Pasquier is recorded as a groom of the chamber to Mary and master of her wardrobe. The other grooms were Bastian Pagez and Hannibal Stuart.[2] He was described as "young Pasquier".[3]Adam Blackwood described him as "commis et argentier", a clerk and treasurer or purse keeper.[4] The French ambassador also called him a steward or argentier.[5] Pasquier may have been recruited to Mary's service by Albert Fontenay, a brother of Mary's secretary Claude Nau. Fontenay mentioned his friends, Monsieur de l'Aubespine, Arnault, and Pasquier.[6]
On 20 March 1586, at Chartley, Pasquier and Bastian Pagez witnessed a document in which Jacques Gervais, Mary's surgeon, placed his affairs in the hands of Jean de Champhuon, sieur du Ruisseau, a brother-in-law of Claude Nau and Fontenay. Ruisseau was an administrator of Mary, Queen of Scots' French estates.[7]
Pasquier worked with Mary's secretaries Claude Nau and Gilbert Curle managing Mary's correspondence.[8] Letters in cipher from the French ambassador London, Guillaume de l'Aubespine de Châteauneuf, were delivered to him.[9] In May 1586, Mary said, and Gilbert Curle wrote, that she received an infinite number of letters in cipher. Curle translated Mary's French drafts or dictation into English and ciphered them. Nau was in charge of the French correspondence.[10]
In August 1584 Pasquier worked on the deciphering of a long letter to Mary and Claude Nau from Albert Fontenay, a half-brother of Nau, which describes his visit to Scotland and negotiations with James VI.[11] The letter describes the young king and his hobbies and has become an important source for his biography.[12][13] Pasquier also deciphered Fontenay's despatch of 24 November 1584 which includes the views of James VI on the "Enterprise of England", a plan to make an allegiance with Spain to invade England.[14] Pasquier deciphered a letter to Mary in Spanish from Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma in 1585.[15]
Arrested and questioned
As the Babington Plot was investigated and revealed by Francis Walsingham, Pasquier was arrested in August 1586 with Mary's secretaries at the suggestion of Amias Paulet, who observed he was "half a secretary". He was moved to the house of Mr Littleton and the lodging of Thomas Gresley of Drakelow at Chartley.[16] Walsingham told Paulet to send Pasquier to London under "sure guard".[17] Paulet arranged for him to be taken to the Tower of London on 29 August escorted by three men.[18]
Pasquier was questioned by Owen Hopton, Edward Barker, and the code expert Thomas Phelippes twice in September 1586.[19][20] They showed him some examples of his code work. His responses are recorded in three surviving documents. Pasquier confessed to writing and transcribing coded letters for Mary. He said that Nau was in charge of the cipher keys or alphabets. The cipher work took place in Nau's chamber. Pasquier delivered completed ciphered and deciphered letters to Mary or Nau. He claimed not to remember the contents of the letters.[21] He did remember encoding a letter in cipher for Mary in 1584 to send to the French ambassador Michel de Castelnau asking him to negotiate a pardon for Francis Throckmorton after his treason trial.[22]
William Cecil wrote to Christopher Hatton discussing the idea of threatening Nau, Curle, and Pasquier so they would confirm Mary's crime and ensure their own escape.[23] Claude Nau mentioned that some significant letters, copied in French and English, were kept in chests belonging to Pasquier. One way of making a case against Mary was to find incriminating and treasonous material in her letters, but her distance from the material in cipher produced by her secretaries was a problem.[24] Mary was able to deny writing to Anthony Babington with her own signature, and question the authenticity of any letters produced.[25] Conyers Read argues that the secretaries were interviewed to demonstrate the genuineness of deciphered letters and that Mary was the author of her letters.[26]
Walsingham sent news to the Scottish Court in September 1586 that Mary was to be moved to Fotheringhay, and that "the matters whereof she is guilty are already so plain and manifest (being also confessed by her two secretaries), as it is thought, they shall required no long debating".[27]
Pasquier's evidence does not seem to have been directly used in Mary's treason trial.[28] Walsingham and Phelippes focused on a letter sent to Babington written by Nau, the "bloody letter", and a cipher used to write to him found in her papers.[29] Phelippes acknowledged that Mary usually sent more letters every fortnight "than it was possible for one body well exercised therein to put in cipher and decipher".[30]
Pasquier and the evidence for Mary's secretariat presented at her trial
Pasquier had a lesser role in Mary's correspondence than Nau and Curle. In a draft for the procceedings at Mary's trial, William Cecil and others suggested relating how Mary directed the writing of her coded letters in English, by dictating them to Nau in French in her cabinet, and having Curle translate them into English for ciphering. This process, which was described by Curle and by Nau's confession, was a branch of correspondence that Paquier was not necessarily involved in, and he was not mentioned.[31] The historian Conyers Read thought Pasquier was a minor figure in the intrigues leading to her execution.[32]
After Mary's trial
Pasquier remained responsible for some household accounts and a distribution of cloth for livery clothes in Mary's household. He wrote to Phelippes in January 1587, concerning these financial matters.[33][34] According to Adam Blackwood, who was informed by the account of Dominique Bourgoing,[35] Mary came to distrust Pasquier and Nau, assuming that they had betrayed her. She cut them out of her will, and included a note of her concern about money received by Pasquier.[36] Mary wrote from Fotheringhay to the Spanish diplomat Bernardino de Mendoza of her fear that they had hastened her death.[37]
Pasquier and the two secretaries were released in August 1587 after Mary's funeral and given passports to return home.[38] Pasquier carried a letter from the French ambassador in London, Guillaume de l'Aubespine de Châteauneuf, to Henry III of France which included a short description of the funeral at Peterborough.[39][40]
References
^George Lasry, Norbert Biermann, Satoshi Tomokiyo, 'Deciphering Mary Stuart’s lost letters from 1578-1584', Cryptologia (2023), p. 65 doi:10.1080/01611194.2022.2160677
^William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, vol. 8 (Edinburgh, 1915), p. 412 no. 439: Alexandre Labanoff, Lettres de Marie Stuart, vol. 7 (London, 1844), p. 250.
^Alexandre Teulet, Relations Politiques, 4 (Paris, 1862), p. 204: John Morris, Letter-books of Amias Poulet (London, 1874), p. 272.
^Alan Gordon Smith, The Babington Plot (Macmillan, 1936).
^William Barclay Turnbull, Letters of Mary Stuart (London, 1845), p. 345: Alexandre Teulet, Relations Politiques, 4 (Paris, 1862), p. 92.
^Sheila R. Richards, Secret Writing in the Public Records (HMSO, 1974), p. 45.
^J. Charavay, Catalogue d'une très belle collection de lettres autographes et manuscrits (Paris, 1855), p. 18 no. 202.
^John Morris, Letter-books of Amias Poulet (London, 1874), p. 249
^William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 9 (London, 1915), p. 249 no. 299.
^Philip Yorke, Miscellaneous State Papers, vol. 1 (London, 1778), pp. 218, 223, 235-7: Annie Cameron, Warrender Papers, vol. 1 (SHS: Edinburgh, 1931), p. 214, 218.
^William Boyd, Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary, Queen of Scots, 1547-1603, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), no. 237: William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1584-1585, vol. 7 (Edinburgh, 1913), p. 271 no. 247.
^Calendar of the manuscripts of the Marquess of Salisbury at Hatfield, vol. 3 (London, 1889), pp. vi, 47-62
^George Akrigg, Letters of King James VI & I (University of California, 1984), pp. 7-8.
^Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 9 (Edinburgh, 1915), pp. 74-5 no. 62, 90 no. 80
^William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 9 (London, 1915), p. 227 no. 219.
^Regis Chantelauze, Marie Stuart : son proces et son execution, d'apres le journal inedit de Bourgoing son medecin (Paris, 1876), p. 477: TNA SP 53/19 f.51:
^Samuel Cowan, The last days of Mary Stuart and the journal of Bourgoyne her physician (London, 1907), p. 37
^John Morris, Letter-books of Amias Poulet (London, 1874), pp. 253, 272, 279.
^John Hungerford Pollen, Queen Mary and the Babington Plot (Edinburgh: Scottish History Society, pp. clxxxv-clxxxvii
^Samuel Cowan, The last days of Mary Stuart and the journal of Bourgoyne her physician (London, 1907), pp. 47-48, Cowan describes only the questions
^William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1585-1586, vol. 8 (London, 1914), pp. 659-660 nos. 743, 744; Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 9 (London, 1915), pp. 47 no. 40, 54-57 nos 49-50 (SP 53/19 f.117 English), 89-90 no. 80 (TNA SP 53/20 f.11 French), 471 no. 378.
^William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 9 (London, 1915), p. 56 no. 50.
^Stephen Alford, The Watchers (Penguin, 2013), pp. 232-233: William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 8 (London, 1915), p. 701 no. 764.
^Alexandre Labanoff, Lettres inédites de Marie Stuart (Paris, 1839), pp. 180-181.
^Conyers Read, Bardon Papers (London: Camden Society, 1909), pp. xxxviii-xxxix.
^Letters and Papers Relating to Patrick Master of Gray (Edinburgh, 1835), pp. 110-111.
^Conyers Read, Bardon Papers (London: Camden Society, 1909), p. 44.
^William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 9 (London, 1915), p. 125-6 no. 121 (items 7-9, 12, 27).
^Stephen Alford, The Watchers (Penguin, 2013), p. 233.
^William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 9 (London, 1915), pp. 248-249 no. 246: Regis Chantelauze, Marie Stuart: son proces et son execution, d'apres le journal inedit de Bourgoing son medecin (Paris, 1876), p. 559.
^Samuel Cowan, The last days of Mary Stuart and the journal of Bourgoyne her physician (London, 1907), p. 260
^Alexander Wilkinson, Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), pp. 136-7.
^Joseph Stevenson, History of Mary Stewart, by Claude Nau (Edinburgh, 1883), p. xlix: Agnes Strickland, Letters of Mary Queen of Scots, vol. 2 (London, 1848), p. 247.
^Agnes Strickland, Letters of Mary Queen of Scots, vol. 2 (London, 1842), p. 110.
^William Boyd, Calendar State Papers Scotland, 1586-1588, vol. 9 (London, 1915), p. 471 no. 378: Alexandre Teulet, Relations Politiques, 4 (Paris, 1862), p. 204: Samuel Jebb, De Vita Et Rebus Gestis Serenissimae Principis Mariae Scotorum, vol. 2 (London, 1725), p. 652.
^Alexandre Labanoff, Lettres inédites de Marie Stuart (Paris, 1839), p. 286.
^Agnes Strickland, Letters of Mary Queen of Scots, vol. 2 (London, 1842), pp. 233-234: Alexandre Teulet, Relations Politiques, 4 (Paris, 1862), p. 204.
August 17, 2023
jérôme, pasquier, courtier, jérôme, pasquier, french, servant, mary, queen, scots, involved, writing, deciphering, coded, letters, pasquier, taken, tower, london, interviewed, about, secretarial, workcontents, working, captive, queen, arrested, questioned, pas. Jerome Pasquier was a French servant of Mary Queen of Scots involved in writing and deciphering coded letters 1 Pasquier was taken to the Tower of London and interviewed about his secretarial workContents 1 Working for a captive queen 2 Arrested and questioned 2 1 Pasquier and the evidence for Mary s secretariat presented at her trial 3 After Mary s trial 4 ReferencesWorking for a captive queen Edit Cipher key from the Babington PlotPasquier is recorded as a groom of the chamber to Mary and master of her wardrobe The other grooms were Bastian Pagez and Hannibal Stuart 2 He was described as young Pasquier 3 Adam Blackwood described him as commis et argentier a clerk and treasurer or purse keeper 4 The French ambassador also called him a steward or argentier 5 Pasquier may have been recruited to Mary s service by Albert Fontenay a brother of Mary s secretary Claude Nau Fontenay mentioned his friends Monsieur de l Aubespine Arnault and Pasquier 6 On 20 March 1586 at Chartley Pasquier and Bastian Pagez witnessed a document in which Jacques Gervais Mary s surgeon placed his affairs in the hands of Jean de Champhuon sieur du Ruisseau a brother in law of Claude Nau and Fontenay Ruisseau was an administrator of Mary Queen of Scots French estates 7 Pasquier worked with Mary s secretaries Claude Nau and Gilbert Curle managing Mary s correspondence 8 Letters in cipher from the French ambassador London Guillaume de l Aubespine de Chateauneuf were delivered to him 9 In May 1586 Mary said and Gilbert Curle wrote that she received an infinite number of letters in cipher Curle translated Mary s French drafts or dictation into English and ciphered them Nau was in charge of the French correspondence 10 In August 1584 Pasquier worked on the deciphering of a long letter to Mary and Claude Nau from Albert Fontenay a half brother of Nau which describes his visit to Scotland and negotiations with James VI 11 The letter describes the young king and his hobbies and has become an important source for his biography 12 13 Pasquier also deciphered Fontenay s despatch of 24 November 1584 which includes the views of James VI on the Enterprise of England a plan to make an allegiance with Spain to invade England 14 Pasquier deciphered a letter to Mary in Spanish from Alexander Farnese Duke of Parma in 1585 15 Arrested and questioned EditAs the Babington Plot was investigated and revealed by Francis Walsingham Pasquier was arrested in August 1586 with Mary s secretaries at the suggestion of Amias Paulet who observed he was half a secretary He was moved to the house of Mr Littleton and the lodging of Thomas Gresley of Drakelow at Chartley 16 Walsingham told Paulet to send Pasquier to London under sure guard 17 Paulet arranged for him to be taken to the Tower of London on 29 August escorted by three men 18 Pasquier was questioned by Owen Hopton Edward Barker and the code expert Thomas Phelippes twice in September 1586 19 20 They showed him some examples of his code work His responses are recorded in three surviving documents Pasquier confessed to writing and transcribing coded letters for Mary He said that Nau was in charge of the cipher keys or alphabets The cipher work took place in Nau s chamber Pasquier delivered completed ciphered and deciphered letters to Mary or Nau He claimed not to remember the contents of the letters 21 He did remember encoding a letter in cipher for Mary in 1584 to send to the French ambassador Michel de Castelnau asking him to negotiate a pardon for Francis Throckmorton after his treason trial 22 William Cecil wrote to Christopher Hatton discussing the idea of threatening Nau Curle and Pasquier so they would confirm Mary s crime and ensure their own escape 23 Claude Nau mentioned that some significant letters copied in French and English were kept in chests belonging to Pasquier One way of making a case against Mary was to find incriminating and treasonous material in her letters but her distance from the material in cipher produced by her secretaries was a problem 24 Mary was able to deny writing to Anthony Babington with her own signature and question the authenticity of any letters produced 25 Conyers Read argues that the secretaries were interviewed to demonstrate the genuineness of deciphered letters and that Mary was the author of her letters 26 Walsingham sent news to the Scottish Court in September 1586 that Mary was to be moved to Fotheringhay and that the matters whereof she is guilty are already so plain and manifest being also confessed by her two secretaries as it is thought they shall required no long debating 27 Pasquier s evidence does not seem to have been directly used in Mary s treason trial 28 Walsingham and Phelippes focused on a letter sent to Babington written by Nau the bloody letter and a cipher used to write to him found in her papers 29 Phelippes acknowledged that Mary usually sent more letters every fortnight than it was possible for one body well exercised therein to put in cipher and decipher 30 Pasquier and the evidence for Mary s secretariat presented at her trial Edit Pasquier had a lesser role in Mary s correspondence than Nau and Curle In a draft for the procceedings at Mary s trial William Cecil and others suggested relating how Mary directed the writing of her coded letters in English by dictating them to Nau in French in her cabinet and having Curle translate them into English for ciphering This process which was described by Curle and by Nau s confession was a branch of correspondence that Paquier was not necessarily involved in and he was not mentioned 31 The historian Conyers Read thought Pasquier was a minor figure in the intrigues leading to her execution 32 After Mary s trial EditPasquier remained responsible for some household accounts and a distribution of cloth for livery clothes in Mary s household He wrote to Phelippes in January 1587 concerning these financial matters 33 34 According to Adam Blackwood who was informed by the account of Dominique Bourgoing 35 Mary came to distrust Pasquier and Nau assuming that they had betrayed her She cut them out of her will and included a note of her concern about money received by Pasquier 36 Mary wrote from Fotheringhay to the Spanish diplomat Bernardino de Mendoza of her fear that they had hastened her death 37 Pasquier and the two secretaries were released in August 1587 after Mary s funeral and given passports to return home 38 Pasquier carried a letter from the French ambassador in London Guillaume de l Aubespine de Chateauneuf to Henry III of France which included a short description of the funeral at Peterborough 39 40 References Edit George Lasry Norbert Biermann Satoshi Tomokiyo Deciphering Mary Stuart s lost letters from 1578 1584 Cryptologia 2023 p 65 doi 10 1080 01611194 2022 2160677 William Boyd Calendar State Papers Scotland vol 8 Edinburgh 1915 p 412 no 439 Alexandre Labanoff Lettres de Marie Stuart vol 7 London 1844 p 250 Alexandre Teulet Relations Politiques 4 Paris 1862 p 204 John Morris Letter books of Amias Poulet London 1874 p 272 Alan Gordon Smith The Babington Plot Macmillan 1936 William Barclay Turnbull Letters of Mary Stuart London 1845 p 345 Alexandre Teulet Relations Politiques 4 Paris 1862 p 92 Sheila R Richards Secret Writing in the Public Records HMSO 1974 p 45 J Charavay Catalogue d une tres belle collection de lettres autographes et manuscrits Paris 1855 p 18 no 202 John Morris Letter books of Amias Poulet London 1874 p 249 William Boyd Calendar State Papers Scotland 1586 1588 vol 9 London 1915 p 249 no 299 Philip Yorke Miscellaneous State Papers vol 1 London 1778 pp 218 223 235 7 Annie Cameron Warrender Papers vol 1 SHS Edinburgh 1931 p 214 218 William Boyd Calendar of State Papers relating to Scotland and Mary Queen of Scots 1547 1603 vol 9 Edinburgh 1915 no 237 William Boyd Calendar State Papers Scotland 1584 1585 vol 7 Edinburgh 1913 p 271 no 247 Calendar of the manuscripts of the Marquess of Salisbury at Hatfield vol 3 London 1889 pp vi 47 62 George Akrigg Letters of King James VI amp I University of California 1984 pp 7 8 Calendar State Papers Scotland 1586 1588 vol 9 Edinburgh 1915 pp 74 5 no 62 90 no 80 William Boyd Calendar State Papers Scotland 1586 1588 vol 9 London 1915 p 227 no 219 Regis Chantelauze Marie Stuart son proces et son execution d apres le journal inedit de Bourgoing son medecin Paris 1876 p 477 TNA SP 53 19 f 51 Samuel Cowan The last days of Mary Stuart and the journal of Bourgoyne her physician London 1907 p 37 John Morris Letter books of Amias Poulet London 1874 pp 253 272 279 John Hungerford Pollen Queen Mary and the Babington Plot Edinburgh Scottish History Society pp clxxxv clxxxvii Samuel Cowan The last days of Mary Stuart and the journal of Bourgoyne her physician London 1907 pp 47 48 Cowan describes only the questions William Boyd Calendar State Papers Scotland 1585 1586 vol 8 London 1914 pp 659 660 nos 743 744 Calendar State Papers Scotland 1586 1588 vol 9 London 1915 pp 47 no 40 54 57 nos 49 50 SP 53 19 f 117 English 89 90 no 80 TNA SP 53 20 f 11 French 471 no 378 William Boyd Calendar State Papers Scotland 1586 1588 vol 9 London 1915 p 56 no 50 Conyers Read Bardon Papers London Camden Society 1909 pp 42 43 citing BL Egerton 2124 Stephen Alford The Watchers Penguin 2013 pp 232 233 William Boyd Calendar State Papers Scotland 1586 1588 vol 8 London 1915 p 701 no 764 Alexandre Labanoff Lettres inedites de Marie Stuart Paris 1839 pp 180 181 Conyers Read Bardon Papers London Camden Society 1909 pp xxxviii xxxix Letters and Papers Relating to Patrick Master of Gray Edinburgh 1835 pp 110 111 Conyers Read Bardon Papers London Camden Society 1909 p 44 William Boyd Calendar State Papers Scotland 1586 1588 vol 9 London 1915 p 125 6 no 121 items 7 9 12 27 Stephen Alford The Watchers Penguin 2013 p 233 William Boyd Calendar State Papers Scotland 1586 1588 vol 9 London 1915 pp 71 no 59 76 no 63 126 no 121 item 27 Conyers Read Bardon Papers London Camden Society 1909 pp 43 44 fn 3 William Boyd Calendar State Papers Scotland 1586 1588 vol 9 London 1915 pp 248 249 no 246 Regis Chantelauze Marie Stuart son proces et son execution d apres le journal inedit de Bourgoing son medecin Paris 1876 p 559 Samuel Cowan The last days of Mary Stuart and the journal of Bourgoyne her physician London 1907 p 260 Alexander Wilkinson Mary Queen of Scots and French Public Opinion Palgrave Macmillan 2004 pp 136 7 Joseph Stevenson History of Mary Stewart by Claude Nau Edinburgh 1883 p xlix Agnes Strickland Letters of Mary Queen of Scots vol 2 London 1848 p 247 Agnes Strickland Letters of Mary Queen of Scots vol 2 London 1842 p 110 William Boyd Calendar State Papers Scotland 1586 1588 vol 9 London 1915 p 471 no 378 Alexandre Teulet Relations Politiques 4 Paris 1862 p 204 Samuel Jebb De Vita Et Rebus Gestis Serenissimae Principis Mariae Scotorum vol 2 London 1725 p 652 Alexandre Labanoff Lettres inedites de Marie Stuart Paris 1839 p 286 Agnes Strickland Letters of Mary Queen of Scots vol 2 London 1842 pp 233 234 Alexandre Teulet Relations Politiques 4 Paris 1862 p 204 Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Jerome Pasquier courtier amp oldid 1170828595, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
