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K computer

January 01, 1970

The K computer – named for the Japanese word/numeral "kei" (京), meaning 10 quadrillion (1016)[4][Note 1] – was a supercomputer manufactured by Fujitsu, installed at the Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science campus in Kobe, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan.[4][5][6] The K computer was based on a distributed memory architecture with over 80,000 compute nodes.[7] It was used for a variety of applications, including climate research, disaster prevention and medical research.[6] The K computer's operating system was based on the Linux kernel, with additional drivers designed to make use of the computer's hardware.[8]

K computer
ActiveJune 2011 – August 2019
SponsorsMEXT, Japan
OperatorsFujitsu
LocationRiken Advanced Institute for Computational Science
Architecture88,128 SPARC64 VIIIfx processors, Tofu interconnect
Power12.6 MW
Operating systemLinux[1][2]
Speed10.51 petaflops (Rmax)
RankingTOP500: 18th, as of November 2018[3]
Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science (AICS) in Kobe, which housed the K computer

In June 2011, TOP500 ranked K the world's fastest supercomputer, with a computation speed of over 8 petaflops, and in November 2011, K became the first computer to top 10 petaflops.[9][10] It had originally been slated for completion in June 2012.[10] In June 2012, K was superseded as the world's fastest supercomputer by the American IBM Sequoia.[11]

As of November 2018, the K computer held third place for the HPCG benchmark. It held the first place until June 2018, when it was superseded by Summit and Sierra.[12][13]

The K supercomputer was decommissioned on 30 August 2019.[14] In Japan, the K computer was succeeded by the Fugaku supercomputer, in 2020, which took the top spot on the June 2020 TOP500 list, at that time nearly three times faster than second most powerful supercomputer.[15]

Performance edit

On 20 June 2011, the TOP500 Project Committee announced that K had set a LINPACK record with a performance of 8.162 petaflops, making it the fastest supercomputer in the world at the time;[4][6][9] it achieved this performance with a computing efficiency ratio of 93.0%. The previous record holder was the Chinese National University of Defense Technology's Tianhe-1A, which performed at 2.507 petaflops.[5] The TOP500 list is revised semiannually, and the rankings change frequently, indicating the speed at which computing power is increasing.[4] In November 2011, Riken reported that K had become the first supercomputer to exceed 10 petaflops, achieving a LINPACK performance of 10.51 quadrillion computations per second with a computing efficiency ratio of 93.2%.[10] K received top ranking in all four performance benchmarks at the 2011 HPC Challenge Awards.[16]

On 18 June 2012, the TOP500 Project Committee announced that the California-based IBM Sequoia supercomputer replaced K as the world's fastest supercomputer, with a LINPACK performance of 16.325 petaflops. Sequoia is 55% faster than K, using 123% more CPU processors, but is also 150% more energy efficient.[11]

On the TOP500 list, it became first in June 2011, falling down through time to lower positions, to eighteenth in November 2018.[12]

K computer held third place in the HPCG benchmark test proposed by Jack Dongarra, with 0.6027 HPCG PFLOPS in November 2018.[17]

Specifications edit

Node architecture edit

The K computer comprised 88,128 2.0 GHz eight-core SPARC64 VIIIfx processors contained in 864 cabinets, for a total of 705,024 cores,[1][18] manufactured by Fujitsu with 45 nm CMOS technology.[19] Each cabinet contained 96 computing nodes, in addition to six I/O nodes. Each computing node contained a single processor and 16 GB of memory. The computer's water cooling system was designed to minimize failure rate and power consumption.[20]

Network edit

The nodes were connected by Fujitsu's proprietary torus fusion (Tofu) interconnect.[20][21][22][23]

File system edit

The system adopted a two-level local/global file system with parallel/distributed functions, and provided users with an automatic staging function for moving files between global and local file systems. Fujitsu developed an optimized parallel file system based on Lustre, called the Fujitsu Exabyte File System (FEFS), which is scalable to several hundred petabytes.[20][24]

Power consumption edit

Although the K computer reported the highest total power consumption (9.89 MW – the equivalent of almost 10,000 suburban homes) on the June 2011 TOP500 list, it is relatively efficient, achieving 824.6 GFlop/kW. This is 29.8% more efficient than China's NUDT TH MPP (ranked #2 in 2011), and 225.8% more efficient than Oak Ridge's Jaguar-Cray XT5-HE (ranked #3 in 2011). However, K's power efficiency still fell far short of the 2097.2 GFlops/kWatt supercomputer record set by IBM's NNSA/SC Blue Gene/Q Prototype 2. For comparison, the average power consumption of a TOP 10 system in 2011 was 4.3 MW, and the average efficiency was 463.7 GFlop/kW.[9]

According to TOP500 compiler Jack Dongarra, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of Tennessee, the K computer's performance equaled "one million linked desktop computers".[5] The computer's annual running costs were estimated at US$10 million.[5]

K Computer Mae rapid transit station edit

On 1 July 2011, Kobe's Port Island Line rapid transit system renamed one of its stations from "Port Island Minami" to "K Computer Mae" (meaning "In front of K Computer") denoting its vicinity.[25] In June 2021, after the decommissioning of K computer, the station was renamed as Keisan Kagaku Center Station.[26]

See also edit

Notes edit

  1. ^ See Japanese numbers

References edit

  1. ^ a b K computer, SPARC64 VIIIfs 2.0GHz, Tofu interconnect
  2. ^ Moroo, Jun; et al. (2012). (PDF). Fujitsu Sci. Tech. J. 48 (3): 295–301. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  3. ^ "TOP500 List - November 2018". www.top500.org. November 2018. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  4. ^ a b c d "Japanese 'K' Computer Is Ranked Most Powerful". The New York Times. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
  5. ^ a b c d "Japanese supercomputer 'K' is world's fastest". The Telegraph. 20 June 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
  6. ^ a b c "Supercomputer "K computer" Takes First Place in World". Fujitsu. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
  7. ^ Yokokawa, Mitsuo; Shoji, Fumiyoshi; Uno, Atsuya; Kurokawa, Motoyoshi; Watanabe, Tadashi (1–3 August 2011). The K computer: Japanese next-generation supercomputer development project. IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design. IEEE. pp. 371–372. doi:10.1109/ISLPED.2011.5993668. Retrieved 30 January 2013.
  8. ^ Moroo; et al. (2012). "Operating System for the K computer" (PDF). Fujitsu. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  9. ^ a b c June 2011 TOP500 Supercomputer Sites
  10. ^ a b c "K computer" Achieves Goal of 10 Petaflops". Fujitsu. 2 November 2011. Retrieved 10 November. 2011.
  11. ^ a b Kottoor, Naveena (18 June 2012). "IBM supercomputer overtakes Fujitsu as world's fastest". BBC.
  12. ^ a b "TOP500 - K computer, SPARC64 VIIIfx 2.0GHz, Tofu interconnect". Retrieved 15 November 2017.
  13. ^ "HPCG - November 2018 | TOP500 Supercomputer Sites". www.top500.org. Retrieved 16 November 2018.
  14. ^ "Japan pulls plug on K, once the world's fastest supercomputer, after seven-year run". www.japantimes.co.jp. 16 August 2019. Retrieved 30 August 2019.
  15. ^ "Japan's Fugaku gains title as world's fastest supercomputer". www.riken.jp. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 13 April 2024.
  16. ^ ""K computer" No. 1 in Four Benchmarks at HPC Challenge Awards". Riken. 17 November 2011. Retrieved 17 November 2011.
  17. ^ "June 2017 HPCG Results". HPCG Benchmark. June 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2017.
  18. ^ ""SPARC64™ VIIIfx": A Fast, Reliable, Low-power CPU". Fujitsu Global. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  19. ^ Takumi Maruyama (25 August 2009). SPARC64(TM) VIIIfx: Fujitsu's New Generation Octo Core Processor for PETA Scale computing (PDF). Proceedings of Hot Chips 21. IEEE Computer Society. Retrieved 24 February 2013.
  20. ^ a b c (PDF). Riken. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 20 June 2011.
  21. ^ "Programming on K computer" (PDF). Fujitsu. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  22. ^ . Cisco Systems. Archived from the original on 28 June 2011. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  23. ^ Yuichiro Ajima; et al. (2009). "Tofu: A 6D Mesh/Torus Interconnect for Exascale Computers". Computer. 42 (11). IEEE Computer Society: 36–40. doi:10.1109/MC.2009.370. S2CID 2049404.
  24. ^ "An Overview of Fujitsu's Lustre Based File System" (PDF). Fujitsu. Retrieved 24 June 2011.
  25. ^ "Japan's K Supercomputer". Trends in Japan. January 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  26. ^ https://en.wtmnews.net/20201117347

External links edit

 
Wikimedia Commons has media related to K computer.
  • Riken Next-Generation Supercomputer R&D Center
  • K computer: Fujitsu Global
  • Fujitsu Scientific & Technical Journal, July 2012 (Vol. 48, No. 3, The K computer
  • June 2017 Top 500
Records
Preceded by
Tianhe-1
2.566 petaflops
 World's most powerful supercomputer
June 2011 – June 2012 		Succeeded by
IBM Sequoia
16.325 petaflops

34°39′12.1″N 135°13′13.7″E / 34.653361°N 135.220472°E / 34.653361; 135.220472

January 01, 1970
computer, named, japanese, word, numeral, meaning, quadrillion, 1016, note, supercomputer, manufactured, fujitsu, installed, riken, advanced, institute, computational, science, campus, kobe, hyōgo, prefecture, japan, based, distributed, memory, architecture, w. The K computer named for the Japanese word numeral kei 京 meaning 10 quadrillion 1016 4 Note 1 was a supercomputer manufactured by Fujitsu installed at the Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science campus in Kobe Hyōgo Prefecture Japan 4 5 6 The K computer was based on a distributed memory architecture with over 80 000 compute nodes 7 It was used for a variety of applications including climate research disaster prevention and medical research 6 The K computer s operating system was based on the Linux kernel with additional drivers designed to make use of the computer s hardware 8 K computerActiveJune 2011 August 2019SponsorsMEXT JapanOperatorsFujitsuLocationRiken Advanced Institute for Computational ScienceArchitecture88 128 SPARC64 VIIIfx processors Tofu interconnectPower12 6 MWOperating systemLinux 1 2 Speed10 51 petaflops Rmax RankingTOP500 18th as of November 2018 update 3 Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science AICS in Kobe which housed the K computer In June 2011 TOP500 ranked K the world s fastest supercomputer with a computation speed of over 8 petaflops and in November 2011 K became the first computer to top 10 petaflops 9 10 It had originally been slated for completion in June 2012 10 In June 2012 K was superseded as the world s fastest supercomputer by the American IBM Sequoia 11 As of November 2018 ref the K computer held third place for the HPCG benchmark It held the first place until June 2018 when it was superseded by Summit and Sierra 12 13 The K supercomputer was decommissioned on 30 August 2019 14 In Japan the K computer was succeeded by the Fugaku supercomputer in 2020 which took the top spot on the June 2020 TOP500 list at that time nearly three times faster than second most powerful supercomputer 15 Contents 1 Performance 2 Specifications 2 1 Node architecture 2 2 Network 2 3 File system 2 4 Power consumption 3 K Computer Mae rapid transit station 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External linksPerformance editOn 20 June 2011 the TOP500 Project Committee announced that K had set a LINPACK record with a performance of 8 162 petaflops making it the fastest supercomputer in the world at the time 4 6 9 it achieved this performance with a computing efficiency ratio of 93 0 The previous record holder was the Chinese National University of Defense Technology s Tianhe 1A which performed at 2 507 petaflops 5 The TOP500 list is revised semiannually and the rankings change frequently indicating the speed at which computing power is increasing 4 In November 2011 Riken reported that K had become the first supercomputer to exceed 10 petaflops achieving a LINPACK performance of 10 51 quadrillion computations per second with a computing efficiency ratio of 93 2 10 K received top ranking in all four performance benchmarks at the 2011 HPC Challenge Awards 16 On 18 June 2012 the TOP500 Project Committee announced that the California based IBM Sequoia supercomputer replaced K as the world s fastest supercomputer with a LINPACK performance of 16 325 petaflops Sequoia is 55 faster than K using 123 more CPU processors but is also 150 more energy efficient 11 On the TOP500 list it became first in June 2011 falling down through time to lower positions to eighteenth in November 2018 12 K computer held third place in the HPCG benchmark test proposed by Jack Dongarra with 0 6027 HPCG PFLOPS in November 2018 17 Specifications editNode architecture edit The K computer comprised 88 128 2 0 GHz eight core SPARC64 VIIIfx processors contained in 864 cabinets for a total of 705 024 cores 1 18 manufactured by Fujitsu with 45 nm CMOS technology 19 Each cabinet contained 96 computing nodes in addition to six I O nodes Each computing node contained a single processor and 16 GB of memory The computer s water cooling system was designed to minimize failure rate and power consumption 20 Network edit The nodes were connected by Fujitsu s proprietary torus fusion Tofu interconnect 20 21 22 23 File system edit The system adopted a two level local global file system with parallel distributed functions and provided users with an automatic staging function for moving files between global and local file systems Fujitsu developed an optimized parallel file system based on Lustre called the Fujitsu Exabyte File System FEFS which is scalable to several hundred petabytes 20 24 Power consumption edit Although the K computer reported the highest total power consumption 9 89 MW the equivalent of almost 10 000 suburban homes on the June 2011 TOP500 list it is relatively efficient achieving 824 6 GFlop kW This is 29 8 more efficient than China s NUDT TH MPP ranked 2 in 2011 and 225 8 more efficient than Oak Ridge s Jaguar Cray XT5 HE ranked 3 in 2011 However K s power efficiency still fell far short of the 2097 2 GFlops kWatt supercomputer record set by IBM s NNSA SC Blue Gene Q Prototype 2 For comparison the average power consumption of a TOP 10 system in 2011 was 4 3 MW and the average efficiency was 463 7 GFlop kW 9 According to TOP500 compiler Jack Dongarra professor of electrical engineering and computer science at the University of Tennessee the K computer s performance equaled one million linked desktop computers 5 The computer s annual running costs were estimated at US 10 million 5 K Computer Mae rapid transit station editOn 1 July 2011 Kobe s Port Island Line rapid transit system renamed one of its stations from Port Island Minami to K Computer Mae meaning In front of K Computer denoting its vicinity 25 In June 2021 after the decommissioning of K computer the station was renamed as Keisan Kagaku Center Station 26 See also editPRIMEHPC FX10 Supercomputing in Japan Graph500Notes edit See Japanese numbersReferences edit a b K computer SPARC64 VIIIfs 2 0GHz Tofu interconnect Moroo Jun et al 2012 Operation System for the K computer PDF Fujitsu Sci Tech J 48 3 295 301 Archived from the original PDF on 28 December 2013 Retrieved 23 May 2013 TOP500 List November 2018 www top500 org November 2018 Retrieved 16 November 2018 a b c d Japanese K Computer Is Ranked Most Powerful The New York Times 20 June 2011 Retrieved 20 June 2011 a b c d Japanese supercomputer K is world s fastest The Telegraph 20 June 2011 Retrieved 20 June 2011 a b c Supercomputer K computer Takes First Place in World Fujitsu Retrieved 20 June 2011 Yokokawa Mitsuo Shoji Fumiyoshi Uno Atsuya Kurokawa Motoyoshi Watanabe Tadashi 1 3 August 2011 The K computer Japanese next generation supercomputer development project IEEE ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design IEEE pp 371 372 doi 10 1109 ISLPED 2011 5993668 Retrieved 30 January 2013 Moroo et al 2012 Operating System for the K computer PDF Fujitsu Retrieved 18 June 2013 a b c June 2011 TOP500 Supercomputer Sites a b c K computer Achieves Goal of 10 Petaflops Fujitsu 2 November 2011 Retrieved 10 November 2011 a b Kottoor Naveena 18 June 2012 IBM supercomputer overtakes Fujitsu as world s fastest BBC a b TOP500 K computer SPARC64 VIIIfx 2 0GHz Tofu interconnect Retrieved 15 November 2017 HPCG November 2018 TOP500 Supercomputer Sites www top500 org Retrieved 16 November 2018 Japan pulls plug on K once the world s fastest supercomputer after seven year run www japantimes co jp 16 August 2019 Retrieved 30 August 2019 Japan s Fugaku gains title as world s fastest supercomputer www riken jp 23 June 2020 Retrieved 13 April 2024 K computer No 1 in Four Benchmarks at HPC Challenge Awards Riken 17 November 2011 Retrieved 17 November 2011 June 2017 HPCG Results HPCG Benchmark June 2017 Retrieved 29 September 2017 SPARC64 VIIIfx A Fast Reliable Low power CPU Fujitsu Global Retrieved 24 February 2013 Takumi Maruyama 25 August 2009 SPARC64 TM VIIIfx Fujitsu s New Generation Octo Core Processor for PETA Scale computing PDF Proceedings of Hot Chips 21 IEEE Computer Society Retrieved 24 February 2013 a b c Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science PDF Riken Archived from the original PDF on 27 July 2011 Retrieved 20 June 2011 Programming on K computer PDF Fujitsu Retrieved 24 June 2011 Open MPI powers 8 petaflops Cisco Systems Archived from the original on 28 June 2011 Retrieved 24 June 2011 Yuichiro Ajima et al 2009 Tofu A 6D Mesh Torus Interconnect for Exascale Computers Computer 42 11 IEEE Computer Society 36 40 doi 10 1109 MC 2009 370 S2CID 2049404 An Overview of Fujitsu s Lustre Based File System PDF Fujitsu Retrieved 24 June 2011 Japan s K Supercomputer Trends in Japan January 2012 Retrieved 6 June 2012 https en wtmnews net 20201117347External links edit nbsp Wikimedia Commons has media related to K computer Riken Advanced Institute for Computational Science Riken Next Generation Supercomputer R amp D Center K computer Fujitsu Global Fujitsu Scientific amp Technical Journal July 2012 Vol 48 No 3 The K computer Special Interview Taking on the Challenge of a 10 Petaflop Computer Riken News No 298 April 2006 June 2017 Top 500 Records Preceded byTianhe 12 566 petaflops World s most powerful supercomputerJune 2011 June 2012 Succeeded byIBM Sequoia16 325 petaflops 34 39 12 1 N 135 13 13 7 E 34 653361 N 135 220472 E 34 653361 135 220472 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title K computer amp oldid 1218726681, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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