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José María Luis Mora

October 28, 2023

José María Luis Mora Lamadrid (12 October 1794, Chamacuero, Guanajuato – 14 July 1850, Paris, France[1]) was a priest, lawyer, historian, politician and liberal ideologist. Considered one of the first supporters of liberalism in Mexico,[2] he fought for the separation of church and state. Mora has been deemed "the most significant liberal spokesman for his generation [and] his thought epitomizes the structure and the predominant orientation of Mexican liberalism."[3]

José María Luis Mora
Deputy to the Constituent Congress of the State of Mexico
In office
2 March 1824 – 1 March 1827
Personal details
Born
José Luis Mora Lamadrid

(1794-10-12)12 October 1794
Chamacuero, New Spain
Died14 July 1850(1850-07-14) (aged 55)
Paris, France
Cause of deathTuberculosis
Resting placePanteón de Dolores
Political partyLiberal
Alma materSan Ildefonso College

Early life edit

Born in 1794 during Spanish colonial rule of Mexico, Mora came from a prosperous American-born Spanish (criollo) family from the Guanajuato. His family lost its wealth during the 1810 revolt of Father Miguel Hidalgo, but Mora gained access to the prestigious ex-Jesuit academy of Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City, where he studied theology. In 1820 he received his doctorate and ordination to the priesthood. He was a faculty member at the colegio and also served as librarian. He became a deacon in the archbishopric of Mexico, the seat of ecclesiastical power, but did not rise in the hierarchy. Blocked from advance within the Catholic Church, he turned in 1821 to secular political matters, becoming a journalist and following Mexican independence in September 1821, a liberal politician shaping the newly sovereign state.[4] In 1823 Mora advocated for the curricular reform of San Ildefonso to emphasize more modern approaches to learning in Spanish, rather than rote memorization and emphasis on Latin.[5]

Career edit

After the proclamation of the republic in Mexico in 1824, he was one of the drafters of the Constitution of the State of Mexico and was a member of the state congress. He criticized the Mexican Constitution of 1824 as incoherent and because it protected Roman Catholicism as the sole religion rather than allowing for religious freedom. He opposed the expulsion of Spaniards in Mexico, and used the newspaper he edited, El Observador, funded by the wealthy Fagoaga family to support the post-independence presence of Spaniards in Mexico.[6] As a journalist, he advocated for the Scottish Rite Masons.[7] He was an opponent of the populist former insurgent leader Vicente Guerrero, who came to power in 1829, and therefore supported the coup of Anastasio Bustamante to oust Guerrero from the presidency. However, when Bustamante became a military dictator, Mora opposed him too.

Mora's principal writings date from the 1820s. Mora's main sources of inspiration were initially John Locke and Benjamin Constant and later Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos. In Benjamin Constant, Mora saw a thinker who in post-revolutionary France sought to guarantee the rights of the individual against the strength of popular sovereignty, which he opposed because it led to the bloody excesses of the French Revolution, favoring instead a Constitutionalist system. Within such a system the most important individual freedoms were protected from both the government and the whims of the masses. Mora initially saw giving political power to Mexican property-holders as a safe guard to personal liberty, but then realized that their vested interests allied them with the Church and the largely conservative Mexican army. Those interest groups were opposed to reform, so that Mora increasingly saw the use force against them as necessary.[8] The centralizing policies of the Spanish state during the eighteenth-century Bourbon monarchy led Mora to take inspiration from Jovellanos. Historian Charles A. Hale contends that Mora's drive to use the strong state to effect reform undermined basic tenets of liberal thought such as individual rights and laissez-faire.[9]

Owing to ongoing political unrest Mora became disillusioned with constitutionalism and therefore increasingly focused his sights on breaking the privileged position of the Roman Church and the army. Both for fiscal and ideological reasons, he was in favor of expropriating the property of the Roman Catholic Church, which controlled but did not utilize the land it owned. Mora wanted to continue reducing the privileged position of the Church in the constitution, and he sought religious freedom and secular education as well. When legislation to limit the power of the Church was defeated in 1831, the governor of Zacatecas state held an essay contest with a prize of 2,000 pesos, with contestants to write on the topic of government's right to expropriate church property, a contest Mora won.[10]

Mora supported vice president Valentín Gómez Farías, who was Antonio López de Santa Anna's running mate. Since Santa Anna had no interest in actually serving as president, Gómez Farías was effectively in power and initiated a reform program. Gómez Farías appointed Mora to reform education, and Mora opened the first secular school in Mexico City. However, Conservatives and the military, led by Antonio López de Santa Anna, opposed the Gómez Farías reform program and forced the vice president to resign in early 1834.

 
The grave of Jose Maria Luis Mora in the Cemetery of Montmartre

As a result, Mora went in self-exile to live in Paris, but he continued to comment on the political events in his homeland.[1] In 1844 President José Joaquín de Herrera appointed him ambassador to the United Kingdom. In 1846, after returning to power, President Gómez Farías asked Mora to return to Mexico, but Mora was prevented by the Mexican–American War. The war shocked Mora, who admired the American political system. Even in 1848, after the war, he was not able to return to Mexico due to health issues, especially tuberculosis. He died on the French national holiday (July 14), 1850.

In exile, Mora began writing what was envisioned to be a four-volume history of Mexico. In it, he articulated particular views on Mexico's past with relevance to the current political situation. He was an opponent of all forms of demagoguery but saw the 1810 uprising of Father Miguel Hidalgo that sparked the Mexican War of Independence as a necessary evil.

Works edit

  • Memoria que para informar sobre el origen y stado actual de las obras emprendidas para el desagüe de las lagunas del valle de México. Mexico 1823.
  • A los habitantes del estado de México su congreso constituyente. Texcoco 1827.
  • Catecismo político de la federación mexicana. Mexico 1831
  • Disertación sobre la naturaleza y aplicación de las rentas y bienes eclesiásticas, y sobre la autoridad a que se hallan sujetos en cuanto a su creación, aumento, sustencia o supresión. Mexico 1833.
  • Méjico y sus revoluciones. 3 vols. Paris 1836.
  • Obras sueltas, 2nd edition. Mexico: Porrúa 1963.

Legacy edit

Compared to Mora's contemporary, Lucas Alamán, the chief conservative spokesman and prolific writer, Mora produced a slim output of works. He ceased writing in 1837, with the publication of his history of Mexico.[11] But Mora's ideas would later be followed by a generation of liberal politicians who, during the Liberal Reform following the ouster of conservative Santa Anna, changed the face of Mexico dramatically.[8] There is a museum in his hometown of Chamacuero (today Comonfort, Guanajuato ), in what was his home town. His remains were moved to the Rotunda of Illustrious Persons on June 24 of 1963.

Further reading edit

  • Arnaiz y Freg, Arturo. "El Dr. José María Luis Mora, 1794-1859," Memoria de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia 25, no 4 (1966) 405–525.
  • Chávez Orozco, Luis. La gestión diplomática del doctor Mora. Mexico City: Porrúa 1970.
  • Costeloe, Michael. La primera república federal de México 1824–1835: Un estudio de los partidos políticos en el México independiente. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura Económica 1975.
  • Costeloe, Michael. "Una curiosidad histórica: las primeras reseñas de las Obras Sueltas de José María Luis Mora 1839," Historia Mexiana, vol. 37, no. 3 (Jan–Mar 1988), pp. 523–536.
  • Espejo de discordias: La sociedad mexicana vista por Lorenzo de Zavala, José María Luis Mora, y Lucas Alamán. Mexico City: Secretaría de Educación Pública 1984.
  • Gringoire, Pedro. "El 'Protestantismo' del Dr. Mora," Historia Mexicana 3 (1953) 328–366.
  • Hale, Charles A. "José María Luis Mora and the Structure of Mexican Liberalism," Hispanic American Historical Review 45 (1965) 196–227.
  • Hale, Charles A. Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821–1853. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968.
  • Mena, Mario. Un clérigo anticlerical: El Doctor Mora. Mexico 1958.
  • Obregón, T. E.. (1919). "Factors in the Historical Evolution of Mexico," The Hispanic American Historical Review, 2(2), 135–172. Factors in the Historical Evolution of Mexico
  • Padilla Dromundo, Jorge, El pensamiento económica del doctor José María Luis Mora. Mexico City: Instituto Tecnológico Autónoma de México 1986.
  • Rojas, Rafael. "Mora en morsMoraParís (1834–1850): Un liberal en el exilio, un diplomático ante la guerra," Historia Mexicana vol. 62, No. 1 (Jul.-Sep. 2012) pp. 7–57.
  • Schroeder, Susan. "Father José María Luis Mora, Liberalism, and the British and Foreign Bible Society in Nineteenth-Century Mexico" The Americas, Vol. 50, No. 3 (Jan., 1994), pp. 377–397.

References edit

  1. ^ a b "Biografia de José María Luis Mora". www.biografiasyvidas.com. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
  2. ^ Schroeder, Susan (January 1994). "Father José María Luis Mora, Liberalism, and the British and Foreign Bible Society in Nineteenth-Century Mexico". The Americas. 50 (3): 377–397. doi:10.2307/1007166. JSTOR 1007166. S2CID 147683881.
  3. ^ Charles A. Hale, Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821–1853. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968, p. 8.
  4. ^ Racine, "Mora", pp. 944-45
  5. ^ Stanley C. Green, The Mexican Republic: The First Decade, 1823–1832. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press 1987, pp.106–07.
  6. ^ Green, The Mexican Republic, p. 145.
  7. ^ Jaime Rodríguez O., "José Luis Maria Mora" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, Barbara A. Tenenbaum, editor. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1996, vol. 4, p. 111.
  8. ^ a b "Mora, José María Luis (1794–1850) – Dictionary definition of Mora, José María Luis (1794–1850) | Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2016-10-15.
  9. ^ Charles A. Hale, Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora, 1821–1853. New Haven: Yale University Press 1968.
  10. ^ Green, The Mexican Republic, p. 215.
  11. ^ Hale, Mexican Liberalism, p. 7.

External sources edit

  • El clero de hace casi dos siglos a la luz del presente
  • Presentacion de Chantal Lopez y Omar Cortes a la edicion cibernetica del Catecismo politico de la Federacion Mexicana de Jose Maria Luis Mora, Captura y diseño, Chantal Lopez y Omar Cortes para la Biblioteca Virtual Antorcha
  • Antología de José María Luis Mora | PDF | Principios éticos | Gobierno
  • Autores: José María Luis Mora
  • Archivo de José María Luis Mora

October 28, 2023
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Jose Maria Luis Mora Lamadrid 12 October 1794 Chamacuero Guanajuato 14 July 1850 Paris France 1 was a priest lawyer historian politician and liberal ideologist Considered one of the first supporters of liberalism in Mexico 2 he fought for the separation of church and state Mora has been deemed the most significant liberal spokesman for his generation and his thought epitomizes the structure and the predominant orientation of Mexican liberalism 3 Jose Maria Luis MoraDeputy to the Constituent Congress of the State of MexicoIn office 2 March 1824 1 March 1827Personal detailsBornJose Luis Mora Lamadrid 1794 10 12 12 October 1794Chamacuero New SpainDied14 July 1850 1850 07 14 aged 55 Paris FranceCause of deathTuberculosisResting placePanteon de DoloresPolitical partyLiberalAlma materSan Ildefonso College Contents 1 Early life 2 Career 3 Works 4 Legacy 5 Further reading 6 References 7 External sourcesEarly life editBorn in 1794 during Spanish colonial rule of Mexico Mora came from a prosperous American born Spanish criollo family from the Guanajuato His family lost its wealth during the 1810 revolt of Father Miguel Hidalgo but Mora gained access to the prestigious ex Jesuit academy of Colegio de San Ildefonso in Mexico City where he studied theology In 1820 he received his doctorate and ordination to the priesthood He was a faculty member at the colegio and also served as librarian He became a deacon in the archbishopric of Mexico the seat of ecclesiastical power but did not rise in the hierarchy Blocked from advance within the Catholic Church he turned in 1821 to secular political matters becoming a journalist and following Mexican independence in September 1821 a liberal politician shaping the newly sovereign state 4 In 1823 Mora advocated for the curricular reform of San Ildefonso to emphasize more modern approaches to learning in Spanish rather than rote memorization and emphasis on Latin 5 Career editAfter the proclamation of the republic in Mexico in 1824 he was one of the drafters of the Constitution of the State of Mexico and was a member of the state congress He criticized the Mexican Constitution of 1824 as incoherent and because it protected Roman Catholicism as the sole religion rather than allowing for religious freedom He opposed the expulsion of Spaniards in Mexico and used the newspaper he edited El Observador funded by the wealthy Fagoaga family to support the post independence presence of Spaniards in Mexico 6 As a journalist he advocated for the Scottish Rite Masons 7 He was an opponent of the populist former insurgent leader Vicente Guerrero who came to power in 1829 and therefore supported the coup of Anastasio Bustamante to oust Guerrero from the presidency However when Bustamante became a military dictator Mora opposed him too Mora s principal writings date from the 1820s Mora s main sources of inspiration were initially John Locke and Benjamin Constant and later Gaspar Melchor de Jovellanos In Benjamin Constant Mora saw a thinker who in post revolutionary France sought to guarantee the rights of the individual against the strength of popular sovereignty which he opposed because it led to the bloody excesses of the French Revolution favoring instead a Constitutionalist system Within such a system the most important individual freedoms were protected from both the government and the whims of the masses Mora initially saw giving political power to Mexican property holders as a safe guard to personal liberty but then realized that their vested interests allied them with the Church and the largely conservative Mexican army Those interest groups were opposed to reform so that Mora increasingly saw the use force against them as necessary 8 The centralizing policies of the Spanish state during the eighteenth century Bourbon monarchy led Mora to take inspiration from Jovellanos Historian Charles A Hale contends that Mora s drive to use the strong state to effect reform undermined basic tenets of liberal thought such as individual rights and laissez faire 9 Owing to ongoing political unrest Mora became disillusioned with constitutionalism and therefore increasingly focused his sights on breaking the privileged position of the Roman Church and the army Both for fiscal and ideological reasons he was in favor of expropriating the property of the Roman Catholic Church which controlled but did not utilize the land it owned Mora wanted to continue reducing the privileged position of the Church in the constitution and he sought religious freedom and secular education as well When legislation to limit the power of the Church was defeated in 1831 the governor of Zacatecas state held an essay contest with a prize of 2 000 pesos with contestants to write on the topic of government s right to expropriate church property a contest Mora won 10 Mora supported vice president Valentin Gomez Farias who was Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna s running mate Since Santa Anna had no interest in actually serving as president Gomez Farias was effectively in power and initiated a reform program Gomez Farias appointed Mora to reform education and Mora opened the first secular school in Mexico City However Conservatives and the military led by Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna opposed the Gomez Farias reform program and forced the vice president to resign in early 1834 nbsp The grave of Jose Maria Luis Mora in the Cemetery of MontmartreAs a result Mora went in self exile to live in Paris but he continued to comment on the political events in his homeland 1 In 1844 President Jose Joaquin de Herrera appointed him ambassador to the United Kingdom In 1846 after returning to power President Gomez Farias asked Mora to return to Mexico but Mora was prevented by the Mexican American War The war shocked Mora who admired the American political system Even in 1848 after the war he was not able to return to Mexico due to health issues especially tuberculosis He died on the French national holiday July 14 1850 In exile Mora began writing what was envisioned to be a four volume history of Mexico In it he articulated particular views on Mexico s past with relevance to the current political situation He was an opponent of all forms of demagoguery but saw the 1810 uprising of Father Miguel Hidalgo that sparked the Mexican War of Independence as a necessary evil Works editMemoria que para informar sobre el origen y stado actual de las obras emprendidas para el desague de las lagunas del valle de Mexico Mexico 1823 A los habitantes del estado de Mexico su congreso constituyente Texcoco 1827 Catecismo politico de la federacion mexicana Mexico 1831 Disertacion sobre la naturaleza y aplicacion de las rentas y bienes eclesiasticas y sobre la autoridad a que se hallan sujetos en cuanto a su creacion aumento sustencia o supresion Mexico 1833 Mejico y sus revoluciones 3 vols Paris 1836 Obras sueltas 2nd edition Mexico Porrua 1963 Legacy editCompared to Mora s contemporary Lucas Alaman the chief conservative spokesman and prolific writer Mora produced a slim output of works He ceased writing in 1837 with the publication of his history of Mexico 11 But Mora s ideas would later be followed by a generation of liberal politicians who during the Liberal Reform following the ouster of conservative Santa Anna changed the face of Mexico dramatically 8 There is a museum in his hometown of Chamacuero today Comonfort Guanajuato in what was his home town His remains were moved to the Rotunda of Illustrious Persons on June 24 of 1963 Further reading editArnaiz y Freg Arturo El Dr Jose Maria Luis Mora 1794 1859 Memoria de la Academia Mexicana de la Historia 25 no 4 1966 405 525 Chavez Orozco Luis La gestion diplomatica del doctor Mora Mexico City Porrua 1970 Costeloe Michael La primera republica federal de Mexico 1824 1835 Un estudio de los partidos politicos en el Mexico independiente Mexico City Fondo de Cultura Economica 1975 Costeloe Michael Una curiosidad historica las primeras resenas de las Obras Sueltas de Jose Maria Luis Mora 1839 Historia Mexiana vol 37 no 3 Jan Mar 1988 pp 523 536 Espejo de discordias La sociedad mexicana vista por Lorenzo de Zavala Jose Maria Luis Mora y Lucas Alaman Mexico City Secretaria de Educacion Publica 1984 Gringoire Pedro El Protestantismo del Dr Mora Historia Mexicana 3 1953 328 366 Hale Charles A Jose Maria Luis Mora and the Structure of Mexican Liberalism Hispanic American Historical Review 45 1965 196 227 Hale Charles A Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora 1821 1853 New Haven Yale University Press 1968 Mena Mario Un clerigo anticlerical El Doctor Mora Mexico 1958 Obregon T E 1919 Factors in the Historical Evolution of Mexico The Hispanic American Historical Review 2 2 135 172 Factors in the Historical Evolution of Mexico Padilla Dromundo Jorge El pensamiento economica del doctor Jose Maria Luis Mora Mexico City Instituto Tecnologico Autonoma de Mexico 1986 Rojas Rafael Mora en morsMoraParis 1834 1850 Un liberal en el exilio un diplomatico ante la guerra Historia Mexicana vol 62 No 1 Jul Sep 2012 pp 7 57 Schroeder Susan Father Jose Maria Luis Mora Liberalism and the British and Foreign Bible Society in Nineteenth Century Mexico The Americas Vol 50 No 3 Jan 1994 pp 377 397 References edit a b Biografia de Jose Maria Luis Mora www biografiasyvidas com Retrieved 2016 10 15 Schroeder Susan January 1994 Father Jose Maria Luis Mora Liberalism and the British and Foreign Bible Society in Nineteenth Century Mexico The Americas 50 3 377 397 doi 10 2307 1007166 JSTOR 1007166 S2CID 147683881 Charles A Hale Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora 1821 1853 New Haven Yale University Press 1968 p 8 Racine Mora pp 944 45 Stanley C Green The Mexican Republic The First Decade 1823 1832 Pittsburgh University of Pittsburgh Press 1987 pp 106 07 Green The Mexican Republic p 145 Jaime Rodriguez O Jose Luis Maria Mora in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture Barbara A Tenenbaum editor New York Charles Scribner s Sons 1996 vol 4 p 111 a b Mora Jose Maria Luis 1794 1850 Dictionary definition of Mora Jose Maria Luis 1794 1850 Encyclopedia com FREE online dictionary www encyclopedia com Retrieved 2016 10 15 Charles A Hale Mexican Liberalism in the Age of Mora 1821 1853 New Haven Yale University Press 1968 Green The Mexican Republic p 215 Hale Mexican Liberalism p 7 External sources editEl clero de hace casi dos siglos a la luz del presente 14 de julio de 1850 Muerte de don Jose Maria Luis Mora politico e historiador Presentacion de Chantal Lopez y Omar Cortes a la edicion cibernetica del Catecismo politico de la Federacion Mexicana de Jose Maria Luis Mora Captura y diseno Chantal Lopez y Omar Cortes para la Biblioteca Virtual Antorcha Antologia de Jose Maria Luis Mora PDF Principios eticos Gobierno Autores Jose Maria Luis Mora Archivo de Jose Maria Luis Mora Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jose Maria Luis Mora amp oldid 1137534181, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,

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