Jakarta Server Pages
Jakarta Server Pages (JSP; formerly JavaServer Pages) is a collection of technologies that helps software developers create dynamically generated web pages based on HTML, XML, SOAP, or other document types. Released in 1999 by Sun Microsystems,[1] JSP is similar to PHP and ASP, but uses the Java programming language.
| Filename extension | .jsp, .jspx, .jspf |
|---|---|
| Internet media type | application/jsp[citation needed] |
| Developed by | Eclipse Foundation |
| Initial release | 1999 |
| Latest release | 3.1 April 31, 2022 |
| Type of format | Dynamic web page |
| Standard | JSR 245 |
| Open format? | Yes |
| Website | projects |
To deploy and run Jakarta Server Pages, a compatible web server with a servlet container, such as Apache Tomcat or Jetty, is required.
Overview edit
Architecturally, JSP may be viewed as a high-level abstraction of Jakarta Servlets. JSPs are translated into servlets at runtime, therefore JSP is a Servlet; each JSP servlet is cached and re-used until the original JSP is modified.[2]
Jakarta Server Pages can be used independently or as the view component of a server-side model–view–controller design, normally with JavaBeans as the model and Java servlets (or a framework such as Apache Struts) as the controller. This is a type of Model 2 architecture.[3]
JSP allows Java code and certain predefined actions to be interleaved with static web markup content, such as HTML. The resulting page is compiled and executed on the server to deliver a document. The compiled pages, as well as any dependent Java libraries, contain Java bytecode rather than machine code. Like any other .jar or Java program, code must be executed within a Java virtual machine (JVM) that interacts with the server's host operating system to provide an abstract, platform-neutral environment.
JSPs are usually used to deliver HTML and XML documents, but through the use of OutputStream, they can deliver other types of data as well.[4]
The Web container creates JSP implicit objects like request, response, session, application, config, page, pageContext, out and exception. JSP Engine creates these objects during translation phase.
Syntax edit
Directives, scriptlets, and expressions, declaration edit
JSPs use several delimiters for scripting functions. The most basic is <% ... %>, which encloses a JSP scriptlet. A scriptlet is a fragment of Java code[5] that runs when the user requests the page.
Other common delimiters include <%= ... %> for expressions, where the scriptlet and delimiters are replaced with the result of evaluating the expression, and directives, denoted with <%@ ... %>.[5][6]
Java code is not required to be complete or self-contained within a single scriptlet block. It can straddle markup content, provided that the page as a whole is syntactically correct. For example, any Java if/for/while blocks opened in one scriptlet must be correctly closed in a later scriptlet for the page to successfully compile. This allows code to be intermingled and can result in poor programming practices.
Content that falls inside a split block of Java code (spanning multiple scriptlets) is subject to that code. Content inside an if block will only appear in the output when the if condition evaluates to true. Likewise, content inside a loop construct may appear multiple times in the output, depending upon how many times the loop body runs.
Example edit
The following would be a valid for loop in a JSP page:
<p>Counting to three:</p> <% for (int i=1; i<4; i++) { %> <p>This number is <%= i %>.</p> <% } %> <p>OK.</p> The output displayed in the user's web browser would be:
Counting to three: This number is 1. This number is 2. This number is 3. OK.
Standard JSP Tags edit
The useBean Tag edit
The JSP useBean tag enables the developer to access and create a Javabean.[7] Although using the useBean tag looks similar to an HTML tag, all JSP tags for JavaBeans use XML syntax. Therefore the code containing the useBean tag is case-sensitive.[8]
The useBean tag contains several attributes. The id attribute declares the name that is used for gaining access to the bean. The class attribute declares the package and class for the bean. The scope declares the object responsible for storing the bean. The value for the scope defines the duration for which the bean is available for the rest of the java application to use. The scope can be one of the following four values: [8]
- The
pagescope implies that the bean is located in the implicitly definedPageContextobject, and is only available for the current page. By default, all beans have a scope ofpage. - The
requestscope implies that the bean can be found in theHttpServletRequestobject. This bean can be accessed by all other JSPs and servlets that have access to the current request object. - The
sessionscope implies that the bean can be found in theHttpSessionobject. This bean can be accessed by all other JSPs and servlets that have access to the specifiedHttpSessionobject. - The
applicationscope implies that the bean can be found in theServletContextobject. This bean can be accessed by all other JSPs and servlets that have access to the specifiedServletContextobject.
The getProperty and setProperty Tags edit
After a bean has been created using the useBean tag, the getProperty and setProperty tags can be used for getting and setting the properties of the bean. The JSP getProperty is used to get the property of created bean. The JSP setProperty tag is used to set the properties for a bean. For the getProperty and setProperty tags, the name attribute is used to specify the bean's name. So the name attribute must match the id attribute provided by the useBean tag.[9]
Expression Language edit
Version 2.0 of the JSP specification added support for the Expression Language (EL), used to access data and functions in Java objects. In JSP 2.1, it was folded into the Unified Expression Language, which is also used in JavaServer Faces.[10]
The JSP Expression Language uses a compact syntax which enables the developer to get attributes and JavaBean properties from a given request object. When using EL, a dollar sign ("$") must be added at the beginning of the code. The dollar symbol is followed by an opening brace ("{"), as well as a closing brace ("}"). The code is then written between the opening and closing braces.[11]
Example edit
The following is an example of EL syntax:
The value of variable in the object javabean is ${javabean.variable}.
Additional tags edit
The JSP syntax add additional tags, called JSP actions, to invoke built-in functionality.[6] Additionally, the technology allows for the creation of custom JSP tag libraries that act as extensions to the standard JSP syntax.[12] One such library is the JSTL.[13]
Jakarta Standard Tag Library edit
Jakarta Standard Tag Library (JSTL) supports common tasks that must be performed in JSPs.[14] Examples includes iteration and conditionals (the equivalent of "for" and "if" statements in Java).[13]
Out of all the libraries in JSTL, the JSTL core library is most commonly used. A taglib directive must be used to specify the URI of the JSTL core library using a prefix. Although there are many different choices for the prefix, the "c" prefix is commonly used for this library.[15]
XML-compliant JSP edit
JSP pages may also be written in fully valid XML syntax.[16] Such JSP files commonly use the alternative .jspx file extension, which usually causes the application server to validate the XML syntax.
Since the usual JSP syntax <% ... %> is not valid in XML, a developer must use alternative tags provided by JSP. For example, the common <%@ page .. %> directive may instead be written as a <jsp:directive.page .. /> tag, and tag libraries are imported using XML namespaces, instead of the usual <%@ taglib .. %> tag.
Compiler edit
A JavaServer Pages compiler is a program that parses JSPs and transforms them into executable Java Servlets. A program of this type is usually embedded into the application server and run automatically the first time a JSP is accessed, but pages may also be precompiled for better performance, or compiled as a part of the build process to test for errors.[17]
Some JSP containers support configuring how often the container checks JSP file timestamps to see whether the page has changed. Typically, this timestamp would be set to a short interval (perhaps seconds) during software development, and a longer interval (perhaps minutes, or even never) for a deployed Web application.[18]
Criticism edit
According to Joel Murach and Michael Urban, authors of the book "Murach's Java Servlets and JSP", embedding Java code in JSP is generally bad practice.[19] A better approach would be to migrate the back-end logic embedded in the JSP to the Java code in the Servlet.[19] In this scenario, the Servlet is responsible for processing, and the JSP is responsible for displaying the HTML,[19] maintaining a clear separation of concerns.
In 2000, Jason Hunter, author of "Java Servlet Programming" described a number of "problems" with JavaServer Pages.[20] Nevertheless, he wrote that while JSP may not be the "best solution for the Java Platform" it was the "Java solution that is most like the non-Java solution," by which he meant Microsoft's Active Server Pages. Later, he added a note to his site saying that JSP had improved since 2000, but also cited its competitors, Apache Velocity and Tea (template language).[20] Today, several alternatives and a number of JSP-oriented pages in larger web apps are considered to be technical debt.
See also edit
Servlet containers edit
- Apache Tomcat
- Apache TomEE
- Jetty (web server)
- GlassFish
- Oracle iPlanet Web Server
- WebSphere Application Server
Java-based template alternatives edit
References edit
- ^ "FoRK Archive: Sun JSP 1.0 *not* available". www.xent.com.
- ^ The Life Cycle of a JSP Page (Sun documentation)
- ^ Seshadri, Govind (December 29, 1999). "Understanding JavaServer Pages Model 2 architecture". JavaWorld. Retrieved 2020-07-17.
- ^ "OutputStream already obtained (JSP forum at Coderanch)". coderanch.com.
- ^ a b JSP 1.2 Syntax Reference
- ^ Murach & Urban 2014, pp. 198, §2 Essential servlet and JSP skills - Summary.
- ^ a b Murach & Urban 2014, pp. 186–187, §2 Essential servlet and JSP skills - How to code the useBean tag.
- ^ The Unified Expression Language (Sun Developer Network)
- ^ Murach & Urban 2014, pp. 176–177, §2 Essential servlet and JSP skills - How to use EL to get attributes and JavaBean properties.
- ^ Tag Libraries Tutorial - What is a Tag Library? (Sun) April 19, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b "JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library - The Java EE 5 Tutorial". docs.oracle.com.
- ^ Murach & Urban 2014, pp. 270–273, §2 Essential servlet and JSP skills -An Introduction to JSTL.
- ^ Murach & Urban 2014, pp. 178, §2 Essential servlet and JSP skills - How to enable the core JSTL library.
- ^ "The Java EE 5 Tutorial, Chapter 6 JavaServer Pages Documents". oracle.com. Retrieved 2022-07-27.
- ^ "IBM Docs". www.ibm.com.
- ^ "SyBooks Online". infocenter.sybase.com.
- ^ a b c Murach & Urban 2014, pp. 46–47, §1 Get started right - The JSP for the second page.
- ^ a b The Problems with JSP (January 25, 2000)
Works cited edit
- Murach, Joel; Urban, Michael (2014). Murach's Java Servlets and JSP. Mike Murach & Associates. ISBN 978-1-890774-78-3.
Further reading edit
- Bergsten, Hans (2003). JavaServer Pages (3rd ed.). O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-00563-4.
- Brown, Simon; Dalton, Sam; Jepp, Daniel; Johnson, Dave; Li, Sing; Raible, Matt. Pro JSP 2. Apress. ISBN 1-59059-513-0.
- Hanna, Phil (2003). JSP 2.0 - The Complete Reference. McGraw-Hill Osborne Media. ISBN 978-0-07-222437-5.
- Sierra, Kathy; Bates, Bert; Basham, Bryan. Head First Servlets & JSP. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-0-596-00540-5.
External links edit
- Official website
- (v1.2)
- Jakarta Server Pages Specification, Latest
- Official tutorial: The Java EE 5 Tutorial, Chapter 5, JavaServer Pages Technology