Sulfur (16S) has 23 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 27 to 49, four of which are stable: 32S (95.02%), 33S (0.75%), 34S (4.21%), and 36S (0.02%). The preponderance of sulfur-32 is explained by its production from carbon-12 plus successive fusion capture of five helium-4 nuclei, in the so-called alpha process of exploding type II supernovas (see silicon burning).
Other than 35S, the radioactive isotopes of sulfur are all comparatively short-lived. 35S is formed from cosmic ray spallation of 40Ar in the atmosphere. It has a half-life of 87 days. The next longest-lived radioisotope is sulfur-38, with a half-life of 170 minutes. The shortest-lived is 49S, with a half-life shorter than 200 nanoseconds. Heavier radioactive isotopes of sulfur decay to chlorine.
When sulfide minerals are precipitated, isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the δ34S values of co-genetic minerals. The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration. The δ13C and δ34S of coexisting carbonates and sulfides can be used to determine the pH and oxygenfugacity of the ore-bearing fluid during ore formation.
In most forest ecosystems, sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere; weathering of ore minerals and evaporites also contribute some sulfur. Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources, and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer in hydrologic studies. Differences in the natural abundances can also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the 34S of ecosystem components. Rocky Mountain lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different δ34S values from oceans believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate.
^( ) – Uncertainty (1σ) is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits.
^# – Atomic mass marked #: value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data, but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface (TMS).
• The beams of several radioactive isotopes (such as those of 44S) have been studied theoretically within the framework of the synthesis of superheavy elements, especially those ones in the vicinity of island of stability.[6][7]
^Prohaska, Thomas; Irrgeher, Johanna; Benefield, Jacqueline; Böhlke, John K.; Chesson, Lesley A.; Coplen, Tyler B.; Ding, Tiping; Dunn, Philip J. H.; Gröning, Manfred; Holden, Norman E.; Meijer, Harro A. J. (2022-05-04). "Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure and Applied Chemistry. doi:10.1515/pac-2019-0603. ISSN 1365-3075.
^Half-life, decay mode, nuclear spin, and isotopic composition is sourced in: Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S. (2017). "The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030001. Bibcode:2017ChPhC..41c0001A. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030001.
^Wang, M.; Audi, G.; Kondev, F. G.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Xu, X. (2017). "The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs, and references" (PDF). Chinese Physics C. 41 (3): 030003-1–030003-442. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/41/3/030003.
^Neufcourt, L.; Cao, Y.; Nazarewicz, W.; Olsen, E.; Viens, F. (2019). "Neutron drip line in the Ca region from Bayesian model averaging". Physical Review Letters. 122 (6): 062502–1–062502–6. arXiv:1901.07632. Bibcode:2019PhRvL.122f2502N. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.062502. PMID 30822058. S2CID 73508148.
^Zagrebaev, Valery; Greiner, Walter (2008-09-24). "Synthesis of superheavy nuclei: A search for new production reactions". Physical Review C. 78 (3): 034610. arXiv:0807.2537. Bibcode:2008PhRvC..78c4610Z. doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.78.034610. S2CID 122586703.
^Zhu, Long (2019-12-01). "Possibilities of producing superheavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions based on radioactive targets *". Chinese Physics C. 43 (12): 124103. Bibcode:2019ChPhC..43l4103Z. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/43/12/124103. ISSN 1674-1137. S2CID 250673444.
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isotopes, sulfur, this, article, needs, additional, citations, verification, please, help, improve, this, article, adding, citations, reliable, sources, unsourced, material, challenged, removed, find, sources, news, newspapers, books, scholar, jstor, 2018, lea. This article needs additional citations for verification Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources Unsourced material may be challenged and removed Find sources Isotopes of sulfur news newspapers books scholar JSTOR May 2018 Learn how and when to remove this message Sulfur 16S has 23 known isotopes with mass numbers ranging from 27 to 49 four of which are stable 32S 95 02 33S 0 75 34S 4 21 and 36S 0 02 The preponderance of sulfur 32 is explained by its production from carbon 12 plus successive fusion capture of five helium 4 nuclei in the so called alpha process of exploding type II supernovas see silicon burning Isotopes of sulfur 16S Main isotopes Decay abun dance half life t1 2 mode pro duct 32S 94 8 stable 33S 0 760 stable 34S 4 37 stable 35S trace 87 37 d b 35Cl 36S 0 02 stable34S abundances vary greatly between 3 96 and 4 77 percent in natural samples Standard atomic weight Ar S 32 059 32 076 1 32 06 0 02 abridged 2 viewtalkedit Other than 35S the radioactive isotopes of sulfur are all comparatively short lived 35S is formed from cosmic ray spallation of 40Ar in the atmosphere It has a half life of 87 days The next longest lived radioisotope is sulfur 38 with a half life of 170 minutes The shortest lived is 49S with a half life shorter than 200 nanoseconds Heavier radioactive isotopes of sulfur decay to chlorine When sulfide minerals are precipitated isotopic equilibration among solids and liquid may cause small differences in the d34S values of co genetic minerals The differences between minerals can be used to estimate the temperature of equilibration The d13C and d34S of coexisting carbonates and sulfides can be used to determine the pH and oxygen fugacity of the ore bearing fluid during ore formation In most forest ecosystems sulfate is derived mostly from the atmosphere weathering of ore minerals and evaporites also contribute some sulfur Sulfur with a distinctive isotopic composition has been used to identify pollution sources and enriched sulfur has been added as a tracer in hydrologic studies Differences in the natural abundances can also be used in systems where there is sufficient variation in the 34S of ecosystem components Rocky Mountain lakes thought to be dominated by atmospheric sources of sulfate have been found to have different d34S values from oceans believed to be dominated by watershed sources of sulfate Contents 1 List of isotopes 2 See also 3 References 4 External linksList of isotopes editNuclide 3 n 1 Z N Isotopic mass Da 4 n 2 n 3 Half life Decaymode n 4 Daughterisotope n 5 Spin andparity n 6 n 7 Natural abundance mole fraction Excitation energy Normal proportion Range of variation 27S n 8 16 11 27 01828 43 15 5 15 ms b 96 6 27P 5 2 b p 2 3 26Si b 2p 1 1 25Al 28S 16 12 28 00437 17 125 10 ms b 79 3 28P 0 b p 20 7 27Si 29S 16 13 28 99661 5 188 4 ms b 53 6 29P 5 2 b p 46 4 28Si 30S 16 14 29 98490677 22 1 1759 17 s b 30P 0 31S 16 15 30 97955701 25 2 5534 18 s b 31P 1 2 32S n 9 16 16 31 9720711744 14 Stable 0 0 9499 26 0 94454 0 95281 33S 16 17 32 9714589099 15 Stable 3 2 0 0075 2 0 00730 0 00793 34S 16 18 33 96786701 5 Stable 0 0 0425 24 0 03976 0 04734 35S 16 19 34 96903232 4 87 37 4 d b 35Cl 3 2 Trace n 10 36S 16 20 35 96708070 20 Stable 0 0 0001 1 0 00013 0 00027 37S 16 21 36 97112551 21 5 05 2 min b 37Cl 7 2 38S 16 22 37 971163 8 170 3 7 min b 38Cl 0 39S 16 23 38 97513 5 11 5 5 s b 39Cl 7 2 40S 16 24 39 975483 4 8 8 22 s b 40Cl 0 41S 16 25 40 979593 4 1 99 5 s b gt 99 9 41Cl 7 2 b n lt 1 40Cl 42S 16 26 41 981065 3 1 016 15 s b gt 96 42Cl 0 b n lt 4 41Cl 43S 16 27 42 986908 5 265 13 ms b 60 43Cl 3 2 b n 40 42Cl 43mS 319 5 keV 415 0 26 ns IT 43S 7 2 44S 16 28 43 990119 6 100 1 ms b 81 7 44Cl 0 b n 18 2 43Cl 44mS 1365 0 8 keV 2 619 26 µs IT 44S 0 45S 16 29 44 99572 111 68 2 ms b n 54 44Cl 3 2 b 46 45Cl 46S 16 30 46 00037 54 50 8 ms b 46Cl 0 47S 16 31 47 00791 54 20 ms gt 200 ns b 47Cl 3 2 48S 16 32 48 01370 64 10 ms gt 200 ns b 48Cl 0 49S 5 16 33 49 02264 72 b 49Cl 3 2 This table header amp footer view mS Excited nuclear isomer Uncertainty 1s is given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits Atomic mass marked value and uncertainty derived not from purely experimental data but at least partly from trends from the Mass Surface TMS Modes of decay IT Isomeric transition n Neutron emission p Proton emission Bold symbol as daughter Daughter product is stable spin value Indicates spin with weak assignment arguments Values marked are not purely derived from experimental data but at least partly from trends of neighboring nuclides TNN Has 2 halo protons Heaviest theoretically stable nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons Cosmogenic The beams of several radioactive isotopes such as those of 44S have been studied theoretically within the framework of the synthesis of superheavy elements especially those ones in the vicinity of island of stability 6 7 See also editSulfur isotope biogeochemistryReferences edit Standard Atomic Weights Sulfur CIAAW 2009 Prohaska Thomas Irrgeher Johanna Benefield Jacqueline Bohlke John K Chesson Lesley A Coplen Tyler B Ding Tiping Dunn Philip J H Groning Manfred Holden Norman E Meijer Harro A J 2022 05 04 Standard atomic weights of the elements 2021 IUPAC Technical Report Pure and Applied Chemistry doi 10 1515 pac 2019 0603 ISSN 1365 3075 Half life decay mode nuclear spin and isotopic composition is sourced in Audi G Kondev F G Wang M Huang W J Naimi S 2017 The NUBASE2016 evaluation of nuclear properties PDF Chinese Physics C 41 3 030001 Bibcode 2017ChPhC 41c0001A doi 10 1088 1674 1137 41 3 030001 Wang M Audi G Kondev F G Huang W J Naimi S Xu X 2017 The AME2016 atomic mass evaluation II Tables graphs and references PDF Chinese Physics C 41 3 030003 1 030003 442 doi 10 1088 1674 1137 41 3 030003 Neufcourt L Cao Y Nazarewicz W Olsen E Viens F 2019 Neutron drip line in the Ca region from Bayesian model averaging Physical Review Letters 122 6 062502 1 062502 6 arXiv 1901 07632 Bibcode 2019PhRvL 122f2502N doi 10 1103 PhysRevLett 122 062502 PMID 30822058 S2CID 73508148 Zagrebaev Valery Greiner Walter 2008 09 24 Synthesis of superheavy nuclei A search for new production reactions Physical Review C 78 3 034610 arXiv 0807 2537 Bibcode 2008PhRvC 78c4610Z doi 10 1103 PhysRevC 78 034610 S2CID 122586703 Zhu Long 2019 12 01 Possibilities of producing superheavy nuclei in multinucleon transfer reactions based on radioactive targets Chinese Physics C 43 12 124103 Bibcode 2019ChPhC 43l4103Z doi 10 1088 1674 1137 43 12 124103 ISSN 1674 1137 S2CID 250673444 External links editSulfur isotopes data from The Berkeley Laboratory Isotopes Project s Retrieved from https en wikipedia org w index php title Isotopes of sulfur amp oldid 1188198537, wikipedia, wiki, book, books, library,
