp Castoriae Princeps Constantinus Castriotus surnamed Meserechus Prince of Aemathia and Castoria The toponym Castoria has been interpreted as Kastriot Kastrat in Has Kastrat in Dibra or the microtoponym Kostur near the village of Mazrek in the Has region 7 In connection to the Kastrioti family name it is very likely that the name of one the different Kastriot or Kastrat which were fortified settlements as their etymology shows castrum was as their family name The Kastrioti may have originated from this village or probably had acquired it as pronoia 8 Angelo used the cognomen Meserechus in reference to Skanderbeg and this link to the same name is produced in other sources and reproduced in later ones like Du Cange s Historia Byzantina 1680 9 These links highlight that the Kastrioti used Mazreku as a name that highlighted their tribal affiliation farefisni 10 The name Mazrek u which means horse breeder in Albanian is found throughout all Albanian regions 11 The Kastrioti themselves where organised in a tribal structure and formed a fis or clan tribe 12 Konstantin Kastrioti s son who was the father of Gjon Kastrioti and grandfather of Skanderbeg appears in two historical sources Gjon Muzaka s Breve memoria de li discendenti de nostra casa Musachi 1510 and Andrea Angelo s Genealogia diversarum principum familiarum 1603 1610 who was later largely reproduced by Du Cange 1680 Angelo calls Gjon Kastrioti s father Georgius Castriotus Gjergj lord princeps of Aemathiae Umenestria Mat and probably Ujmisht and Castoriae Muzaka calls him Paulo Castrioto Pal and asserts that he ruled over no more than two villages called Signa and Gardi Ipostesi Sine and Gardhi i Poshtem in Cidhen of Diber 13 His first name is disputed Neither name can be characterized as the correct version because of an extreme lack of sources The name Paulo Pal is mentioned only by one author Muzaka and wasn t used as the name of any of his grandsons Reposh Konstantin Stanisha Gjergj or great grandsons Giorgio Costantino Ferrante 14 His rule over only two villages as described by Muzaka has been disputed because if true it would mean that his son Gjon Kastrioti who ruled over a much larger area rose to power in the span of one generation This is considered a very unlikely trajectory in the context of Albanian medieval society because noble families had acquired their area of influence over multiple generations 15 Historian Kristo Frasheri considers it likely that he ruled over his region in the third quartier of the 14th century between 1350 75 based on the fact that when his grandson Gjergj Kastrioti was born his son Gjon had already fathered eight children 14 His son Gjon Kastrioti died 1437 became the lord of Matia Mat He managed to expand his territory but was ultimately subdued by the invading Ottomans The most notable member was Gjergj Kastrioti better known as Skanderbeg 1405 1468 declared an Albanian national hero renowned in Albanian folklore for uniting the Albanian principalities in a military and diplomatic alliance the League of Lezhe which fought against Mehmed the Conqueror s efforts to further expand the Ottoman Empire into Europe Titles EditThe list of titles used by Kastrioti family are Albania in the Middle Ages Lord or King of Albania Prince of Kruja Principality of Kastrioti Lord of Sina and Lower Gardi Lord of Emathia and VumenestiaIn Ottoman Empire Sanjakbey of the Sanjak of Dibra Subasi of KrujeIn the Kingdom of Naples Duke of San Pietro in Galatina Count of Soleto Signore of Monte Sant Angelo Signore of San Giovanni Rotondo Baron of Gagliano Baron of Salignano Baron of AriglianoMembers EditKostandin Kastrioti possibly the father of Pal Kastrioti Pal Kastrioti had the title segnior de Signa et de Gardi ipostesi Sina Albanian Sine and Lower Gardi Albanian Gardhi i Poshtem three sons Aleks Kastrioti lord of three villages unknown issue Kostandin Kastrioti Lord of Kruja castle Latin dominus Serinae unknown issue Gjon Kastrioti fl 1407 1437 married Voisava Tripalda nine children Reposh Kastrioti 1430 or 1431 16 unknown issue possibly father of Constantine Stanisha Kastrioti 1445 one son Hamza Kastrioti After 1457 Kostandin Kastrioti unknown issue possibly father of Constantine Constantine Kastrioti Mara Kastrioti married Stefan I Crnojevic 17 buried in Kom Monastery three sons Ivan Andrija and Bozidar Skanderbeg Gjergj Kastrioti Albanian national hero d 1468 Gjon Kastrioti II d 1501 Count of Soleto married Jerina Brankovic daughter of despot Lazar Brankovic of Serbia Costantino Castriota d 1500 bishop of Isernia fl 1498 Ferrante Castrioti d 1561 duke of San Pietro in Galatina Venetian military fl 1499 1501 Maria d 1569 Giorgio d 1540 R B Castrioti b 1994 Descendant Jelena Kastrioti married Pavle Balsic 17 with whom she had George Strez Balsic Lord of Misia Mamica Kastrioti married Muzake Thopia in 1445 17 Angelina Kastrioti married Vladan Arianiti Vlajka Kastrioti married Gjin Muzaka 17 secondly Stefan Strez Balsic 18 two sons with Stefan 19 with whom she had Gojko Balsic and Ivan Strez Balsic Two possible members of the Kastrioti are recorded in the Ottoman defter of 1467 The first a certain Dimitri Kastrijoti appears as a household head from the village of Setina e Poshtme which alongside Setina e Siperme can be identified with Signa which was traditionally held by the Kastrioti The second was a yamak by the name of Mark Kastrioti from Derjan who was stationed in Shtjaknez modern Shqefen 20 Italian period Edit Trionfo di Mardocheo by Paolo Veronese in the church of San Sebastiano Venice 1556 Skanderbeg who holds the Albanian flag is depicted as the Biblical hero Mordechai who saved the Hebrews in the Achaemenid Empire 21 After the fall of Albania to the Ottoman Empire the Kingdom of Naples gave land and noble title to Skanderbeg s family the Kastrioti 22 His family were given control over the Duchy of San Pietro in Galatina and the County of Soleto now in the Province of Lecce in Italy 1 His son Gjon Kastrioti II married Jerina Brankovic daughter of Serbian Despot Lazar Brankovic and one of the last descendants of the Palaiologos 1 Two patrilineal branches of the Kastrioti family exist today the branch of Lecce with two sub branches and the branch of Napoli with one sub branch Both branches are patrilineally descended from the sons of Ferrante 1561 Duke of Galatina and Count of Spoleto 23 Armorials EditMain branch Edit Venetian Armorial 16th century Korenic Neoric Armorial 1595 Fojnica Armorial 1675 1688 Charles du Fresne sieur du Cange 1680 Giuseppe Schiro 1904 Cadet branches Edit Coat of arms of the Neapolitan branch of the family by Giacomo Fontana 1605 Coat of arms of the Neapolitan branch of the family by Jeronimo de Bolea 17th century Coat of arms of the Neapolitan branch of the family by Angelo Maria da Bologni 1715 Footnotes EditReferences Edit a b c Runciman 1990 pp 183 185 Kretschmayr Heinrich 1920 Geschichte von Venedig in German Vol 2 Gotha F A Perthes p 375 OCLC 39124645 Buda 1986 p 239 Fine 1994 p 357 Omari 2014 p 29 Omari 2014 p 46 Bela 2019 p 229 Omari 2014 p 44 Malaj 2013 p 43 Malaj 2013 p 44 Malaj 2013 p 45 Gall Timothy L Hobby Janeen 2009 Worldmark Encyclopedia of Cultures and Daily Life Europe p 27 ISBN 9781414464305 Omari 2014 p 45 a b Omari 2014 p 41 Muhaj 2015 p 42 Vukovic Novo 1996 Knjizevnost Crne Gore od XII do XIX vijeka Obod p 42 Њegov drugi sin zvani Reposh brat Burђa Kastriota umro јe 1430 ili 1431 godine u Hilandaru i tamo јe a b c d 1 p 96 Noli Fan Stilian 1947 George Castrioti Scanderbeg 1405 1468 International Universities Press p 64 OCLC 732882 Vlajka me Stefan Stres Balshen Gopcevic Spiridon 1914 Geschichte von Montenegro und Albanien in German Gotha F A Perthes p 460 OCLC 9968504 Retrieved 29 March 2012 Bezuglich der Strez herrscht Verwirrung Hopf macht Ivo und Gojko BalSid zu Sohnen des Stefan Strez welcher Vlajka Kastriota geheiratet hatte und Sohn des Gjuragj Balsic gewesen ware eines Bastards des Gjuragj I Caka Eduart 2019 Defteri i hollesishem per zonat e dibres i vitit 1467 Tirane Akademia e studimeve albanologjike instituti historise pp 73 169 Nadin Lucia 2013 Venezia e Albania una storia di incontri e secolari legami Regione del Veneto p 96 ISBN 978 88 97784 35 7 Gibbon 1901 p 467 Official genealogical tree of the Kastrioti famly Castriota Scanderbeg Sources EditBela Muhamet 2019 A ishte Skenderbeu nga Hasi Mendime rreth origjines se Skenderbeut In Syla Sabit Verli Marenglen Asani Skender Berisha Gjon eds Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeu ne 550 vjetorin e vdekjes materiale nga Konferenca shkencore nderkombetare Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeu ne 550 vjetorin e vdekjes mbajtur ne Prishtine me 16 tetor 2018 PDF in Albanian Institute of history Ali Hadri ISBN 978 9951409803 Buda Aleks 1986 Shkrime Historike Shtepia Botuese 8 Nentori ISBN 9992716517 Ducellier Alain 1981 La facade maritime de l Albanie au Moyen age Durazzo et Valona du XIe au XVe siecle Ed de l Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales Fine John 1994 The Late Medieval Balkans A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest University of Michigan Press ISBN 978 0 472 08260 5 Gibbon Edward 1901 1802 The decline and fall of the Roman empire P F Collier amp Son OCLC 317326240 Hodgkinson Harry 1999 Scanderbeg From Ottoman Captive to Albanian Hero London Centre for Albanian Studies ISBN 978 1 873928 13 4 Malaj Edmond 2013 Familje fisnike te Drishtit mesjetar Noble Families of Medieval Drivasto Studime Historike 3 4 Muhaj Ardian 2015 Hulumtimi i origjines se Skenderbeut permes historise se jetes dhe vepres se tij 610 vjetori i lindjes se Heroit Kombetar Gjergj Kastrioti Skenderbeu Academy of Sciences of Albania Omari Jeton 2014 Scanderbeg tra storia e storiografia Skanderbeg between history and historiography PDF Thesis University of Padua Runciman Steven 1990 The fall of Constantinople 1453 Cambridge University Press ISBN 978 0 521 39832 9External links EditI Castriota Scanderbeg in Italian Genealogical Tree Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title House of Kastrioti amp oldid 1156183274, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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