The kaige revision, or simply kaige, is the group of revisions to the Septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto-MasoreticHebrew.[1] The name kaige derives from the revision's pervasive use of Koinē Greek: και γε[kaige] ("and indeed") to translate the Hebrew: וְגַם[wəgam] ("and also"). The importance of this revision lies in its status as a precursor to later revisions by 'the Three' (i.e., Aquila, Symmachus and Theodotion) as well as the light it sheds on the origins of the Septuagint.[2]
Lower part of col. 18 (according to E. Tov) of the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever (8HevXII gr). The arrow points at the divine name in paleo-Hebrew script
The individual revisions characteristic of kaige were first observed by Dominique Barthélemy in the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever.[3] According to Arie Van Der Kooij "his thesis about the K[aige] T[ranslation] has been widely accepted, but his dating of Theodotion before Aquila has not."[4]
Ellis R. Brotzman (retired professor of Old Testament at Tyndale Theological Seminary) and Eric J. Tully (assistant professor of Old Testament and Semitic languages at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School) claim that a characteristic of the kaige translation is that it wrote YHWH in paleo-Hebrew script instead of translating it into Greek.[5] When referring to kaige recension in 8HevXII gr, Kristin De Troyer makes the following affirmation: "The problem with a recension is that one does not know what is the original form and what the recension. Hence, is the paleo-Hebrew Tetragrammaton secondary – a part of the recension – or proof of the Old Greek text? This debate has not yet been solved."[6]
Emanuel Tov wrote that "in some book of the New Testament and in early Christian literature, Hebraizing revisions of the OG often were quoted rather than the OG version itself, reflecting the beginning of the decline of the LXX (the OG) in Judaism".[7] According to Tuukka Kauhanen, the authors of the New Testament could too know a kaige type Septuagint text.[8] Some scholars have exposed different views to explain why in citation of Zechariah 12:10 in John 19:37 "with known forms of the text reveals that it demonstrates many similarities with the Hebrew Masoretic text",[9] which includes Martin Hengel who "speak of possibly identifying John's citation with... 8HevXII gr.[9]: 4–5 Tov also wrote that D. A, Koch has shown that in his letters, Paul sometimes "refers to recensions of the Old Greek towards a proto-Masoretic text."[10]
^Dines, Jennifer Mary (2004). The Septuagint: Understanding the Bible and Its World. London: A&C Black. p. 81-82. ISBN9780567084644.
^Law, Timothy Michael (2013). When God Spoke Greek: The Septuagint and the Making of the Christian Bible. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 76. ISBN9780199344338.
^Tov, Emanuel (2011). Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. p. 143. ISBN9781451403299.
^Van Der Kooij, A. (1983). "On the Place of Origin of the Old Greek of Psalms". Vetus Testamentum. 33 (1): 67–7. doi:10.2307/1517994. hdl:1887/10615. JSTOR 1517994.
^Ellis R. Brotzman; Eric J. Tully (2016). Old Testament Textual Criticism: A Practical Introduction (2 ed.). Baker Academic. ISBN9781493404759.
^De Troyer, Kristin (February 2007). "The Names of God. Their Pronunciation and Their Translation. A Digital Tour of Some of the Main Witnesses". European Electronic Journal for Feminist Exegesis. 2.
^Emanuel Tov (2008). Hebrew Bible, Greek Bible and Qumran: Collected Essays. Mohr Siebeck. p. 365. ISBN9783161495465.
^Tuukka Kauhanen (2017). Anneli Aejmelaeus, Tuukka Kauhanen (ed.). The Legacy of Barthelemy: 50 Years After Les Devanciers D'Aquila. V&r Academic. ISBN978-3525540626.
^ abHengel, Martin (2012). "One". Introduction John, LXX and MT. Translated by Biddle, Mark E. BRILL. pp. 1–5. ISBN9789004229143. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
^Tov, Emanuel (2009). Armin Lange; Matthias Weigold; József Zsengellér (eds.). From Qumran to Aleppo: A Discussion with Emanuel Tov about the Textual History of Jewish Scriptures in Honor of His 65th Birthday. Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments. Vol. 230. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 61. ISBN9783525530948.
Further readingedit
Timothy Michael Law, When God Spoke Greek, Oxford University Press, 2013.
Natalio Fernandez Marcos "The B-text of Judges: Kaige Revision and Beyond", in After Qumran. Old and Modern Editions of the Biblical Text – The Historical Books, Edited by H. Ausloos, B. Lemmelijn, J. Trebolle Barrera. BETL 246. Lovaina-Paris-Walpole MA, Peeters 2012, 161–170.
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kaige, revision, kaige, revision, simply, kaige, group, revisions, septuagint, made, order, more, closely, align, translation, with, proto, masoretic, hebrew, name, kaige, derives, from, revision, pervasive, koinē, greek, και, γε, indeed, translate, hebrew, al. The kaige revision or simply kaige is the group of revisions to the Septuagint made in order to more closely align its translation with the proto Masoretic Hebrew 1 The name kaige derives from the revision s pervasive use of Koine Greek kai ge kai ge and indeed to translate the Hebrew ו ג ם we gam and also The importance of this revision lies in its status as a precursor to later revisions by the Three i e Aquila Symmachus and Theodotion as well as the light it sheds on the origins of the Septuagint 2 Lower part of col 18 according to E Tov of the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever 8HevXII gr The arrow points at the divine name in paleo Hebrew scriptThe individual revisions characteristic of kaige were first observed by Dominique Barthelemy in the Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever 3 According to Arie Van Der Kooij his thesis about the K aige T ranslation has been widely accepted but his dating of Theodotion before Aquila has not 4 Contents 1 Tetragrammaton 2 Influence on the New Testament 3 See also 4 References 5 Further readingTetragrammaton editEllis R Brotzman retired professor of Old Testament at Tyndale Theological Seminary and Eric J Tully assistant professor of Old Testament and Semitic languages at Trinity Evangelical Divinity School claim that a characteristic of the kaige translation is that it wrote YHWH in paleo Hebrew script instead of translating it into Greek 5 When referring to kaige recension in 8HevXII gr Kristin De Troyer makes the following affirmation The problem with a recension is that one does not know what is the original form and what the recension Hence is the paleo Hebrew Tetragrammaton secondary a part of the recension or proof of the Old Greek text This debate has not yet been solved 6 Influence on the New Testament editMain articles Quotations from the Hebrew Bible in the New Testament and Names and titles of God in the New Testament Emanuel Tov wrote that in some book of the New Testament and in early Christian literature Hebraizing revisions of the OG often were quoted rather than the OG version itself reflecting the beginning of the decline of the LXX the OG in Judaism 7 According to Tuukka Kauhanen the authors of the New Testament could too know a kaige type Septuagint text 8 Some scholars have exposed different views to explain why in citation of Zechariah 12 10 in John 19 37 with known forms of the text reveals that it demonstrates many similarities with the Hebrew Masoretic text 9 which includes Martin Hengel who speak of possibly identifying John s citation with 8HevXII gr 9 4 5 Tov also wrote that D A Koch has shown that in his letters Paul sometimes refers to recensions of the Old Greek towards a proto Masoretic text 10 See also editBible translations into Greek HexaplaReferences edit Dines Jennifer Mary 2004 The Septuagint Understanding the Bible and Its World London A amp C Black p 81 82 ISBN 9780567084644 Law Timothy Michael 2013 When God Spoke Greek The Septuagint and the Making of the Christian Bible Oxford Oxford University Press p 76 ISBN 9780199344338 Tov Emanuel 2011 Textual Criticism of the Hebrew Bible Minneapolis Fortress Press p 143 ISBN 9781451403299 Van Der Kooij A 1983 On the Place of Origin of the Old Greek of Psalms Vetus Testamentum 33 1 67 7 doi 10 2307 1517994 hdl 1887 10615 JSTOR 1517994 Ellis R Brotzman Eric J Tully 2016 Old Testament Textual Criticism A Practical Introduction 2 ed Baker Academic ISBN 9781493404759 De Troyer Kristin February 2007 The Names of God Their Pronunciation and Their Translation A Digital Tour of Some of the Main Witnesses European Electronic Journal for Feminist Exegesis 2 Emanuel Tov 2008 Hebrew Bible Greek Bible and Qumran Collected Essays Mohr Siebeck p 365 ISBN 9783161495465 Tuukka Kauhanen 2017 Anneli Aejmelaeus Tuukka Kauhanen ed The Legacy of Barthelemy 50 Years After Les Devanciers D Aquila V amp r Academic ISBN 978 3525540626 a b Hengel Martin 2012 One Introduction John LXX and MT Translated by Biddle Mark E BRILL pp 1 5 ISBN 9789004229143 a href Template Cite book html title Template Cite book cite book a work ignored help Tov Emanuel 2009 Armin Lange Matthias Weigold Jozsef Zsengeller eds From Qumran to Aleppo A Discussion with Emanuel Tov about the Textual History of Jewish Scriptures in Honor of His 65th Birthday Forschungen zur Religion und Literatur des Alten und Neuen Testaments Vol 230 Vandenhoeck amp Ruprecht p 61 ISBN 9783525530948 Further reading editTimothy Michael Law When God Spoke Greek Oxford University Press 2013 Natalio Fernandez Marcos The B text of Judges Kaige Revision and Beyond in After Qumran Old and Modern Editions of the Biblical Text The Historical Books Edited by H Ausloos B Lemmelijn J Trebolle Barrera BETL 246 Lovaina Paris Walpole MA Peeters 2012 161 170 nbsp This article about a Judaism related book or text is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Kaige revision amp oldid 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