On 22 April 1969, Iranian merchant ship Ebn-e-Sina, carrying a cargo of steel beams and flying Iranian flag, was escorted by Iranian heavily armed naval vessels, as well as jet fighters[6] and proceeded through the river into the Persian Gulf, in an 80-mile journey which took about six hours.[1] However, the Iraqi forces did not attempt to respond as it pledged.[6]
Both countries strengthened their land forces along the river bank, stationing artillery, tanks and anti-aircraft weapons. Iranian troops were positioned in the vicinity of Khorramshahr and Abadan, while Iraq put its forces in Basra on alert. Iranian freighter Arya Far passed through the river escorted by four gunboats three days later, with no disturbance.[6]
As a result, Iraq expelled thousands of Iranian residents and pilgrims from its soil,[4][5] banned import of Iranian goods,[6] and began supporting separatists in Khuzestan and Balochistan.[4]
Referencesedit
^ ab"Iranian Ship Challenges Iraq Estuary", The Advocate-Messenger, p. 16, 27 April 1969, retrieved 26 October 2017
^Charles P. Wallace (19 August 1988), "Iran, Iraq Still Fail to Bridge Waterway Dispute", Los Angeles Times, retrieved 26 October 2017
^, Negin-e-Iran (in Persian), 3 (9): 8–40, Summer 2004, archived from the original on 2018-08-01, retrieved 2017-10-25
^ abcWard, Steven R. (2014). Immortal, Updated Edition: A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces. Georgetown University Press. p. 202. ISBN9781626160651.
^ abAbdulghani, Jasim M. (2012). Iraq and Iran (RLE Iran A). Taylor & Francis. p. 121. ISBN9781136834264.
^ abcdStürchler, Nikolas (2007). The Threat of Force in International Law. Cambridge University Press. p. 202. ISBN9781139464918.
This Iranian history-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.
joint, operation, arvand, persian, عملیات, مشترک, اروند, more, known, persian, acronym, عما, show, force, operation, orchestrated, april, 1969, imperial, iranian, armed, forces, following, iraqi, claim, sovereign, right, shatt, arab, arvand, threatening, block. The Joint Operation Arvand Persian عملیات مشترک اروند more known by its Persian acronym AMA عما 3 was a show of force operation 4 orchestrated in April 1969 by the Imperial Iranian Armed Forces following Iraqi claim for the sovereign right to Shatt al Arab Arvand Rud and threatening to block passage of vessels unless they fly the Iraqi flag 5 Joint Operation ArvandPart of the Persian Gulf Conflict and the Cold WarLocation of the operationTypeShow of forceLocationShatt al Arab river Iran Iraq borderObjectiveEscorting Iranian shippingDate22 25 April 1969Executed by Iran Imperial Iranian Navy 2 ships Imperial Iranian Air Force a squadron of F4 Phantom 1 Imperial Iranian ArmyOutcomeIranian tactical victory Tensions continued between the two countries until 1975 Algiers Agreement 2 CasualtiesNoneOn 22 April 1969 Iranian merchant ship Ebn e Sina carrying a cargo of steel beams and flying Iranian flag was escorted by Iranian heavily armed naval vessels as well as jet fighters 6 and proceeded through the river into the Persian Gulf in an 80 mile journey which took about six hours 1 However the Iraqi forces did not attempt to respond as it pledged 6 Both countries strengthened their land forces along the river bank stationing artillery tanks and anti aircraft weapons Iranian troops were positioned in the vicinity of Khorramshahr and Abadan while Iraq put its forces in Basra on alert Iranian freighter Arya Far passed through the river escorted by four gunboats three days later with no disturbance 6 As a result Iraq expelled thousands of Iranian residents and pilgrims from its soil 4 5 banned import of Iranian goods 6 and began supporting separatists in Khuzestan and Balochistan 4 References edit a b Iranian Ship Challenges Iraq Estuary The Advocate Messenger p 16 27 April 1969 retrieved 26 October 2017 Charles P Wallace 19 August 1988 Iran Iraq Still Fail to Bridge Waterway Dispute Los Angeles Times retrieved 26 October 2017 Dialogue With General Hassani Sadi Negin e Iran in Persian 3 9 8 40 Summer 2004 archived from the original on 2018 08 01 retrieved 2017 10 25 a b c Ward Steven R 2014 Immortal Updated Edition A Military History of Iran and Its Armed Forces Georgetown University Press p 202 ISBN 9781626160651 a b Abdulghani Jasim M 2012 Iraq and Iran RLE Iran A Taylor amp Francis p 121 ISBN 9781136834264 a b c d Sturchler Nikolas 2007 The Threat of Force in International Law Cambridge University Press p 202 ISBN 9781139464918 nbsp nbsp This Iranian history related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte nbsp nbsp This Iraqi history related article is a stub You can help Wikipedia by expanding it vte Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Joint Operation Arvand amp oldid 1159028005, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
