Karshi-Khanabad Air Base

Karshi-Khanabad, better known as K2, is an air base in southeastern Uzbekistan, just east of Karshi. It is home to the 60th Separate Mixed Aviation Brigade of the Uzbek Air Force.

Karshi-Khanabad Air Base
IATA: none ICAO: UTSL
Summary
Airport type	Military
Location	Karshi, Uzbekistan
Elevation AMSL	1,365 ft / 416 m
Coordinates	38°50′06″N 65°54′45″E / 38.83500°N 65.91250°E / 38.83500; 65.91250
Map
Karshi-Khanabad Air Base Location of air base in Uzbekistan
Runways
Direction Length Surface m ft 07/25 2,498 8,195 Concrete
Source: DAFIF^[1]^[2]

History

From 1954 to 1981, the 735th Fighter Aviation Regiment of the Soviet Air Defence Force was stationed at the base.^[3] It was equipped with MiG-15 (July 1950 – 1955), MiG-17 (1955-1969), and then Sukhoi Su-9 (Fishpot) aircraft (1961-1978).^[4] The regiment replaced the Su-9 in 1978 with the MiG-23M (Flogger-B).^[4]

In 1981 it was renamed the 735th Fighter-Bomber Aviation Regiment, and in 1984 the 735th Bomber Aviation Regiment. Until 1984 the regiment was equipped with the MiG-23M, and from 1984 to 1992 with the Su-24. The regiment was under control of the Soviet Air Forces of the Turkestan Military District from April 1980 to May 1988, and then under 49th Air Army and 73rd Air Army.^{[citation needed]}

On 30 June 1992, control of the base passed from the dissolved Soviet Union to Uzbekistan. From 1992 changes began to affect the regiment before it was merged with other units into the 60th Separate Mixed Aviation Brigade.

Between 2001 and 2005 seven thousand United States Department of Defense personnel were assigned to the base,^[5] also known as K2 and "Camp Stronghold Freedom", for support missions against the Taliban and al-Qaeda in neighbouring Afghanistan during Operation Enduring Freedom. The United States Air Force used the base for combat search and rescue missions.^[6] The 416th Air Expeditionary Group was the host unit. The base also contained 1,000 10th Mountain Division troops to defend Uzbekistan against incursions by the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan and other Islamist militant groups based in Afghanistan.^[6] On 29 July 2005, amid strained relations caused by the May 2005 unrest in Uzbekistan; a prelude to another Colour Revolution, the United States was told to vacate the base within six months. It was vacated by the United States in November 2005.^[7][8]

Facilities

The airport resides at an elevation of 1,365 feet (416 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 07/25 with a concrete surface measuring 8,196 by 131 feet (2,498 m × 40 m).^[1]

Pollution

In November 2001, the US Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine-Europe performed an environmental baseline survey and found widespread jet fuel plumes, usually 1–3 meters under ground, most likely from a leaking Soviet-era underground fuel distribution system and smaller, localized areas of surface dirt contaminated with asbestos and low-level radioactive processed uranium, both from the destruction of Soviet missiles several years prior.^[9]

United States Armed Forces veterans who served at the base while it was used by the U.S. military described "black goo" oozing out of the soil, appearing to be a mixture of solvents, oils and other chemicals. Noxious vapors were also reported, along with radiation warning signs and a nearby pond that glowed green. Rainwater would reportedly flood tents and appeared contaminated with various chemicals.^[10] According to a 2015 Army study, 61 of the K2 veterans had been diagnosed with cancer or died of the disease, not counting the special operations forces.^[11] The United States Department of Veteran's Affairs and U.S. Army Public Health Center had denied that an increased rate of cancers exists or that any contamination at the base posed any serious health problems.^[9] The US military took steps to reduce possible sources of contamination, such as filling trenches with soil to create a cap to hold vapors underground, covering radioactive soil and asbestos,^[9] which were criticized as ineffective by veterans.^[11]

On 18 November 2020, the US House Committee on Oversight and Reform held a hearing on "Karshi-Khanabad: Honoring the Heroes of Camp Stronghold Freedom".^[12] A fact sheet was released detailing the health risks at the camp:^[13]

• Petrochemical Contamination and Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
• Particulate Matter 10 (PM10) and Tetrachloroethylene
• Burn Pits
• Radiation exposure

As of the November 2020 hearing, the Department of Veterans' Affairs denied that the illnesses suffered by veterans at K2 suffered were service-connected.

See also

• Karshi Airport
• Manas Air Base, Kyrgyzstan
• New Great Game
• Islam Karimov

References

1. . worldaerodata.com. DAFIF. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
2. Airport information for Karshi-Khanabad, Uzbekistan (UTSL / KSQ) at Great Circle Mapper. Source: DAFIF (effective October 2006).
3. Michael Holm. "735th Bomber Aviation Regiment". ww2.dk. from the original on 11 February 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021. Karshi-Khanabad, Kashkadar'inskaya Oblast, 1954 - 1992 [38 50 09N, 65 55 19E]
4. (PDF). cia.gov. Washington, D.C.: Central Intelligence Agency. February 1981. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 January 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2021. Document Type: CREST. Document Number (FOIA) /ESDN (CREST): CIA-RDP81T00380R000100980001-5
5. Kime, Patricia (27 February 2020). "Post 9/11 veterans attribute deadly cancers to contaminants at US base in Uzbekistan". MilitaryTimes.com. from the original on 30 November 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2020.
6. Henriksen, Thomas H. (31 January 2022). America's Wars: Interventions, Regime Change, and Insurgencies after the Cold War (1 ed.). Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/9781009053242.005. ISBN 978-1-009-05324-2.
7. "US asked to leave Uzbek airbase". BBC News. 30 July 2005. from the original on 8 November 2020.
8. "Last US plane leaves Uzbek base". BBC News. 21 November 2005. from the original on 24 February 2020.
9. "Environmental Conditions at Karshi Khanabad (K-2) Air Base, Uzbekistan Information for Service Members and Veterans" (PDF). phc.amedd.army.mil. U.S. Army Public Health Center. (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 5 March 2020.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
10. Browne, Ryan (9 July 2020). "Congress releases declassified Pentagon files showing deployed US troops were exposed to dangerous toxins". CNN. from the original on 13 January 2021. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
11. Copp, Tara (19 December 2019). "Cancers strike veterans who deployed to Uzbek base where black goo oozed, ponds glowed". mcclatchydc.com. McClatchy.
12. Stephen F. Lynch, Chairman of the Subcommittee on National Security (18 November 2020). "Karshi-Khanabad: Honoring the Heroes of Camp Stronghold Freedom - House Committee on Oversight and Reform". oversight.house.gov. from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021. "The courageous Americans who served at K2 were among the first boots on the ground after the September 11 terrorist attacks. Today, many of them face devastating health conditions potentially tied to their service. They are looking for answers—answers our government has denied them for years. Our Subcommittee's bipartisan investigation revealed clear evidence that K2 veterans were exposed to toxic and environmental hazards. Yet, the VA has refused to provide the full range of treatments and benefits these veterans deserve. I remain committed to advocating on behalf of our K2 heroes and look forward to hearing the VA and DOD's plans to right this injustice."
13. "Fact Sheet: Declassified Karshi-Khanabad (K2) Documents" (PDF). oversight.house.gov. 9 July 2020. (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2021. During subsurface soil testing in 2001, "[e]levated levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH) were detected at numerous locations throughout Stronghold Freedom. A June 2002 Operational Health Risk Assessment estimated that "between 50% and 75% of personnel at Stronghold Freedom will be exposed to elevated levels of compounds in air," and a September 2004 health assessment described the probability of exposure to PM10 levels as "frequent." A few air samples also reported elevated levels of tetrachloroethylene. According to the Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry, "Studies in humans suggest that exposure to tetrachloroethylene might lead to a higher risk of getting bladder cancer, multiple myeloma, or non-Hodgkin's lymphoma." • According to a September 2004 health assessment, the U.S. Army Center for Health Promotion and Preventive Medicine (USACHPPM) found that, although "less than 10% of personnel will experience [radiation] exposures above background" at Camp Stronghold Freedom, "the potential for daily contact with radiation exists for up to 100% of the assigned units."

External links