The Jimi system (Chinese: 羈縻制) or Jimifuzhou (Chinese: 羈縻府州) was an autonomous administrative and political organization system used in China between the 7th century and 10th century. It should not be confused with the Chinese tributary system.[2] The term "Jimi" was first seen in the annotation of Shiji quoted by Sima Zhen from a book of the Eastern Han dynasty, which implied to a man directing a horse or ox by the use of rein.[3] Jimi administrative divisions were used primarily during the Tang dynasty from the 650s until the 740s.[4] It was subsequently used in the Song, Yuan, Ming, and Qing dynasties under other names such as the Tusi system (Chinese: 土司制) until around 1726, when a new civil order under the Qing government was established.[5]
Jimi system
Epitaph of Pugu Yitu, a Turkic chief and vassal of the Tang dynasty under the Jimi system, who died in 678 CE.[1]
The system was a model of Chinese administrative units established for foreign rulers or chiefs that were either militarily subdued or self-subdued and naturalized. They received their duty from central authority while keeping their original status, and passed on their duty to heirs.[6] They were to provide annual tribute, following the foreign policy and superintend by the central authority.[5] In terms of foreign policy, they would collaborate with the officials sent by the central authority in administration, participate in military affairs of central authority's interest, and obey the assignation made by the central authority.[7] The system was first introduced by commander Li Daliang between August 23 and September 25, 630.[8]
It mainly consisted of three levels: the command area (Chinese: 都督府), prefecture (Chinese: 州) and county (Chinese: 縣). Known collectively as Jimifuzhou or the loose-control administrative units, they were not commonly confused with Zhengzhou (Chinese: 正州) or the regular administrative units.[9] In additions, there were also two loose-control protectorates (duhufu 都護府) established in the former Western Turkic Khaganate at around the Tarbagatai Mountains and Lake Balkhash in 658, the only loose-control protectorates ever established.[10][11] In some cases, a moderate number[clarification needed] of loose-control counties were also established under the jurisdiction of a regular prefecture at the border of Tang proper.[9] The loose-control administrative units, specifically the command area and prefecture, were established shortly after a region, state or tribe was subdued and formed as a political division within the extent of a separated regular protectorate.[12]
They were established in the area of today's northern Hebei, northern Shaanxi, Gansu, Ningxia, Inner Mongolia, Outer Mongolia, Siberia, Sogdiana and Afghanistan to the north and west, Hunan and Guangxi to the south, western Sichuan, Guizhou and Yunnan to the southwest, where they co-existed with the regular prefecture, and also parts of Inner and Central Asia during the early Tang empire.[13] Until 755, there were approximately 1,000 or around 856[clarification needed] loose-control prefectures established within the former khaganate and state, about 2.6 times the regular prefecture.[5][14]
Yuan, Bolan, Min, Shenglan and Huang, Li. . Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities. 2004.5. ISSN 1001-5140.
Liu, Tong (1998). The Study of Tang Dynasty's Jimifuzhou. Xi'an: Northwest University Press. ISBN7-5604-1298-X.
Tian, Suisheng et al. (1994). A Comprehensive Knowledge of Local Government. Beijing: China's Archives Press. ISBN7-80019-461-2.
Zhang, Youjun et al. (1992). General Discussion of Ethnic Policy in China. Nanming: Guangxi Education Press. ISBN7-5435-1527-X.
External linksedit
The Tang Dynasty's Domination Strategy towards the Korean Peninsula in the Mid-7th Century
December 15, 2023
jimi, system, chinese, 羈縻制, jimifuzhou, chinese, 羈縻府州, autonomous, administrative, political, organization, system, used, china, between, century, 10th, century, should, confused, with, chinese, tributary, system, term, jimi, first, seen, annotation, shiji, qu. The Jimi system Chinese 羈縻制 or Jimifuzhou Chinese 羈縻府州 was an autonomous administrative and political organization system used in China between the 7th century and 10th century It should not be confused with the Chinese tributary system 2 The term Jimi was first seen in the annotation of Shiji quoted by Sima Zhen from a book of the Eastern Han dynasty which implied to a man directing a horse or ox by the use of rein 3 Jimi administrative divisions were used primarily during the Tang dynasty from the 650s until the 740s 4 It was subsequently used in the Song Yuan Ming and Qing dynasties under other names such as the Tusi system Chinese 土司制 until around 1726 when a new civil order under the Qing government was established 5 Jimi systemEpitaph of Pugu Yitu a Turkic chief and vassal of the Tang dynasty under the Jimi system who died in 678 CE 1 Contents 1 Characteristics 2 See also 3 Notes 4 References 5 External linksCharacteristics editThe system was a model of Chinese administrative units established for foreign rulers or chiefs that were either militarily subdued or self subdued and naturalized They received their duty from central authority while keeping their original status and passed on their duty to heirs 6 They were to provide annual tribute following the foreign policy and superintend by the central authority 5 In terms of foreign policy they would collaborate with the officials sent by the central authority in administration participate in military affairs of central authority s interest and obey the assignation made by the central authority 7 The system was first introduced by commander Li Daliang between August 23 and September 25 630 8 It mainly consisted of three levels the command area Chinese 都督府 prefecture Chinese 州 and county Chinese 縣 Known collectively as Jimifuzhou or the loose control administrative units they were not commonly confused with Zhengzhou Chinese 正州 or the regular administrative units 9 In additions there were also two loose control protectorates duhufu 都護府 established in the former Western Turkic Khaganate at around the Tarbagatai Mountains and Lake Balkhash in 658 the only loose control protectorates ever established 10 11 In some cases a moderate number clarification needed of loose control counties were also established under the jurisdiction of a regular prefecture at the border of Tang proper 9 The loose control administrative units specifically the command area and prefecture were established shortly after a region state or tribe was subdued and formed as a political division within the extent of a separated regular protectorate 12 They were established in the area of today s northern Hebei northern Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia Inner Mongolia Outer Mongolia Siberia Sogdiana and Afghanistan to the north and west Hunan and Guangxi to the south western Sichuan Guizhou and Yunnan to the southwest where they co existed with the regular prefecture and also parts of Inner and Central Asia during the early Tang empire 13 Until 755 there were approximately 1 000 or around 856 clarification needed loose control prefectures established within the former khaganate and state about 2 6 times the regular prefecture 5 14 See also editFanzhen Fengjian Jiedushi TusiNotes edit Yilmaz Anil 2020 On the Burial Mounds of Ulaan Khermiin Shoroon Bumbagar Maykhan Uul and Shoroon Dov a href Template Cite journal html title Template Cite journal cite journal a Cite journal requires journal help Liu p 51 55 Yuan et al p 101 Liu p 48 49 a b c Zhang p 63 67 108 113 Liu p 17 23 Liu p 38 43 56 59 Liu p 8 a b Jimizhou Archived from the original on 2007 09 29 Retrieved 2007 08 04 Liu p 18 120 123 Tian p 508 Liu p 31 38 Liu 145 234 Liu p 29References editZhou Weiyan Jimizhou Encyclopedia of China 1st ed Yuan Bolan Min Shenglan and Huang Li Tang Song Minzu Zhengce Jimi Wenti Zhi Bijiao Yanjiu Ethnic Policy of the Tang and Song Dynasties A Comparative Study on the Question of Jimi Journal of Northwest University for Nationalities 2004 5 ISSN 1001 5140 Liu Tong 1998 The Study of Tang Dynasty s Jimifuzhou Xi an Northwest University Press ISBN 7 5604 1298 X Tian Suisheng et al 1994 A Comprehensive Knowledge of Local Government Beijing China s Archives Press ISBN 7 80019 461 2 Zhang Youjun et al 1992 General Discussion of Ethnic Policy in China Nanming Guangxi Education Press ISBN 7 5435 1527 X External links editThe Tang Dynasty s Domination Strategy towards the Korean Peninsula in the Mid 7th Century Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jimi system amp oldid 1178243927, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
