Insurgency in Karadak–Gollak (1941–1951)

The insurgency in Karadak–Gollak, also known as the War in Eastern Kosovo (Albanian: Lufta e Kosovës Lindore),^[2], was a series of Albanian riots in the Karadak and Gollak regions with spillover into the Anamorava regions. Initially directed against Bulgarian, German, and Italian occupation following the Invasion of Yugoslavia in 1941, it later targeted the Yugoslav Partisans who were attempting to gain control of the area.

Insurgency in Karadak-Gollak
Part of World War II in Yugoslavia
Kosovo in 1941, Karadak region occupied by Bulgaria
Date First phase: 1941–7 September 1944. Second phase: 14 November 1944 – 6 June 1951 Location Karadak and Gollak regions, Bulgaria, SFR Yugoslavia Modern-day Kosovo, Serbia and North Macedonia Result First phase: Ballist victory Second phase: Yugoslav-Bulgarian victory Uprising quelled
Belligerents
1941–1944 Albania Balli Kombëtar Kachaks	1941–1944 Yugoslav Partisans Macedonian Partisans	1941–1944 Bulgaria Germany (until 1944) Chetnik collaborators
1944–1945 Albania Balli Kombëtar Kachaks Germany	1944–1945 Bulgaria Yugoslav Partisans Chetniks
1946–1951 Ballist dissidents Kachak dissidents	1946–1951 SFR Yugoslavia
Commanders and leaders
Mulla Idriz Gjilani † Sulë Hotla  Mulla Nuredin Maxhera † Hasan Ali Remniku † Limon Staneci Alexander Löhr	Vladimir Stoychev Kiril Stanchev Mile Čalović Tomica Popović
Strength
Over 2000 rebels^[1] 3 Divisions	5 Divisions 2 Divisions
Casualties and losses
Unknown	Unknown	ca. 1,200 Albanian civilians killed 3.000-4.000 Albanians displaced

Background

Following the April War, the region of Kosovo was divided into three occupation zones, which were defined in the Vienna talks. Axis Powers like Italy and Germany sought to meet the demands of Bulgaria, which was another ally of the Axis Bloc. Bulgaria sought to annex the Karadak region which included parts of the Region of Gjilan, Vitia, Kaçanik, the Presevo Valley, Kumanovo and Skopje. The newly annexed regions contained about 200,000 Albanians. All ethnic Albanian territories annexed by Bulgaria, were declared as an integral part of the Bulgarian Kingdom. During their rule in Kosovo, the Bulgarian Authorities implemented brutal policies against the Albanian Population, which included internment, imprisonment, displacement and killings. By September 1942, 3,000-4,000 Albanians were expelled by the Bulgarian Authorities from their lands.^{[citation needed]} These policies made local Albanians rise to arms and revolt.^[3] One of the main rebels was Mulla Idriz Gjilani which headed paramilitary forces in the region to oppose the presence of Bulgarian troops and the return of Serb partisan units.^[4]

First phase

Albanian Attacks (1941–1944)

Battle of Lojane Mine

On 28 September 1942 Bulgarian and Albanian forces fought in the village of Lojane. The Albanian rebels under Xheladin Kurbaliu attacked to capture the mine near the village.^[5]

Battle of Velja Glava

On 28 June 1944,^[6] 500-600 Serbian Chetniks attacked the Village Velja Glava of the Gollak Highlands near Kosovska Kamenica, in which they were engaged by Ballist forces from Karadak led by Mulla Idriz Gjilani.^[7][6]

The battle lasted 12 hours and ended with a decisive Albanian victory.^[8] According to Albanian sources, the Serbian Chetnik forces had suffered high casualties, with 200 killed and 131 captured, while the Albanian forces only suffered light casualties with 17 losses.^[8]

Battle of Kitka

On 26 July 1944,^[6] Serbian Chetniks, numbering 600-800, again began attacking Albanian villages in the Gollak Highlands, more specifically, Svircë and Tugjec near the Kitka mountain.^[8] They were again met by Albanian Ballist forces from Karadak led by Mulla Idriz Gjilani and Limon Staneci, which came to defend the villages.^[7]

The battle again ended with a decisive Albanian victory, leaving 143 Chetniks killed and 209 wounded, while Albanians suffered no casualties.^[6]

Battle of Reka of Rainca

The Battle of the Reka of Rainca also known as the War for East Kosovo was fought in the southeast region of Gjilan, Preševo, Bujanovac by Ristovc, Tasjan and Brezë in the 29th of August 1944. The battle was fought as a defensive reaction to the attacks of the Serbian and Bulgarian forces on 28 August 1944. The Battle ended with and Albanian victory due to the capitulation and withdrawal of Bulgarian forces on 7 September 1944, the Preševo Valley was occupied shortly after by the forces of the Albanian Kingdom. The elected leader was Limon Staneci, the commander of the gendarmerie was Ali Staneci and the commander of rebel forces was Ibrahim Kelmendi.^[9]

Bulgarian capitulation and withdrawal

Kingdom of Bulgaria occupied the region until September 7, 1944, when they handed the area over to Nazi Germany. The Albanian collaborationist regime along with Balli Kombëtar and Kachak insurgents subsequently took over most of the region the region including the whole Preševo Valley and the City of Kumanovo and surroundings.^[10][11]

Second phase

Kumanovo and Kosovo Operations

Main articles: Stratsin–Kumanovo operation and Kosovo Operation (1944)

Bulgaria declared war on Germany on September 8. On 11 November 1944 the Bulgarian Army attacked the city of Kumanovo, where the Wehrmacht and Albanian forces were defeated and the town was captured by the Bulgarian Army.^[12]

First Battle of Preševo

On 19 September 1944, Yugoslav partisans attacked Ballist positions in the Preševo Valley, with the goal of capturing the town of Preševo, which would have given them a free way to capture the city of Gjilan. In the early hours of the battle, the partisans managed to take control over several villages including Rajince, Crnotince and Oraovica.^[13][10] However, soon after, local Kachaks from the Karadak of Kosovo began to storm the Preševo Valley and mounted a counter-attack, recapturing all of the lost territory. After that, the Kachaks pushed the Yugoslav partisans into a field near the village of Žujince, there they surrounded them and started to attack them with machine gun fire, ultimately killing 49. During the battle over 100 partisans were killed, while 206 were taken as prisoner.^[13][10]

First Battle of Skopje

From September to mid-November, the Albanian Ballist forces, numbering about 3,600 soldiers, led by Sulë Hotla defended Skopje and managed to repel all military attacks of the 16th and 17th brigades of the Kumanovo Partisan Division.^[14][15]

Second Battle of Preševo

From 9-15 November 1944 Yugoslav Partisan forces attacked the Preševo Valley. The Albanian Ballists in total had 700-1000 men, which were led by Ramiz Cernica and Hoxhe Lipovica and clashed with the Partisan forces. After several hours of heavy fighting, the Albanian forces were defeated and the entire Preševo Valley was captured by Yugoslav Partisan forces.^[10][11]

Second Battle of Skopje

In the second half of November and December 1944, Bulgarian, and Yugoslav communist partisan units managed to push the Ballist Forces out of Skopje and Karadak.^[14][15]

Last Ballist Resistance (1944–1951)

Battle of Muçibaba

The village of Muçibaba was one of the last Ballist strongholds in the region and on 30 November 1944, about 2,000 Yugoslav Partisans from Anamorava, crossed the Binačka Morava river into Karadak, surrounded the village, and demanded the surrender of the Ballist and Kachak forces. Their demanded was not accepted and the Yugoslav Partisans started their Attack.^[2]

The Albanian forces in Muçibaba did not exceed 120 and although numerically superior, the partisans had to suffer high casualties after four failed attacks on the village were conducted. The partisans decided to retreat and regroup in the village of Pisjan, not far from Muçibaba. In Pisjan, Partisan forces were joined by Serbian Chetniks from the neighbouring region of Anamorava.^[2]

In the evening, the Partisans conducted another attack. During the Battle the commander of the Albanian forces Ymer Myçybaba was wounded and many others were killed. The Partisans, who were attacking the village from three sides, captured the village after Hours of heavy fighting. The wounded commander Ymer Myçybaba managed to escape to the nearby village of Kokaj, but died a few hours later from his wounds. Ahmet Haziri another commander during the Battle also died from the wounds he received during the battle.^[2]

Bistrica Ambush

In early October 1951, the state security service of Yugoslavia (UDBA) planned to liquidate Hasan Remniku and Mustafa Kokaj, the last of the Ballist and Kachak rebel leaders.^[16] UDBA agents were sent, posing as people who would help smuggle Kokaj and Remniku across the border into Albania. On October 6 1951 on their way to Albania, the rebel leaders ran into a well prepared ambush set up by Yugoslav forces. Fighting between the Yugoslav and Ballist forces lasted three days, in which Kokaj and Remniku and most of their soldiers were killed.^{[17][better source needed]}

Aftermath

Following the quelling of the uprising, Yugoslav forces began targeting the Albanian population in Karadak, Anamorava and Gollak. In all about 1,200 Albanians were massacred by the Yugoslav forces.^{[18][better source needed]}

References

1. "Lufta e përgjakur më 19 nëntor 1944, ditën e Bajramit në Preshevë". titulli. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
2. Ramadani, Nijazi. "Mbrojtja Kombëtare e Kosovës Lindore Nga Nijazi RAMADANI". Academia.
3. Lufta e II Botërore, si dhe dëshmitarëve të pjesëmarrësve të gjallë të atyre ngjarje, Selim Selimi Flaka e Revulucionit, pjesa e IX dhe pas vrasjes së tij, caktohet Ramiz Cërnica dhe Kurtesh Agushi,[1]
4. Elsie, Robert (2010-11-15). Historical Dictionary of Kosovo. Scarecrow Press. p. 115. ISBN 978-0-8108-7483-1.
5. "PRESHEVA NË RRJEDHAT E HISTORISË SHEK.XX" (PDF).
6. "Mulla Idriz Gjilani – Njeriu i pushkës dhe i penës". Almakos.com. 2019-06-09. Retrieved 2022-09-09.
7. Ramadani, Nijazi. "Karadak ( Kosovo), during World War II 1 Karadak resistance during World War II". Academia.
8. Ramadani, Nijazi. "Beteja e Kikes". Academia.
9. Ramadani, Nijazi. Beteja e Rekës Raincës.
10. titulli.com. "Lufta e përgjakur më 19 nëntor 1944, ditën e Bajramit në Preshevë". www.titulli.com. Retrieved 2022-09-08.
11. Šta bi danas rekao Abdulah Krašnica
12. Karl Hnilicka: Das Ende auf dem Balkan 1944/45 – Die militärische Räumung Jugoslaviens durch die deutsche Wehrmacht, Musterschmidt, Göttingen 1970. (Studien und Dokumente zur Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkrieges, Band 13) ìn German; pp. 90-91; 95.
13. Pirraku, Muhamet (1995). Mulla Idris Gjilani dhe mbrojtja kombëtare e Kosovës Lindore: 1941-1951 (in Albanian). "Dituria Islame" redaksia e botimeve historike.
14. Iseni, Ndricim. "Sulë Hotla (1875-1947), Një Jetë Për Shqipërinë". Bashkimi i Shqiperise (in Albanian). Retrieved 2022-09-09.
15. Bechev, Dimitar (2019-09-03). Historical Dictionary of North Macedonia. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-5381-1962-4.
16. ""Ballë për ballë me UDB-në", si u likuidua Hasan Remniku". 14 August 2016.
17. "PRITA NË BISTRICË (III)". January 2021.
18. NijaZi, Ramadani (2020). Shtegtim në histori – I / Nijazi Ramadani . – Gjilan : Rrjedha, 2020.–libra ; 21 cm. [Libri] I. – (Gjilani në rezistencën kombëtare në juglindje të Kosovës 1941–1951) : (studim dokumentar monografik) – 295 f.ISBN 978-9951-453-24-0. Gjilan: 2020. pp. 277–281. ISBN 978-9951-453-24-0.