James Maxwell, 1st Earl of Dirletoun

James Maxwell, 1st Earl of Dirletoun (died 1650) was a Scottish courtier and landowner, and Black Rod. He was involved in selling royal jewels.

Innerwick Castle after Thomson of Duddingston

James VI and I

Maxwell was the son of Robert Maxwell of Kirkhouse (d. 1583) and Nichola[s] Murray, daughter of Charles Murray of Cockpool. His mother was a sister of John Murray of the bedchamber who became Earl of Annandale.^[1]

Maxwell was made an usher daily waiter in the household of King James in 1603.^[2] A younger brother, Robert Maxwell (d. 1627) was a sergeant-at-arms. On 15 June 1610, King James rewarded the usher with lands in Dumfries. Another Scottish servant, Matthew Hairstanes, received a similar grant on the same day.^[3]

Maxwell was appointed Black Rod in 1620 on the death of Sir Richard Coningsby in February 1620. The Black Rod officiated at the annual feast of the Order of the Garter at Windsor Castle and Maxwell was given a house there, and in 1629 he was made Keeper of the little park at Windsor.^[4]

In May 1609 James VI and I wrote to his advocate in Edinburgh Thomas Haddington to favour the lawsuit of Sir Robert Douglas and Maxwell against the Lord Herries.^[5]

James Maxwell injured the ear of barrister James (or Edward) Hawley at a masque or reception for the Duke of Bouillon at court in May 1612, when he dragged Hawley from a room by his ear string.^[6] This became a more serious affair after Hawley threatened to fight a duel, and his lawyer friends at the Inns of Court took his side, only resolved by the intervention of the king.^[7] There was adverse feeling in London against the Scots in the court of King James which this incident reflected, and subsequently there was discussion in 1620 if a Scot could be Black Rod, and Maxwell found it difficult to be naturalized as a denizen of England until 1622.^[8]

King James sent him to Heidelberg with presents for Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia in May 1614.^[9]

In 1616 the Privy Council of Scotland enforced the eviction of several people from Maxwell's lands in Dumfries and Galloway.^[10]

In July 1622 Thomas Erskine, Earl of Kellie recommended him to the Earl of Mar writing that he was probably more useful to Mar than his kinsman John Murray, 1st Earl of Annandale. Previously Kellie had written how Maxwell had tried to get King Charles to read a letter from Mar, and would encourage Archibald Primrose to further Mar's business with the king.^[11]

Charles I

In 1625 he became a groom of the bedchamber to King Charles.^[12] As a gentleman in the king's household he was able to access the king and gain patronage for others. He acquired estates in England including, Wanborough Manor, Guildford Priory House, and Kidland Manor, and obtained patents for iron-making and pipe-clay.^[13]

 

The "Mirror of Great Britain" on King James' hat

In March 1630 Maxwell, by now wealthy, was involved in the sale of older crown jewels with Francis Cottington and acquired a number of pieces himself including the two pearls remaining from the Mirror of Great Britain and Anne of Denmark's gold circlet set with diamonds, emeralds, rubies and pearls, which had been made for her coronation in England by Spilman and Herrick. There was also a head attire with nine great round pearls.^[14][15]

Maxwell acquired Innerwick Castle, and was known as "Maxwell of Innerwick". He bought the lordship of Dirleton and Dirleton Castle in 1631, and was made Earl of Dirletoun around 1646, though as in the case his courtier of William Murray, Earl of Dysart and Patrick Maule, Earl of Panmure, the process of granting and confirming these peerages is obscure.^[16]

James Maxwell died at Holyrood Palace in April 1650, and was buried at Dirleton Kirk.^[17]

Family

In 1619 Maxwell married Elizabeth de Boussy, or Bousson de Podolsko (d. 1659), from Antwerp, who had been Anne of Denmark's laundry woman and was the widow of William Ryder (d. 1617), a harbinger or clerk of the royal stables.^[18] She owned a miniature portrait of Anna of Denmark's brother, the Duke of Holstein, set with diamonds.^[19] The Royalist agent Jane Whorwood was her daughter from her marriage to Ryder.

Their daughter Diana Maxwell married Charles Cecil, Viscount Cranborne, and Elizabeth Maxwell married William Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Hamilton, then known as the Earl of Lanark.^[20] Elizabeth's dowry in 1639 was 288,000 Scottish merks.^[21]

Robert Maxwell, his brother, died in 1637 leaving an embroidered scarf and £50 for a gown to his niece Elizabeth, and a pair of embroidered slippers and £50 to Diana. Another brother, Charles, may have been the Charles Maxwell killed by Sir Robert Ker in a duel at Cambridge in 1620.^[22]

References

1. J. C. Sainty, 'A Biographical note on James Maxwell, Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod', Parliamentary History, 37:2 (2018), pp. 293-298. at p. 294.
2. J. C. Sainty, 'A Biographical note on James Maxwell, Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod', Parliamentary History, 37:2 (2018), p. 294.
3. John Maitland Thomson, Register of the Great Seal of Scotland, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1892), p. 80 no. 218
4. J. C. Sainty, 'A Biographical note on James Maxwell, Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod', Parliamentary History, 37:2 (2018), p. 294.
5. Melros Papers, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1837), pp. 72-3.
6. Norman Egbert McClure, Letters of John Chamberlain, vol. 1 (Philadelphia, 1939), pp. 348, 352-3.
7. John Nichols, The progresses, processions, and magnificent festivities of King James the First, vol. 2 (London, 1828), pp. 443, 449: Calendar State Papers Venice: 1610-1613, vol. 12, (London, 1905), p. 358 no. 516.
8. J. C. Sainty, 'A Biographical note on James Maxwell, Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod', Parliamentary History, 37:2 (2018), p. 295.
9. William Shaw & G. Dyfnallt Owen, HMC 77 Viscount De L'Isle Penshurst, vol. 5 (London, 1961), p. 210.
10. David Masson, Register of the Privy Council of Scotland: 1613-1616, vol. 10 (Edinburgh, 1891), p. 613.
11. HMC Mar & Kellie, 2 (London, 1930), pp. 112, 120, 127.
12. J. C. Sainty, 'A Biographical note on James Maxwell, Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod', Parliamentary History, 37:2 (2018), p. 295.
13. J. C. Sainty, 'A Biographical note on James Maxwell, Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod', Parliamentary History, 37:2 (2018), p. 295.
14. Foedera, vol. 8 part 3 (Hague, 1742), pp. 88-94: Calendar State Papers Domestic: Charles I: 1629-1631 (London, 1860), pp. 216-7, TNA SP16/163 f.31: HMC Laing Manuscripts Edinburgh University, vol. 1 (London, 1914), p. 95: Diana Scarisbrick, 'Anne of Denmark's Jewellery Inventory', Archaeologia (Torquay, 1991), p. 207 no. 151: Arthur Collins, Jewels and Plate of Elizabeth I (London 1955), pp. 178-9 fn.
15. Foedera, vol. 19 (London, 1732), p. 149
16. J. C. Sainty, 'A Biographical note on James Maxwell, Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod', Parliamentary History, 37:2 (2018), p. 298.
17. John Fox, The King's Smuggler (Stroud, 2010), p. 175.
18. Nadine Akkerman, Invisible Agents (Oxford, 2018), p. 34: John Fox, The King's Smuggler (Stroud, 2010), pp. 323.
19. John Fox, The King's Smuggler (Stroud, 2010), p. 182.
20. Nadine Akkerman, Invisible Agents (Oxford, 2018), pp. 46, 50–51.
21. Rosalind K. Marshall, Virgins and Viragos: A History of Women in Scotland (Collins, 1983), p. 77.
22. Will of Robert Maxwell, sergeant-at-arms, TNA PROB 11-175-74.

Peerage of Scotland
New creation	Earl of Dirletoun 1646–1650	Extinct