In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Linares and the second or maternal family name is Lizarazu.
José María Linares Lizarazu (10 July 1808 – 23 October 1861) was a Bolivian lawyer and politician who served as the 13th president of Bolivia from 1857 to 1861.
He was born in Tical, Potosí, in his family's hacienda. Belonging to the noble and wealthy family of the Counts of Lords and House of Rodrigo in Navarre, Linares was related to the Spanish nobility. He was educated at the Royal and Pontifical University of San Francisco Xavier, in Sucre.
Political career
Daguerreotype of Linares in 1860.
Early in his life, Linares gravitated toward the world of politics, earning a number of administrative appointments in various governments. In 1839 he was called by the new president, General José Miguel de Velasco, to take charge of the portfolio of the Interior. After this Linares was appointed Minister to Spain, where he negotiated the treaty that recognized Bolivia's independence. Serving as president of the Senate, in 1848 he was briefly called (in Velasco's temporary absence) to take provisional charge of the executive. Soon thereafter, he became leader of the so-called Partido Generador (Generator Party), which advocated democracy, civilian control of politics, and a return of the Bolivian military to its barracks. This earned Linares the mistrust of most governments of the time (which were de facto), and a few stints in exile. Nevertheless, he became the country's most important civilian and constitutionalist leader, with a growing following.[1]
During the regime of Manuel Isidoro Belzu, Linares relentlessly plotted and conspired, aiming to bring down the caudillo.These conspiracies alongside the many rebellions under Belzu falied. They were not, however, sterile because they achieved to tire Belzu. Tired of the constant uprisings, the caudillo surrendered and left command to his son-in-law, General Jorge Córdova. Belzu wrote to him stating:
I solemnly protest [he said in his message to the Congress of 1855] that no consideration will bind me to continue holding a position that is already unbearable for me, completely unbearable. Yes, a thousand times unbearable! Bolivia has become incapable of any sort of order and government. It has not seen a single stable regime. Virtue, which is the soul of the republican system and the vital principle of its conservation and progress, has been replaced by a profound demoralization that contaminates all classes. Patriotism is a vain word. In its place, a cold indifference to the common good has taken hold of everyone, and a hard selfishness that only encourages the personal growth of individuals. Loyalty has become doubtful, and the great feeling of duty, which is the religion of the good man, has been banished from hearts by the base calamity.[2]
Thus, the tired and weary Belzu left to Europe as Minister Plenipotenciary. Linares did no hesitate nor did he wait to conspire against Córdova.
President of Bolivia
In 1857, Linares came to power at the head of a pro-civilian military coup d'état, a novelty in the country. Indeed, save for a couple of brief and minor exceptions, he can be said to be the first civilian president of Bolivia. Having toppled General Córdova, Linares legitimized his rule via the ballot box, when he was elected constitutional president by a large majority. Originally, his administration was one of the most energetic and honest that the country had seen. He introduced many reforms, and vigorously attacked the abuses that had crept into the public administration. Along the way, of course, he made many enemies, who in turn conspired against him. Rebellions and uprisings became the order of the day.
Dictator for Life and coup
Unable to remain in power by other means, in 1858 Linares did the unthinkable: he proclaimed himself "Dictator for Life", ruling by decree and by the force of arms—paradoxically, in order to restore order and eliminate all coups in the future.[3] It was a contradiction of everything he had always purported to stand for, and predictably he became quite unpopular. In January 1861, he was overthrown as a result of a coup sponsored by his own Minister of War, José María de Achá. Exiled to Chile, Linares wrote a tantalizing pamphlet directed at the Bolivian National Congress which caused a scandal in the nation. In short, it was a reflection of his presidency and his beliefs.[4][5] Linares died months after he was deposed in Valparaíso, on October 23, 1861, after his already declining health deteriorated.
References
^Britain, Great (1844). Treaties, Conventions, and Engagements, for the Suppression of the Slave Trade. T.R. Harrison, prtr.
^Martínez, Carlos Walker (1877). El dictador Linares: biografía (in Spanish). "La Estrella de Chile. p. 26.
^Bolivia (1858). El ciudadano Jose Maria Linares, presidente provisorio de la Republica etc ... sanciono i publico [la ley] del Procedimiento Criminal (in Spanish).
^Sanchez, Manuel A. (1861). Contestacion del Jral. Manuel A. Sanchez al Manifesto del Dr. Jose Maria Linares (in Spanish). Impr. Pacena, de Eugenio Alarcon.
^Linares, José Maria (1861). Mensaje que dirije el ciudadano José María Linares a la Convencion boliviana de 1861 (in Spanish). Impr. i libreria del Mercurio de Santos Tornero.
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For the Bolivian province see Jose Maria Linares Province In this Spanish name the first or paternal surname is Linares and the second or maternal family name is Lizarazu Jose Maria Linares Lizarazu 10 July 1808 23 October 1861 was a Bolivian lawyer and politician who served as the 13th president of Bolivia from 1857 to 1861 Jose Maria Linares13th President of BoliviaProvisionalIn office 9 September 1857 14 January 1861Preceded byJorge CordovaSucceeded byJose Maria de AchaMinister of Interior and Foreign AffairsIn office 16 November 1839 10 June 1841PresidentJose Miguel de VelascoPreceded byManuel Maria UrculluSucceeded byManuel Maria UrculluPersonal detailsBornJose Maria Linares Lizarazu1808Ticala Viceroyalty of the Rio de la Plata now Bolivia Died23 October 1861 1861 10 23 aged 53 Valparaiso ChileSpouseNieves Frias GramajoParent s Jose LinaresJosefa LizarazuEducationUniversity of Saint Francis XavierSignature Contents 1 Early life and education 2 Political career 3 President of Bolivia 3 1 Dictator for Life and coup 4 ReferencesEarly life and education EditHe was born in Tical Potosi in his family s hacienda Belonging to the noble and wealthy family of the Counts of Lords and House of Rodrigo in Navarre Linares was related to the Spanish nobility He was educated at the Royal and Pontifical University of San Francisco Xavier in Sucre Political career Edit Daguerreotype of Linares in 1860 Early in his life Linares gravitated toward the world of politics earning a number of administrative appointments in various governments In 1839 he was called by the new president General Jose Miguel de Velasco to take charge of the portfolio of the Interior After this Linares was appointed Minister to Spain where he negotiated the treaty that recognized Bolivia s independence Serving as president of the Senate in 1848 he was briefly called in Velasco s temporary absence to take provisional charge of the executive Soon thereafter he became leader of the so called Partido Generador Generator Party which advocated democracy civilian control of politics and a return of the Bolivian military to its barracks This earned Linares the mistrust of most governments of the time which were de facto and a few stints in exile Nevertheless he became the country s most important civilian and constitutionalist leader with a growing following 1 During the regime of Manuel Isidoro Belzu Linares relentlessly plotted and conspired aiming to bring down the caudillo These conspiracies alongside the many rebellions under Belzu falied They were not however sterile because they achieved to tire Belzu Tired of the constant uprisings the caudillo surrendered and left command to his son in law General Jorge Cordova Belzu wrote to him stating I solemnly protest he said in his message to the Congress of 1855 that no consideration will bind me to continue holding a position that is already unbearable for me completely unbearable Yes a thousand times unbearable Bolivia has become incapable of any sort of order and government It has not seen a single stable regime Virtue which is the soul of the republican system and the vital principle of its conservation and progress has been replaced by a profound demoralization that contaminates all classes Patriotism is a vain word In its place a cold indifference to the common good has taken hold of everyone and a hard selfishness that only encourages the personal growth of individuals Loyalty has become doubtful and the great feeling of duty which is the religion of the good man has been banished from hearts by the base calamity 2 Thus the tired and weary Belzu left to Europe as Minister Plenipotenciary Linares did no hesitate nor did he wait to conspire against Cordova President of Bolivia EditIn 1857 Linares came to power at the head of a pro civilian military coup d etat a novelty in the country Indeed save for a couple of brief and minor exceptions he can be said to be the first civilian president of Bolivia Having toppled General Cordova Linares legitimized his rule via the ballot box when he was elected constitutional president by a large majority Originally his administration was one of the most energetic and honest that the country had seen He introduced many reforms and vigorously attacked the abuses that had crept into the public administration Along the way of course he made many enemies who in turn conspired against him Rebellions and uprisings became the order of the day Dictator for Life and coup Edit Unable to remain in power by other means in 1858 Linares did the unthinkable he proclaimed himself Dictator for Life ruling by decree and by the force of arms paradoxically in order to restore order and eliminate all coups in the future 3 It was a contradiction of everything he had always purported to stand for and predictably he became quite unpopular In January 1861 he was overthrown as a result of a coup sponsored by his own Minister of War Jose Maria de Acha Exiled to Chile Linares wrote a tantalizing pamphlet directed at the Bolivian National Congress which caused a scandal in the nation In short it was a reflection of his presidency and his beliefs 4 5 Linares died months after he was deposed in Valparaiso on October 23 1861 after his already declining health deteriorated References Edit Britain Great 1844 Treaties Conventions and Engagements for the Suppression of the Slave Trade T R Harrison prtr Martinez Carlos Walker 1877 El dictador Linares biografia in Spanish La Estrella de Chile p 26 Bolivia 1858 El ciudadano Jose Maria Linares presidente provisorio de la Republica etc sanciono i publico la ley del Procedimiento Criminal in Spanish Sanchez Manuel A 1861 Contestacion del Jral Manuel A Sanchez al Manifesto del Dr Jose Maria Linares in Spanish Impr Pacena de Eugenio Alarcon Linares Jose Maria 1861 Mensaje que dirije el ciudadano Jose Maria Linares a la Convencion boliviana de 1861 in Spanish Impr i libreria del Mercurio de Santos Tornero Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jose Maria Linares Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jose Maria Linares amp oldid 1119100995, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
